Vocation

From the Latin vocatio/vacare, meaning “to call,” “summons.” This is an occupation to which a person is especially drawn or for which they’re suited, trained, or qualified. In modern times, it’s used in non-religious contexts; the meaning(s) of the word came out of Christianity.

There was a period where “vocation” almost exclusively referred to the clergy or the cloistered religious. The Second Vatican Council (1962-1965), specifically the document Lumen Gentium, re-emphasized that every baptized person has a primary vocation: to become a saint. This was a spiritual game changer!

The idea of vocation is central to the Christian belief that God has made each person with gifts & talents towards a specific purpose & way of life. More specifically, in the Eastern Orthodox & Catholic Churches, this idea of vocation is especially associated with a divine call to service to the Church & humanity through particular vocational life commitments such as marriage to a particular person, consecration as a religious dedication, ordination to priestly ministry (in the Church, of course) & even a holy life as a single person.

The Church generally categorizes “secondary” vocations into 4 distinct states. Each is seen as a way of giving oneself away:

  • The Priesthood:
    • This is a sacramental vocation. In the United States cultural context, there has been a massive historical shift. In the mid-20th century, “Irish-Catholic” culture often viewed having a son in the priesthood as the ultimate family honor.
  • Consecrated Life:
    • This includes monks, nuns, brothers, & sisters. They live according to the Evangelical Councils:
      • Poverty: Owning nothing individually.
      • Chastity: Celibacy for the sake of the “Kingdom of Heaven.”
      • Obedience: Following the will of their superior.
  • Married Life:
    • In Catholicism, marriage is a sacrament. The “call” here is for the sanctification of the spouse & the procreation/education of the kids. This was often seen as a “secondary” vocation to the priesthood. But modern theology (especially the “Theology of the Body” by Pope John Paul II) frames marriage as a primary icon of God’s love for the Church.
  • The Committed Single Life:
    • While not a “canonical” state in the same way as the others, the Church increasingly recognizes those who remain single to serve others, the Church, or their professions with a level of flexibility & dedication that married people cannot maintain.

The American Catholic experience of vocation is unique. In the late 19th & early 20th century, Catholic vocations helped build the American infrastructure of healthcare & education. The Sisters of Mercy & Daughters of Charity built more hospitals & schools in the United States than almost any other group.

The Sisters of Mercy founded a hospital (St. Rita’s/Mercy Health) in our founder’s hometown. This particular hospital was built in 1918 to combat the Spanish flu pandemic.

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Congregation of the Holy Spirit

Officially known as: the Congregation of the Holy Spirit under the protection of the Immaculate Heart of the Virgin Mary. Or in Latin: Congregatio Beatissimae Virginis Mariae.

This is a religious congregation for men in the Catholic Church. Members are known as Holy Ghost Fathers. Or in continental Europe, & the Anglosphere, as Spiritans. Members use the postnominals: CSSp. Postnominals are letters placed after a person’s name to signify academic degrees, professional qualifications, awards, military decorations, or honorific titles (like PhD).

The order began in Paris on Pentecost Sunday, 1703. Claude Poullart des Places was a wealthy young lawyer who abandoned his social standing to become a priest. He wanted to form a religious institute for young men who wanted to become priests but were too poor to do so.

Unlike orders that focused on the elite, Claude was moved by the plight of “poor scholars.” HIs vision was a “proletariat” clergy. Priests assignments in hospitals, rural parishes, & overseas missions.

Claude was born on February 26, 1679 in the capital city of Brittany, France: Rennes. Claude was tutored at home before being enrolled at the age of 9-10 as a day student in the nearby Jesuit college of St. Thomas. Thus beginning his lifelong association with the Society of Jesus.

Graduating at 16, Claude studied at the University of Caen, Normandy. Before graduating at 22, with a Licentiate in Law from the Law School of Nantes. A licentiate in law is an individual holding an academic degree or professional certification. This is usually below a doctorate but above a bachelor’s, that authorizes them to practice law.

In 1701, Claude Poullart began his studies for the priesthood, as a boarder at the Jesuit College in Paris. His work grew quickly. The Order developed. However, Claude passed away at 29, or 31 depending on the source, of pleurisy after founding the order.

After the founder’s death, the order became fully organized. In 1765, the South American missions, in colonies such as China, Cambodia, Vietnam, Thailand (Siam), & India under the support of the Paris Foreign missionaries arrived in Senegal, Africa.

Those in France served in various dioceses or alongside the de Montfont missionaries. This was due to the close friendship between Poullart & Louis de Montfont. The Order had trained 1,300 priests in the years leading up to 1792, when the seminary was suppressed by the French Revolution. The French Revolution saw the Spiritans have their property seized & many were executed or exiled to England, Italy, & Switzerland.

After the French Revolution only 1 member remained, James Bertout. He survived a series of hardships like being shipwrecked on his way to his destined mission in French Guiana, enslaved by the Moors, & a short stay in Senegal (where he had been sold to the English).

On his return to France, he reestablished the Order & continued its work. But he found it VERY hard to recover sufficiently from the effects caused by the Revolution.

In 1841/1842, Francis Liberman founded the Society of the Holy Heart of Mary (a.k.a. Society of the Immaculate Heart of Mary) This society is/was dedicated to serve mainly the emancipated black slaves in the French colonies. Particularly in Africa & the Caribbean.

In 1848, the Holy See asked Liberman to merge his relatively new society with the struggling Congregation of the Holy Spirit. Lieberman was made the 1st Superior General of the united groups. This effectively saving the Spiritan name & legacy.

Liberman’s approach to missionary work was revolutionary from the time. He instructed his missionaries not to “Europeanize” the people they served. Besides the missions in Africa, the society started missions in Mauritius, Reunion, & the Rodriguez Islands. In the Western Hemisphere, they had missions in Trinidad, Martinique, Guadeloupe, Haiti, & Amazonia.

The Spiritans arrived in the United States in 1972, fleeing the Kulturkampf (persecution of Catholics) in Germany. They found a home in industrial heartlands, particularly Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania.

The Order is known in the United States for founding Duquesne University in 1878. This university was originally established to provide an education to the kids of poor immigrants working in the steel mills. It grew into a major research institution. The university’s motto (Spiritus est qui vivificat, “It is the Spirit who gives life”) reflects the order’s charism.

By the early 20th century the organization into the following provinces: France, Ireland, Portugal, United States of America, & Germany.

On December 31, 1961, 20 Spiritans: 19 Belgians & 1 Dutch man, were unalived in Kongolo (in what is now the Democratic Republic of the Congo) by government troops during the Katanga Secession Rebellion.

In Rome, on April 24, 1979, Pope John Paul II presided over the beautification ceremony for Jacques-Desire Laval. The 1st member of the Spiritans to be honored.

Today, there are about 3,000 Spiritans serving in over 60 countries. They’re often associated with schools & chaplaincy, & missionary work.

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Pope: The new year is ‘a journey to be discovered’

Pope Leo XIV celebrates his first public Mass of 2026 on the Solemnity of Mary, Mother of God,…
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Pope John Paul II Day Act, 2014, S.O. 2014, c. 3

Pope John Paul II Day Act, 2014 S.o. 2014, chapter 3 Consolidation Period:  From March 25, 2014 to the e-Laws currency date. No amendments. Preamble...

Ontario.ca
Man Who Shot Pope John Paul II Removed From Iznik Ahead of Pope Leo XIV’s Visit: A Turkish man infamous for attacking Pope John Paul II in 1981 was escorted out of the town of Iznik on Thursday, Nov. 27, just hours before Pope Leo XIV’s scheduled visit, according to Turkish media reports. Mehmet Ali Agca, a Turkish national, shot and severely wounded Pope John Paul II in St. Peter’s Square […] http://dlvr.it/TPWGnw #Entertainment #PopeJohnPaulII

The Most Holy Name of the Blessed Virgin Mary

The Feast of the Most Holy Name of the Blessed Virgin Mary is an optional memorial celebrated in the liturgical calendar of the Catholic Church on September 12. It has been a universal Roman Rite feast since 1684, when Pope Innocent XI included it in the General Roman Calendar to commemorate the victory at the Battle of Vienna in 1683.

It was initially removed from the current Church calendar in the liturgical reform following Vatican II. But it was restored by Pope John Paul II in 2002 along with the Feast of the Holy Name of Jesus in January.

In the Eastern Orthodox Church, the feast is celebrated on September 7 in the Antiochian Western Rite Vicariate.

Promoters of veneration of the Holy Name of Mary include St. Anthony of Padua, St. Bernard of Clairvaux, & St. Alphonsus Maria de Liguori. A number of religious orders such as the Cistercian & the Servites, customarily give each member “Mary” as part of their religious name as a sign of honor & of entrustment to the Virgin.

The feast is a counterpart to the Feast for the Holy Name of Jesus on January 3. Its object is to commemorate all the privileges granted upon Mary by God & all the graces received through her intercession & mediation.

The feast day began in 1513 as a local celebration in Cuenca, Spain, celebrated on September 15. In 1587, Pope Sixtus V moved the celebration to September 17. Pope Gregory XV extended the celebration to the Archdiocese of Toledo (Spain) in 1622.

In 1666, the Discalced Carmelites received permission to recite the Divine Office of the Name of Mary 4x a year. In 1671, the feast was extended to the whole Kingdom of Spain. From there, the feast spread. It soon extended to the Kingdom of Naples.

In 1683, the Polish King John Sobieski arrived in Vienna with his army. Before the Battle of Vienna, Sobieski placed his troops under the protection of the Blessed Virgin Mary.

In 1684, to celebrate the victory, Pope Innocent XI added to the Roman calendar, assigning to it the Sunday within the Octave of the Nativity of Mary. An octave, in this case, is the 8th day after a feast, counted inclusively. So this always falls on the same day of the week as the feast itself. The Nativity of Mary refers to a Christian feast day celebrating the birth of the Virgin Mary.

The reform of Pope Pius X in 1911 restored to prominence the celebration of Sundays in their own right, avoiding their being replaced by celebrations from the sanctorale. The sanctorale is 1 of the 2 main cycles that, running concurrently, comprise the Liturgical year in Roman Catholicism, defined by the General Roman Calendar, & used by a variety of Christian denomination.

The celebration of the Holy Name of Mary was moved to September 12. Later in the same century, the feast was removed from the General Roman Calendar in 1969 as part of its reform by Pope Paul VI. As something of a duplication of the September 8 feast of the Nativity of the Blessed Virgin Mary.

But it didn’t cease to be a recognized celebration of the Roman Rite, being mentioned in the Roman Martyrology on September 12. In 2002, Pope John Paul II restored the celebration to the General Roman Calendar.

William Joseph Chaminade chose the Feast of the Holy Name of Mary as the patronal feast of the Society of Mary (Marianists). Rather than a day commemorating a particular dogma or devotion in order to focus on the person of Mary.

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Catherine of Siena

Her birth name is: Caterina di Jacopo di Benincasa. She lived from March 25, 1347 to April 29, 2380, making her 33 years old when she passed away. She was an Italian mystics & pious laywoman who took part in papal & Italian politics through sizable letter-writing & advocacy. She was canonized in 1461. She’s revered as a saint & a Doctor of the Church because of her considerable theological authorship.

She was born & raised in Siena. At an early age, she wanted to devote herself to God. Her parents were against this. Her parents wanted her to marry. She ends up cutting her hair. She resisted any attempts to conform.

Her dad relents, eventually. He gives her a room dedicated to prayer & contemplation. She developed the spiritual practice of building an inner cell in her mind. This is a place of constant prayer from which she could never flee. This would become a core tenet of her mystical teaching.

She joined the Mantellates at 18. This was/is a group of pious laywomen informally devoted to Dominican spiritually. Later on, these types of urban pious groups would be formalized as the Third Order of the Dominicans. This wasn’t until after Catherine’s passing. She lived in near solitude initially.

Shortly after joining the Mantellate, Catherine started fasting for longer periods. But she found it challenging. While tending to a woman with cancerous breast sores, she was disgusted. Intending to overcome her disgust, she gathered the sore pus into a ladle & drank it all. (Yep, yep. You read that right.)

That night, she was visited by Jesus who invited her to drink the blood gushing out of his pierced side. It was with this visitation that her stomach “no longer had need of food and no longer could digest.”

Around the age of 21, following an experience she described as a “Mystical Marriage” with Christ. She received a divine command to leave her solitary life & dedicate her life to public ministry. She started serving the sick & poor in the hospital, particularly during the Black Death. Her wedding ring wasn’t the traditional gold band that nuns wear after they become nuns. Catherine’s wedding ring was the Holy Prepuce, or Jesus’ foreskin. (Yes, you read that correctly.)

Her influence with Pope Gregory XI played a role in his 1376 decision to leave Avignon for Rome. The Pope sent Catherine to negotiate peace with the Florentine Republic. After Gregory XI (March 1378) & the end of peace (July 1378), she went home to Siena. The Great Schism of the West led Catherine to go to Rome with the Pope.

She sent many letters to princes & cardinals to encourage obedience to Pope Urban VI & defend what she calls the “vessel of the Church.” She passed away on April 29, 1380 after she was weary by fastidious fasting. Urban VI celebrated her funeral & burial in the Basilica of Santa Maria sopra Minerva in Rome. This is 1 of the major churches of the Order of Preachers in Rome.

The people of Siena wanted to have Catherine’s body after she passed away. A story is told of a miracle where they were partially successful. They knew they couldn’t smuggle her whole body out of Rome. They decided to take only her head, which they put in a bag. When they were stopped by the Roman guards, they prayed to Catherine to help them. They were confident she (Catherine) would want her body (or at least part of it) in Siena. When they opened the bag to show the guards, it appeared to not have her (Catherine’s) head but it was full of roses.

Devotion around Catherine of Siena developed rapidly after her passing. Pope Pius II canonized her in 1461. She was declared a patron saint of Rome in 1866 by Pope Pius IX. She was only the 2nd woman to be made a Doctor of the Church, on October 4, 1970 by Pope Paul VI. This was only days after Teresa of Avila. In 1939, Pope Pius XII named her joint patron saint of Italy, along with St. Francis of Assisi. In 1999, Pope John Paul II proclaimed her a patron saint of Europe. Along with Teresa Benedicta of the Cross & Bridget of Sweden. She’s also the patroness of the historically Catholic American sorority, Theta Phi Alpha.

There are 3 main churches in honor of Catherine of Siena:

  • Santa Maria sopra Minerva in Rome. This is where her body is kept. This church gets its name from that the 1st Christian Church structure on the site was directly over (or Italian sopra) the ruins or foundations of a temple dedicated to the Egyptian deity Isis. This had been mistakenly thought to be the temple of Minerva. Possibly due to interpretatio romana, meaning that the ancient Greeks had a tendency to identify foreign gods with their own gods.
  • Basilica of San Domenico, in Siena. This is where her incorrupt head is. This incorrupt head doesn’t look like the incorruptible bodies of other saints.
  • Shrine of St. Catherine, in Siena. This is a complex of religious buildings built around Catherine’s birthplace.
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Three Secrets of Fatima

In Portuguese: Os Tres Segredos de Fatima.

This was a series of apocalyptic visions & prophecies given to 3 young Portuguese shepherds (Lucia Santos, & her cousins, Jacinta & Francisco Marto) by a Marian apparition. It started on May 13, 1917. The 3 shepherd kids claimed to have been visited by the Virgin Mary 6 times between May & October 1917. This apparition is now popularly called: Our Lady of Fatima.

According to Lucia (who became the de facto leader of the 3 kids), around noon on July 13, 1917, the Virgin Mary entrusted the kids with 3 secrets. 2 of the secrets were revealed in 1941, in a document written by Lucia, at the request of Bishop Jose Alves Correia de Silva (Bishop of Leiria) to help with the publication of a new edition of a book on her cousin, Jacinta.

When the bishop asked, in 1943, to reveal the 3rd secret, Lucia struggled for a short period. Because she was “not yet convinced that God had clearly authorized her to act.” In October 1943, the bishop ordered her to put it in writing. Lucia then wrote down the secret & sealed it in an envelope not to be opened until 1960, when “it will appear clearer.”

The text of the 3rd secret was officially released, allegedly, by Pope John Paul II in 2000. Some claim the 3rd secret wasn’t fully revealed by Lucia. Despite the Holy See’s protests to the contrary. According to various Catholic interpretations, the 3 secrets involve Hell, WWI, WWII, & the modern-day persecutions of Christians.

NOTE: Only 12 of the hundreds of alleged Marian apparitions the Catholic Church has investigated have gotten ecclesiastical approval. 9 occurred between 1830 & 1933.

On June 17, 1921, 14 year old Lucia was accepted as a boarder at the Sisters of St. Dorothy school in Vilar. In 1925, at the age of 18, Lucia began her novitiate at the convent of the Sisters of St. Dorothy in Tui, just across the border in Spain. Novitiate is the period of training, or probation, for a beginner, or novice, usually in a religious order, during which they learn about that community’s practices & deepen their commitment to a vowed life, or to see if they want to continue their journey within the organization.

Lucia continued to report private visions intermittently throughout her life. In the mid-1930s, the Bishop of Leiria encouraged (or strong-armed, depending on the account) Lucia to write her memoirs. So that she could disclose further details of her cousins & the 1917 apparitions.

As early as July 1917, mention was made that the Lady of the apparitions had entrusted to the kids a secret, “that was good for some & bad for others.” It wasn’t until her 3rd memoir, written in 1941, that Lucia began to write more in depth about the content of the secret.

In this, she follows the French visionary, Melanie Calvat, who saw Our Lady of La Salette in 1846, who wrote down the secrets from that event almost 20 years after. Lucia wrote that the secret has 3 parts. The 1st 2 of which she revealed in 1941. The 3rd wasn’t written down until January 3, 1944.

In her 3rd memoir (1941), Lucia said that the 1st secret was a vision of Hell. This was given to the kids on July 13, 1917.

The 2nd secret refers to the devotion to the devotion to the Immaculate Heart of Mary. It was initially only partially revealed to the kids of July 13, 1917.

Various prophecies related to this devotion were made. Such as a statement that WWI would end. Along with a prediction of another war during the reign of Pope Pius XI, should men continue offending God & should Russia not convert. The 2nd half is a future request of the consecration of Russia to the Immaculate Heart of Mary & the First Saturdays Devotion.

On December 10, 1925, Sister Lucia reported an apparition of the Virgin Mary, joined by the Child Jesus on a luminous cloud, while living at the Convent of St. Dorothea at Pontevedra, Spain. The Virgin Mary specified the conditions for the First Saturdays Devotion & asked her to spread the devotion. Later, on February 15, 1926, she reported a subsequent vision on the Christ Child reaffirm this request.

On June 13, 1929, she reported a vision of both Mary & the Holy Trinity, in which Mary had asked for the Consecration of Russia to her Immaculate Heart by the Pope. This is in communion with all the bishops of the world.

This later vision fulfilled what was said in 1917 about how the Virgin Mary would come later to request the consecration. The message regarding the establishment of the 1st 5 Saturday Devotions is reminiscent of that reported by Margaret Mary Alacoque in the 17th century which led to the First Friday Devotions.

The 2nd prophecy wasn’t revealed until August 1941, after WWII had already begun. Those skeptical of the prophecies have questions whether Mary, in 1917, explicitly referred to Pope Pius XI. As Ambrogio Ratti didn’t choose the regnal name until after his election in 1922.

The European portion of WWII is generally held to have begun on September 1, 1939. But by then, Pope Pius XII had succeeded Pope Pius XI. As for the Conversion of Russia, the Bolshevik Revolution didn’t happen until November 1917.

Some supporters of the Fatima prophecies argue that the secret didn’t say the war must begin in Europe, & during the pontificate of Pope Pius XI, Japan had already invaded China in 1937, which is generally seen by historians of China, & other parts of Asia, as when the WWII actually began.

Some critics argue that the Russian Civil War (1918-1921), the Irish War of Independence (1919-1921), the Chinese Civil War (1927-1937), the war between Italy & Ethiopia (1935-1936), & the Spanish Civil War (1936-1939) serve to illustrate that the prediction that 1 war will end & that another will start isn’t necessarily an indication of divine inspiration.

Supporters of the prophecy point out that the 2nd secret called for a war worse than WWI, not simply any armed conflict. In addition, with regards to the conversion of Russia, there was already, at the time, strong revolutionary ferment in Russia before the Bolshevik Revolution as witnessed by the earlier February Revolution in 1917 & the active Communist & anarchist movements. This would explain Mary’s reference on July 13, 1917 to the need for a conversion of Russia.

Sister Lucia chose not to disclose the 3rd secret in her memoir of August 1941. Lucia fell seriously ill with influenza & pleurisy. Pleurisy is inflammation of the membranes that surround the lungs & line the chest cavity (pleurae).

Bishop Silva, visiting Lucia on September 15, 1943, suggested that Lucia write the 3rd secret down to ensure that it would be recorded in the event of her death. Lucia was hesitant to do so. Because upon receiving the secret, Lucia had heard Mary say not to reveal it.

Because Carmelite obedience requires that orders from superiors be regarded as coming directly from God, she was in a dilemma as to whose orders took precedence. Finally, in mid-October, Bishop Silva sent her a letter containing a direct order to record the secret. Lucia continued to struggle, even after this direct order. According to Lucia, she overcame it after the Virgin Mary appeared to her in early January 1944.

The 3rd part of the secret was written down “by order of His Excellency the Bishop of Leiria and the Most Holy Mother” on January 3, 1944. In June 1944, the sealed envelope containing the 3rd secret was delivered to Silva. This is where it stayed until 1957, when it was finally delivered to Rome.

Canon Galamba, who was an advisor to the Bishop of Leiria, is quoted as saying that when the bishop refused to open the sealed envelope, Lucia made him promise that it would definitely be opened & released to the world at her death, or in 1960, whichever came 1st. The bishop passed away in 1957.

It was announced by Cardinal Angelo Sodano on May 13, 2000 (83 years after the first apparition of the Lady to the kids in Cova da Iria & 19 years after the assassination attempt on Pope John Paul II) that the 3rd secret would be FINALLY be released.

In his announcement, Cardinal Sodano implied that the secret was about the 20th century persecution of Christians that concluded in the failed Pope John Paul II assassination attempt on May 13, 1981, which was the 64th anniversary of the 1st apparition of the Lady at Fatima. The idea of an already fulfilled secret is contested by some Catholics.

There’s speculation that the 3rd secret hasn’t either fully been or revealed at all. There’s a plethora of reasons for why & what the secret actually said/says. Such as the secret contained info about the Apocalypse, apostasy, & Satanic infiltration of the Church. Yes, like the actual devil, Satan himself. Why they don’t release it is because they don’t want to induce mass panic among the global Catholic community.

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Catechism of the Catholic Church

This is also known as the Catechism or the CCC. This is a reference book that sums up the Catholic Church’s doctrine & worldviews. It’s been translated into, & published, in more than 20 languages worldwide. Pope John Paul II referred to it as “the Catechism of the Second Vatican Council.”

The decision to publish an official catechism was taken at the Second Extraordinary General Assembly of the Synod of Bishops. It was summoned by Pope John Paul II on January 25, 1985 to evaluate the progress of applying the Vatican II council’s goals on the 20th anniversary of its closure.

The assembly members expressed the desire that “a catechism or compendium of all Catholic doctrine regarding both faith & moral be composed, that it might be, as it were, a point of reference for the catechisms or compendiums are prepared in various regions. The presentation of doctrine must be biblical & liturgical.. It must be sound doctrine suited to the present life of Christians.”

The first part of the Catechism deals with the Profession of the Faith. It was drafted by Bishop Jose Manuel Estepa Llaurens & Bishop Alessandro Maggiolini.

The 2nd part of the Catechism deals with the sacraments. It was written by the future Cardinals Jorge Medina & Estanislao Esteban Karlic.

The 3rd part was on the life of Christ. This part was drafted by the future Cardinal Jean Honore & Bishop David Konstant.

The final part was about prayer. This was written by Friar Jean Corbon, who is a Labanese Melkite priest.

Future CDF Prefect William Levada wrote the Catechism’s glossary. The editorial secretary was the future Cardinal Christoph Schonborn, OP.

The Catechism was made known publicly by Pope John Paul II on Oct. 11, 1992, with his apostolic constitution Fidei depositum (The Deposit of Faith). This was the 30th anniversary of the opening of the Second Vatican Council. On Aug. 15, 1997, the Solemnity of the Assumption of the Blessed Virgin Mary, Pope John Paul Il was made publicly known to the public the Latin typical edition with his apostolic letter Laetamur magnopere.

The CCC was published in French in 1992. It was published in American English in 1994, more than 250,000 copies had been pre-ordered before its release. There was a note that it was “subject to revision to the Latin typical edition (editio typica) when it’s published.

The Latin typical edition, the official text of reference made publicly known in Aug. 15, 1997, amended the contents of the provisional French text at a few points. As a result, the earlier translation French into other languages, including English, had to be amended & re-published as “second editions.” Over 8 million copies have been sold worldwide. It’s been published in more than 20 languages.

The Catechism has 2,865 paragraphs. Paragraph 2,267 deals with capital punishment. One of the changes in the 1997 update consisted of the inclusion of the position on the death penalty that’s defended in Pope John Paul II’s encyclical Evangelium vitae of 1995.

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