#CfP for the conference "Héritages antiques et fable du monde : la fable ésopique en Asie / Ancient Legacies and Fable of the World: Aesop’s Fables in Asia", which will take place in Paris on September 24 and 25, 2026.

🗓️Deadline for abstracts: June 12, 2026

📌Further information:
https://www.avldigital.de/de/vernetzen/fachinformationen/call-for-papers/heritages-antiques-et-fable-du-monde-la-fable-esopique-en-asie-paris-2/ #fidavlnews @litstudies #Classics #Fables #LiteratureGenre #LiteraryHistory #LiteratureHistory

• FID AVL • Fachinformationsdienst Allgemeine und vergleichende Literaturwissenschaft

Die Tagung "Literarische Konstruktionen von Macht: Schriftstellerinnen des 17. und 18. Jahrhunderts aus intersektionaler Perspektive" wird vom 18. bis 20. Juni 2026 an der Christian-Albrechts-Universität zu Kiel stattfinden.

📌Weitere Informationen:
https://www.avldigital.de/de/vernetzen/fachinformationen/events/literarische-konstruktionen-von-macht-schriftstellerinnen-des-17-und-18-jahrhunderts-aus-intersektionaler-perspektive-kiel/ #fidavlnews @litstudies #LiteratureGender #LiteraryHistory #LiteratureHistory @germanistik @italianstudies #LiteraturePolitics

• FID AVL • Fachinformationsdienst Allgemeine und vergleichende Literaturwissenschaft

Fun fact about Lisbon Portugal. The city is home to the world's oldest operating bookstore, Bertrand Bookstore, which has been in business since 1732. #LiteraryHistory #BookLoversParadise #vctnday
Reinaldo Arenas wrote five books on toilet paper smuggled out of Castro's prisons, fled in the 1980 Mariel boatlift, and finished Before Night Falls in a New York apartment as he died of AIDS in 1990 at 47. Tony Kushner gave the AIDS crisis its most ambitious theatrical engagement in Angels in America (1991). Jewelle Gomez wrote The Gilda Stories (1991) — Black lesbian vampires who refused to be killed politely, because survival in this country has always required speaking the violence aloud before the violence wrote the obituary. The thread is the same: people too small to be expected to matter, who insisted on mattering anyway.
Read: https://twp.ai/4hrVd4
#QueerHistory #LGBTQHistory #ReinaldoArenas #TonyKushner #JewelleGomez #QueerLit #LiteraryHistory #Queer #Trans #ChosenFamily #QueerWriters #BookCommunity
Reinaldo Arenas wrote five books on toilet paper smuggled out of Castro's prisons. Tony Kushner gave the AIDS crisis its theater. Jewelle Gomez wrote Black lesbian vampires who refused to die politely. The thread: people too small to be expected to matter, mattering anyway.
https://twp.ai/4hrVa6
#QueerHistory #LGBTQHistory #ReinaldoArenas #TonyKushner #JewelleGomez #QueerLit #LiteraryHistory #Queer #Trans #ChosenFamily
What Survives the Morning: When the Men in Charge Can't Hold Their Liquor or Their Country But Do Hold Their Dicks

Wendy confronts political chaos and bodily autonomy in sharp queer analysis—survival tactics for when those in power fail us. Stay grounded, stay witnessed.

Wendy The Druid

Give Me Back My Face

(Or The Wrong Skull of Petrarch)

I had not wished to go to Arquà.

There are villages which seem made for the living, and villages which, though inhabited, have long since given themselves over to the dead. Arquà was of the latter kind. Its stones were too old to be merely stone. Its narrow lanes did not wind so much as remember. The olive trees, twisted by centuries of patient weather, leaned over the walls like ancient witnesses too weary to speak, and the cypresses, those solemn candles of the graveyard, stood black and thin against a November sky the color of old pewter.

I arrived near dusk, when all things are least certain.

The bells had just finished striking the hour, though their sound remained in the air, a bronze trembling caught between hill and cloud. Below, the Euganean hills rolled away in vapor and fading green; above, the first cold stars appeared as if pricked through a shroud. The village did not receive me. It endured me. A few shuttered windows glowed faintly. A dog barked once and then, as if reminded of some local sorrow, fell silent.

I had come because of the tomb.

It was not my profession to disturb graves, though I confess I had spent much of my life disturbing the dead by other means. I was a scholar of poetry, which is to say a licensed trespasser among the bones of vanished souls. I had handled Petrarch’s letters until I imagined I knew the warmth of his hand. I had traced the fever of his longing through sonnet after sonnet, until the name Laura became not a woman, nor a ghost, but a wound preserved in amber. I had believed, in my arrogance, that to study a man’s words was to approach his face.

Then came the news.

They had opened his tomb.

They had found the body.

They had found the skull.

But the skull was not his.

From the first report, I was seized by a feeling I could neither dignify as scholarly curiosity nor dismiss as superstition. It was not merely that some fraud, some theft, some accident of centuries had occurred. Such things are common in the traffic of relics and remembrance. The saints have been divided among churches like inheritances among quarreling sons. The bones of kings have been misplaced. Philosophers have lost their heads, literally and otherwise. But Petrarch — Petrarch, the singer of absence, the architect of longing, the man who made Europe fall in love with its own inward wound — lying in his grave beneath a stranger’s skull!

The thought took hold of me.

It was as if the earth itself had composed a final metaphor.

I had known grief. I had known the peculiar loneliness of the learned man, surrounded by books and yet accompanied by no human breath. I had known what it was to love an idea more faithfully than a person, and then to wake in the night, chilled by the suspicion that the idea had fed upon the person until nothing living remained. But this discovery stirred in me another kind of dread: the terror that we are all, in the end, divided from our own faces; that the world remembers our names, preserves our labors, recites our words, and yet places upon us the wrong head.

The churchyard lay under a dim wash of moonlight when I first stood before the tomb. It rose there in its stone dignity, aloof and mute, as though it had not recently been accused of deception. I laid my hand upon it, and the cold entered my palm with such sudden intimacy that I withdrew.

There was a smell in the air — rain, cypress, old masonry, and something faintly sweet beneath it all, the breath of opened earth. I had smelled it before in crypts. It is not decay exactly. Decay is honest. This was older, more ceremonial, like time itself exhaling.

“Signore?”

The voice startled me.

An old custodian had approached from the side of the church. He was bent but not frail, wrapped in a dark coat, with a face folded by years into lines of permanent suspicion. He carried a lantern, though the electric lamps had already been lit near the path. Its flame moved nervously behind glass.

“You should not be here after dark,” he said.

“I came to see the tomb.”

“So do many.”

“I came because of the skull.”

At that, his expression altered. Not surprise — he had heard the word too often by then — but a guarded weariness, as if the skull had become another inhabitant of the village, unwelcome yet impossible to evict.

“They talk too much,” he muttered.

“Who?”

“The professors. The journalists. The visitors. They come with cameras and questions. They ask where it is. They ask whose it is. They ask whether we are ashamed.” He spat gently into the gravel. “As if a village can be ashamed for seven hundred years of dust.”

“You believe the skull was stolen?”

He lifted the lantern. Its weak amber light touched the carved stone and died there.

“I believe,” he said slowly, “that the dead do not enjoy being corrected.”

A wind passed through the cypresses.

I ought to have smiled. In another place, among colleagues, with wine and light and the protection of irony, I might have repeated his sentence as rustic superstition. But there, before that stone, beneath that moon, with the poet’s name cut into the dark, the words entered me like a needle.

The old man looked at me more closely.

“You are one of them?”

“A scholar.”

“That is what I said.”

He turned as if to leave, but after a few steps stopped.

“You love him?” he asked.

The question was absurd, and therefore exact.

“I have studied him many years.”

“No,” said the custodian. “I asked if you love him.”

I could not answer.

He nodded, as though my silence had been sufficient.

“Then be careful. It is dangerous to love the dead. They cannot love us back, so they do something worse.”

“What?”

“They let us imagine they do.”

He left me then, the lantern bobbing beside him like a small, failing soul.

I remained until the cold became unbearable.

That night I took a room in a small inn whose walls smelled of woodsmoke and damp plaster. The shutters rattled in their frames. Somewhere below, dishes clinked, chairs scraped, a woman laughed too sharply, and then all domestic sounds withdrew. I sat at a narrow desk beneath a crucifix and attempted to write notes, but each sentence seemed foolish. I had come to compose an essay on Petrarch’s divided remains, perhaps even an elegant meditation on authorship, identity, and the violence of posterity. Yet the page resisted me. The ink looked blacker than ink should look.

At last I opened my worn copy of the Canzoniere.

How many nights had I taken comfort in those poems? Comfort — though they are not comforting. They are restless, fevered, bright with pain. Petrarch does not heal longing; he polishes it until it shines like a blade. He teaches sorrow to speak with courtesy. He builds a chapel inside desire and kneels there, not knowing whether he worships God, Laura, poetry, or himself.

I read until the letters blurred.

Then I heard it.

Not a sound exactly. A pressure.

A faint scratching from within the wall.

I raised my head. The room was still. The crucifix hung motionless. The lamp flame trembled. I listened.

Again: scratch, pause, scratch.

Mice, I told myself. Stone houses are old. Autumn drives small creatures inward. There is nothing in the wall but a mouse.

But then the scratching changed.

It became slower.

Deliberate.

Not the random fret of claws, but the patient tracing of something hard against plaster, as though a fingernail — or a tooth — were writing from the other side.

I stood so quickly that the chair struck the floor behind me.

“Who is there?” I demanded.

The absurdity of speaking to a wall did not occur to me until afterward.

The scratching ceased.

I waited, my breath shallow, my ears filled with the thick pulse of my own blood.

Then, from somewhere very near the headboard, there came a sigh.

It was not the sigh of the living. It had no warmth in it. It was the release of air from a sealed cavity, a sound like a tomb being opened by degrees.

I did not sleep.

By morning I had convinced myself that exhaustion had magnified ordinary noises. Dawn restored the village to postcard innocence. Women opened shutters. A man swept the steps of a shop. The church bell rang, and pigeons rose in a gray flutter from the roofline. The hills were washed in a tender mist. The world had resumed its conspiracy of normalcy.

I returned to the tomb in daylight.

A small group had gathered there: two visitors, a priest, and a younger man from the university whom I recognized from correspondence. His name was Bellini — not the leader of the examination, but one of those useful lesser scholars who carry instruments, arrange permissions, and know far more than official reports admit. He greeted me with professional warmth, though his eyes were tired.

“You came after all,” he said.

“I could not stay away.”

“No one can, it seems. The wrong skull has made him more famous than the right one ever could.”

“That is a cruel sentence.”

“History is a cruel editor.”

We walked a little apart from the others.

“Tell me plainly,” I said. “What do you believe happened?”

Bellini glanced toward the tomb.

“The skull is not Petrarch’s. That much seems clear. Female, likely older. The rest of the skeleton is more plausible. Height perhaps remarkable. Certain injuries correspond intriguingly with biographical evidence. But the head…” He gave a dry little laugh. “The head has betrayed us.”

“Could it have been switched in 1873?”

“Possibly. Or earlier. Tombs attract hands. Devotion, theft, carelessness — all leave similar traces after enough centuries.”

“And Petrarch’s true skull?”

“Lost. Hidden. Destroyed. Displayed in some private cabinet by men who called themselves admirers.” He paused. “Or perhaps it is nearby.”

“Nearby?”

“Things taken from tombs often do not travel as far as legends do.”

He said no more, but I felt the sentence continue inside me.

Nearby.

That afternoon, I visited Petrarch’s house. I walked through rooms arranged for memory, rooms too neat to be truthful. There were objects, manuscripts, portraits, the furniture of reverence. But I had the strange impression that the house was less a dwelling than an apology. It offered the visitor a life made orderly by display, while the tomb below kept muttering its contradiction.

In one room hung a portrait of the poet: solemn, red-robed, laureled, his profile grave and inward. The face was familiar. Too familiar. The long nose, the composed lips, the gaze turned toward an invisible thought. I stood before it, suddenly angry.

“Is this you?” I whispered. “Or another skull?”

A guide in the doorway gave me a concerned look, and I moved on.

That evening the rain began.

It fell softly at first, a delicate whisper over roof tiles and cypress boughs. By nightfall it had thickened into a steady, mournful descent. Water ran along the lanes like black silk. The stones shone. The whole village seemed varnished in grief.

I was alone in my room when the scratching returned.

This time it did not come from the wall.

It came from inside my valise.

I stared at the leather case lying beside the bed. It had been closed since afternoon. The sound came again: a dry scrape, then a small hollow knock.

I approached with the careful, ridiculous courage of a man who knows he is afraid and is ashamed of it. My hand shook as I unfastened the straps.

Inside were my shirts, my notes, my book, and nothing else.

No creature. No movement.

But on top of my folded linen lay a fragment of bone.

It was no larger than a coin, curved, yellowed, porous, unmistakable.

I did not touch it.

My first thought was not terror, but outrage — the scholarly mind defending itself with procedure. Someone had placed it there. A prank. A warning. A grotesque invitation. Bellini? The custodian? Some villager weary of visitors? But the room had been locked. The window latched. The innkeeper had not entered; I had kept the key.

I bent closer.

Upon the inner curve of the fragment, in markings too fine to have been cut by any modern hand, were three letters:

L A U.

Laura.

No — not even that. Only the beginning of her name. The unfinished invocation. The wound interrupted.

I backed away until my shoulders struck the wall.

The rain beat harder.

For a long while I stood there, unable to decide whether to flee the room or guard the fragment from whatever had delivered it. At last I wrapped it in a handkerchief and placed it on the desk beside the crucifix. Then, compelled by a force I will not name, I opened my notebook and began to write.

What emerged was not an essay.

It was a confession, though not mine.

I wrote: They have given me another head, but I have worn many.

The sentence came with such violence that the pen tore the paper.

I wrote again.

The lover’s head. The scholar’s head. The crowned head. The penitent head. The head bowed before God. The head lifted toward Laura. The head posterity carved for me from its own hunger.

My hand moved faster.

Do not ask where my skull has gone. Ask where my face was when I lived. Ask whether any man who loves an image keeps his own countenance. Ask whether the poet is not always decapitated by praise.

I dropped the pen.

The room had grown colder. The lamp dimmed though it was full of oil. The fragment of bone lay beside the crucifix like a second, smaller relic.

Then I heard weeping.

It came from the hallway.

I opened the door.

The corridor was empty, lit only by a weak bulb that flickered in its wire cage. The sound came from below. A woman’s weeping, low and controlled, not the open sobbing of fresh grief but the ancient rhythm of someone who has wept so long that sorrow has become a form of breathing.

I descended the stairs.

The inn was dark. No one sat in the dining room. The hearth had collapsed into embers. Rain tapped at the windows with innumerable fingers.

The weeping came from outside.

I stepped into the lane.

At once the rain soaked my hair and coat. The village was nearly invisible, its lamps blurred in wet halos. Yet I saw, at the end of the street, a figure in pale garments moving toward the churchyard.

I followed.

She did not hurry. Her dress — if dress it was — clung to her form as mist clings to stone. I could not see her face. Her head was bowed beneath a veil or loosened hair. She moved with the dreadful certainty of one who knows her destination because she has walked to it for centuries.

At the tomb she stopped.

“Madonna?” I called.

She turned.

Her face was not decayed. That would have been mercy. Nor was it beautiful in any human sense. It was unfinished. It seemed composed of several faces remembered badly: the smooth brow of a painted saint, the hollow eyes of a death mask, the mouth of a woman about to speak a name she has forgotten. Rain passed through her and struck the stone behind.

“Where is he?” she asked.

The voice was both young and impossibly old.

I could not answer.

“Where is the one who called me into death before I died? Where is the one who made my name a ladder and climbed it toward himself? Where is the one who loved me so purely he never let me be flesh?”

“Laura,” I whispered.

At the name, the cypresses shuddered though there was no wind.

She lifted one hand and touched the tomb.

“They opened him,” she said. “They searched for his face. They found mine.”

“Yours?”

She smiled. It was an expression of such tenderness and accusation that I felt my heart contract.

“Not my skull. Do not be literal. Literal men are grave robbers of mystery. But mine, yes. The head of the beloved. The head of the imagined woman. The head he carried in himself until it replaced his own.”

The rain fell through her open palm.

“He did not love you?” I asked, though I knew the question was foolish.

“He loved what longing made of me. He loved the wound because the wound sang. And yet—” Her voice softened. “And yet there was love in it. Do not make him smaller than his sin. He suffered too.”

The tomb seemed darker under her hand.

“Why am I here?” I asked.

“Because you also have mistaken study for resurrection.”

I wanted to deny it.

But I thought of the years spent with dead men’s letters. I thought of the tenderness I had given to pages and withheld from the living. I thought of the women whose voices I had admired most when they were safely textual, safely distant, safely unable to ask anything of me. I thought of how often I had preferred the dead because they could be arranged.

“What do you want?” I said.

She pointed toward the church.

“Return what was given.”

“The bone?”

“The beginning of the name.”

I ran back through the rain, seized the handkerchief from my desk, and returned to the tomb. The figure waited, pale against the blackness, neither patient nor impatient, but inevitable.

I placed the fragment upon the stone.

For a moment nothing happened.

Then the fragment began to tremble.

A sound rose from the tomb — not loud, but vast. It was the sound of pages turning in a sealed library. The sound of quills scratching in empty rooms. The sound of breath caught before a sonnet’s final line. Beneath it, deeper, came another sound: a man weeping.

The stone before me darkened with rain.

Or with ink.

Letters appeared across its surface, not carved but wetly shining, forming and dissolving too quickly to read. Latin, Italian, phrases of prayer, scraps of verse, confessions erased by water as soon as they were born. I saw one sentence remain longer than the rest:

I made of absence an idol, and it answered me with my own voice.

Then the tomb cracked.

Not greatly. Not with the violence of an earthquake. A single line opened along the edge of the stone, thin as a hair, black as the pupil of an eye. From within came a breath warm enough to steam in the cold rain.

The figure of Laura bent toward the opening.

“Francesco,” she said.

The name was not accusation now. Nor was it forgiveness. It was recognition, which is more terrible than both.

From the crack emerged a whisper.

I cannot prove that I heard it. I cannot say whether it entered the ear or the conscience. But I know the words.

“Give me back my face.”

Laura turned to me.

“You cannot,” she said. “No one can. That is the mercy.”

She laid her translucent hand upon the stone once more.

“Let him be headless. Let him be unfinished. Let no image close him. Let no scholar complete what death has opened.”

The crack sealed.

The letters vanished.

The bone fragment dissolved into rainwater, leaving on the tomb only a pale stain shaped, for one instant, like a laurel leaf.

Then she was gone.

I do not know how long I remained there. At dawn, the custodian found me kneeling beside the tomb, soaked, shivering, my hands stained with mud or ink. He helped me to my feet without surprise.

“You saw her,” he said.

I looked at him.

He crossed himself.

“Some see the poet. Some see the woman. The unfortunate see both.”

“Has this happened before?”

He looked toward the hills, where morning had begun to loosen the dark from the vineyards.

“Signore,” he said, “do you think a wrong skull enters a poet’s grave by accident?”

I left Arquà that day.

I did not write the essay I had planned. The journals would not have accepted what I had to say, and rightly so. Scholarship has its necessary decencies. It must not tremble too visibly before the abyss.

Yet I have never again looked upon a portrait of Petrarch without unease.

The face is always too calm.

The laurel sits too neatly upon the brow. The eyes gaze outward with an authority I no longer trust. I think of the opened tomb, the female skull, the missing head, the body lying faithful beneath centuries of admiration. I think of the scholar’s desire to reconstruct a face from fragments, to make the dead available, visible, manageable. I think of Laura, whose name was made immortal at the cost of her unknowability. I think of Petrarch, who longed so beautifully that longing itself became his monument.

And I think of the old custodian’s warning.

It is dangerous to love the dead.

For they cannot love us back.

They can only lend us their faces until, one night, in some rain-black village of the soul, we discover that the face we have cherished was never theirs, and that beneath our own careful learning, beneath our reverence, beneath our polished words, something headless waits in the tomb, whispering forever:

Give me back my face.

#19thCenturyIllustration #ArquàPetrarca #darkAcademia #exhumation #FrancescoPetrarca #GothicFiction #gothicLiterature #graveyardArt #hauntedScholarship #historicalGothic #historicalMystery #Laura #literaryGhosts #literaryHistory #lostRelics #macabreHistory #medievalPoet #mementoMori #memoryAndLonging #oldEngraving #openedTomb #Petrarch #PetrarchSSkull #PoeInspired #poetryAndDeath #RenaissanceHumanism #sepulcher #skullMystery #VictorianEngraving

Raymond Chandler’s cannibalized stories

If I were asked to name my all-time favourite crime-fiction writer, I would struggle to place anyone above Raymond Chandler. In contemporary literature the one who comes closest is Peter Temple, who, like Chandler, took up the practice in middle age. There’s a lot to be said for it.

A late entrant to the fiction-writing game, Chandler completed seven novels in his lifetime; another one was finished posthumously. For readers it’s a very manageable total. I read the novels in my twenties and reread a few in my thirties.

I was less systematic with Chandler’s shorter work, with the result that I recently picked up an unread – and unusual – collection, Killer in the Rain, first published in 1964. Philip Durham, who was a professor of American literature at University of California, introduces this Penguin edition:

During his lifetime Raymond Chandler published twenty-three short stories. Yet of this relatively small output only fifteen are generally known to the reading public. For a quarter of a century the remaining eight have lain buried in the crumbling pages of old pulp magazines. And these eight stories are among his finest.

Killer in the Rain collects those eight stories. Curiously, though I had never read them before, I had what I described elsewhere (Mastodon; Bluesky) as a recurring experience of déjà lu: half-familiar lines, characters, and scenarios.

It turns out that Chandler ‘cannibalized’ these eight stories for his novels – he once said in a letter that he ‘won’t discard anything’ – and for that reason excluded them from collections published during his lifetime. This textual cannibalization has its own short paragraph on Wikipedia.

Repurposing one’s writing is a common practice. But it made Chandler uneasy, Durham writes, and he was able to justify it ‘only by leaving such stories buried, virtually unknown in the pages of the rapidly disappearing pulp magazines’. I also feel that it’s trickier in fiction than nonfiction. Durham again:

Turning short stories into cohesive novels tested the extent of Chandler’s skill. It meant combining and enlarging plots, maintaining a thematic consistency, blowing up scenes, and adapting, fusing, and adding characters.

Primary among the characters, of course, was Philip Marlowe, one of the great fictional detectives. For this creation Chandler drew on earlier protagonists, Killer in the Rain making visible the progression from a nameless first-person narrator to Carmady, John Dalmas, and John Evans.

Things were more complicated for secondary figures:

Of the twenty-one characters in The Big Sleep, seven were drawn directly from ‘The Curtain’, six were taken from ‘Killer in the Rain’, four were composites from the two stories, and four were new creations.

Perhaps most interestingly, at least from this editor’s point of view, is the expansion of entire scenes. One passage in ‘The Curtain’, set in a greenhouse, is about 1,100 words; in The Big Sleep it’s about 2,500. Durham presents the change in miniature, from the following forty-two words:

The air steamed. The walls and ceiling of the glass house dripped. In the halflight enormous tropical plants spread their blooms and branches all over the place, and the smell of them was almost as overpowering as the smell of boiling alcohol.

to these eighty-two:

The air was thick, wet, steamy, and larded with the cloying smell of tropical orchids in bloom. The glass walls and roof were heavily misted and big drops of moisture splashed down on the plants. The light had an unreal greenish colour, like light filtered through an aquarium tank. The plants filled the place, a forest of them, with nasty meaty leaves and stalks like the newly washed fingers of dead men. They smelled as overpowering as boiling alcohol under a blanket.

He finds both passages ‘intense and vivid’ and notes how each achieves its effect: the first through terseness, the second through mood, hyperbole, and ‘striking similes’. Chandler assembled Farewell, My Lovely and The Lady in the Lake in similar fashion, with variations and twists on the original material.

After Chandler’s death in 1959, frequent calls for the publication of these ‘lost’ stories led eventually to Killer in the Rain, with Durham concluding that ‘there no longer seems any good reason why, provided their origin is clearly explained, they should be denied to the many thousands of Chandler’s readers’.

As well as being thoroughly enjoyable in their own right, the stories can be appreciated as raw material and inspiration for the better-known novels, and they offer a nice insight into an artful form of literary transmutation.

*

An etymological note on cannibalize: The OED dates it to 1655, in the sense ‘To overwhelm, destroy, or eat away at, as if by cannibalism; to crush or manipulate (a person)’. The more literal sense came along two centuries later.

The figurative sense ‘To absorb or destroy (something of a similar kind)’, used especially in business contexts, emerged in 1920; not until World War II do we finally see the word as used in the current post, defined as:

To use (something) as a source of parts or content for another of a similar kind; to take (a part) from one thing to use in another.

The first item the OED records as being thus ‘cannibalized’ is a wrecked French plane (‘parts are stripped from it for use on damaged Allied ships’ —Stars & Stripes, London edition, 26 Nov. 1942, caption). Cannibal itself is borrowed from Latin canibales and Spanish caníbal.

 

#AmericanLiterature #books #crimeFiction #detectiveFiction #editing #etymology #literaryHistory #literature #PhilipMarlowe #RaymondChandler #reading #rewriting #shortStories #verbing #writers #writing

Lyrical Ballads by Wordsworth and Coleridge


Origins

Lyrical Ballads (1798) stands as one of the most transformative publications in English literary history, marking the formal beginning of the Romantic Age in English literature. Its origins lie in the remarkable friendship and creative collaboration between William Wordsworth and Samuel Taylor Coleridge, who became neighbours in Somerset in 1797.

The immediate catalyst for the collection was financial and practical — the two poets needed money to fund a walking tour of Germany. However, the deeper intellectual roots ran far more profound. Wordsworth and Coleridge had been engaged in intense discussions about the nature of poetry, imagination, and the relationship between humanity and nature. These conversations crystallised into a shared poetic vision that challenged the dominant Augustan aesthetics of the 18th century, particularly the polished, formal verse associated with Alexander Pope and his contemporaries.

The two poets divided their creative labour deliberately. As Coleridge later recalled in Biographia Literaria (1817), Wordsworth was to write about ordinary subjects — rural life, common people, everyday experience — and invest them with the wonder of the imagination. Coleridge, on the other hand, would write about supernatural subjects and attempt to make them feel psychologically real and believable. This division of labour produced two of the most celebrated poems in the English language: Wordsworth’s “Lines Written a Few Miles above Tintern Abbey” and Coleridge’s “The Rime of the Ancient Mariner”, both of which appeared in the first edition.

The Preface and Poetic Manifesto

The 1800 second edition included Wordsworth’s celebrated Preface, which became the manifesto of Romanticism. In it, Wordsworth made several radical declarations:

  • Poetry should be written in “the real language of men”, not the elevated, artificial diction of the classical tradition.
  • The proper subjects of poetry were humble and rustic life, where human passions exist in a purer, more natural state.
  • Poetry was defined memorably as “the spontaneous overflow of powerful feelings” recollected in tranquillity.
  • The poet was not a craftsman following rules, but a person of exceptional sensitivity and imaginative power speaking to common human experience.

These ideas struck at the heart of neoclassical poetic theory and opened the door to the deeply personal, nature-centred, and emotionally honest poetry that would define the Romantic movement for the next half century.

Significance

1. Launch of English Romanticism

Lyrical Ballads is widely regarded as the founding text of the Romantic Movement in England. It shifted attention from reason and order (values of the Enlightenment) to feeling, intuition, imagination, and nature as the primary sources of poetic truth.

2. Democratisation of Poetry

By choosing subjects from ordinary rural life — beggars, shepherds, abandoned mothers, and simple villagers — Wordsworth challenged the aristocratic and classical subject matter that had dominated English poetry. Poetry was brought to the people and, in a sense, given back to them.

3. The Power of Nature

The collection established Nature as a moral and spiritual force, not merely a scenic backdrop. Particularly in Wordsworth’s poems, landscapes become teachers, healers, and sources of transcendence — a vision that would deeply influence later Romantic poets like Keats, Shelley, and Byron.

4. The Supernatural and the Psychological

Coleridge’s contributions, especially The Rime of the Ancient Mariner and the fragment Kubla Khan, explored guilt, sin, the unconscious, and the uncanny. This opened new psychological dimensions in English poetry that anticipated later literary movements including Gothic fiction and even aspects of Modernism.

5. Influence on Later Literature

The impact of Lyrical Ballads extended far beyond poetry. Its emphasis on individual experience, the dignity of common life, and the primacy of imagination influenced the 19th-century novel (Dickens, Hardy, George Eliot), American Transcendentalism (Emerson, Thoreau, Whitman), and the broader tradition of nature writing that persists to this day.

6. A New Critical Language

Wordsworth’s Preface also inaugurated a new way of talking about poetry — in terms of emotion, imagination, and organic form rather than adherence to classical rules. This critical vocabulary remains foundational to literary studies.

Conclusion

Lyrical Ballads was far more than a slim volume of verse — it was a revolutionary act of literary imagination. Born from friendship, conversation, and a shared dissatisfaction with the poetic conventions of their age, Wordsworth and Coleridge created a work that redefined what poetry could be, who it could speak to, and what truths it could tell. Its echoes have never ceased to resound through English literature and beyond.

The book for free download here:

https://ia800202.us.archive.org/22/items/lyricalballads00worduoft/lyricalballads00worduoft.pdf

#EnglishLiterature #LiteraryAnalysis #LiteraryHistory #LyricalBallads #NatureInPoetry #Poem #Poetry #RomanticPoetry #Romanticism #SamuelTaylorColeridge #TheRimeOfTheAncientMariner #WilliamWordsworth
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Not the London Book Fair: Richard Charkin’s Utterly Personal Publishing Visitor’s Guide to London 

Venture out from Olympia to enjoy the architecture, eat, drink, and check out some of the literary history around London.
The post Not the London Book Fair: Richard Charkin’s Utterly Personal Publishing Visitor’s Guide to London  appeared first on Publishing Perspectives.
https://publishingperspectives.com/2026/03/not-the-london-book-fair-richard-charkins-utterly-personal-publishing-visitors-guide-to-london/

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Not the London Book Fair: Richard Charkin's Utterly Personal Publishing Visitor’s Guide to London  - Publishing Perspectives

If you're at the London Book Fair, venture out from Olympia to enjoy some of the city's literary history hidden in plain sight.

Publishing Perspectives