BRAHMAN、ライブ映像作品『尽未来祭 2025』より「ARRIVAL TIME」映像先行公開
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BRAHMAN、ライブ映像作品『尽未来祭 2025』より「Slow Dance」映像先行公開
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Upanishads

Written primarily between 800-200 BCE. This is Sanskrit texts of the late Vedic & post-Vedic periods that “document the transition from the archaic ritualism of the Veda into new religious ideas & institutions” & the emergence of the central religious concepts of Hinduism.

The word Upanishad comes from the Sanskrit roots upa (near), ni (down), & shad (to sit). It literally describes a student sitting at the feet of a guru to receive “secret” or “higher” knowledge.

The central concern of all Upanishads is to discover the relations between ritual, cosmic realities (including gods), & the human body/person, postulating Atman & Brahman as the “summit of the hierarchically arranged & interconnected universe.” But various ideas about the relation between Atman & Brahman can be found.

The Upanishads isn’t a single book but a collection of over 200 texts (with 13 “Principal” Upanishads). Despite their diversity, they all converge on 1 revolutionary equation that changed religious thought: Atman=Brahman. Atman – the individual soul or the “true self” that resides deep within a person, beyond the ego & the body. Brahman – the ultimate, infinite, & formless reality that underlies the entire universe.

108 Upanishads are known, of which the 1st dozen or so are the oldest & most important & are referred to as the principal, or main (mukhya), Upanishads. The mukhya Upanishads predate the Common Era.

Of the remainder, 95 Upanishads are part of the Muktika canon, composed from about the last centuries of 1st-millennium BCE through about the 15th century CE.

The Upanishads argue that our suffering (Samsara) comes from the illusion (Maya) that we are separate from the universe. Liberation (Moksha) occurs the moment a person realizes that their inner self is identical to the cosmic reality.

Translation of the Upanishads in the early century started to attract attention from a Western audience.

The Upanishads gave the vocabulary for the next 2,500 years of Eastern spirituality:

• Karma:
  • The law of cause & effect. While mentioned earlier, the Upanishads tied it to the moral quality of one’s actions & the cycle of rebirth.
• Samsara:
  • The “wandering” or the cycle of birth, death, & rebirth.
• Moksha:
  • The release from Samsara; the ultimate goal of human life.
• Om (Aum):
  • Described in the Mandukya Upanishad as the primordial sound of the universe, representing the 4 states of consciousness (waking, dreaming, deep sleep, & the “4th states” of pure consciousness).

One of the oldest, & largest, it contains the famous dialogue between the sage Yajnavalkya, & his wife, Maitrey. When Yajnavalkya offers her his worldly wealth before retiring to the forest, she asks: “If this whole earth filled with wealth were mine, would I become immortal through it?” (Wise girl, we like that around here!)

His answer (which was a “Um, no ma’am. That’s not how that works around here, partner.”) leads into a profound discourse on how the Self is the only thing truly dear to us.

The Chandogya Upanishad (The “Song” Teaching) is famous for the phrase “Tat Tvam Asi” (Thou Art That). It tells of a dad teaching his son, Shvetaketu, using metaphors (parables if you’re from that world) from nature. He asks his son to dissolve salt in water. Even though the salt cannot be seen, its essence is everywhere in the water. This explains how Brahman permeates everything.

The Katha Upanishad (The Dialogue with Death) is perhaps the most “US culture”-friendly Upanishad. A young boy, named Nachiketa, finds himself at the gates of the underworld & waits for Yama (the God of Death). Yama is impressed by Nachiketa’s persistence & offers Nachiketa 3 boons/blessings/gifts (vara).

The 1st boon was Peace. Nachiketa asks that his dad’s anger be appeased & that Nachiketa would be welcomed home lovingly. This represents family harmony & emotional peace.

The 2nd boon was Knowledge of the Fire Sacrifice. Nachiketa asks for knowledge of the sacred fire sacrifice ritual (Agni Vidya) that leads to the Heavenly Realms. This represents righteous action(s) & spiritual discipline.

The 3rd boon was Self-Realization. Nachiketa asks for the mystery of what happens after death & the nature of the soul, seeking true knowledge of the Atman. Yama grants Nachiketa this request only after testing his dedication. For this last boon, Nachiketa asked: “What happens after death?” Yama’s teachings on the nature of the soul & the “chariot” of the body is a cornerstone of Vedantic thought.

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Balinese Hinduism

Officially known as Agama Hindu Dharma. Balinese Hinduism is a deeply localized blend of Shaivite Hinduism, Buddhism, & indigenous Austronesian animism.

This is practiced by the majority of the population of Bali. This is particularly associated with the Balinese people residing on the island. It represents a distinct form of Hindu worship incorporating local animism, ancestor worship (Pirtu Paksha), & reverence for Buddhist saints (Bodhisattava).

Hindu influences reached the Indonesian Archipelago as early as the 1st century CE. Java legends refer to Saka-era, traced to 78 CE. Stories from the Mahabharata have been traced in Indonesian islands to the 1st century. This version mirrors those found in Tamil Nadu.

Ancient Chinese records of Fa Hien on his return voyage from Ceylon to China in 414 CE mentioned 2 schools of Hinduism in Java. while Chinese documents from the 8th century refer to the Hindu kingdom of King Sanjaya as Holing, calling it “exceedingly wealthy,” & say that it coexisted peacefully with the Buddhist people & Sailendra ruler in the Kedu Plain of the Java island.

Upon independence from Dutch colonial rule, Article 29 of the 1945 Constitution of Indonesia guaranteed freedom of religion to all its citizens. In 1952, the Indonesian Ministry of Religion came under the control of Islamists who severely constrained the acceptable definition of a “religion.” To be acceptable as an official Indonesian religion, the ministry defined “religion” as 1 that’s monotheistic, has codified religious law, possesses a prophet & a Holy Book, among other requirements.

Balinese Hindus were declared as “people without religion,” & available to be converted. Balinese Hinduism disagreed, debated, adapted, & declared their form of Hinduism to be monotheistic, & presented it in a form to be eligible for the status of “agama” under the 1952 amended articles.

The central pillar of Balinese life is the philosophy of Tri Hita Karana. This dictates that prosperity & harmony can only be achieved through 3 specific relationship:

• Parhyangan:
  • Harmony between humans & the Divine
• Pawongan:
  • Harmony between humans & fellow humans
• Palemahan:
  • Harmony between humans & nature

This governs the island’s physical layout. Every village, home, & rice filled is organized according to a sacred axis between the mountains (the realm of the gods) & the sea (the realm of spirits).

Balinese Hinduism is an amalgamation of Hinduism with elements from Buddhism & the indigenous customs that imbued in the Indonesian archipelago before Hinduism’s arrival.

It combines many of the core beliefs of Hinduism with the arts & rituals of the Balinese people. In modern times, Hinduism in Bali is officially referred to by the Indonesian Ministry of Religion as: Agama Hindu Dharma. But the religion was called by many names: Tirta, Trimurti, Hindu, Agama Tirta, Siwa, Buda, & Siwa-Buda.

A major distinction in Balinese Hinduism in the spotlight on Acintya (a.k.a. Sang Hyang Widhi Wasa). While Hinduism based in India has a vast pantheon, the Balinese system was codified in the 20th century to emphasize a monotheistic foundation to align with Indonesia’s state philosophy (Pancasila).

A belief that all of the gods are manifestations of this supreme being. This belief is the same as the belief of Smartism. This also holds that the different forms of gods & goddesses (Vishnu, Siva, Shakti (Devi)) are different aspects of the same Supreme Being. Shiva is also worshipped in other forms such a as “Batara Guru” & “Maharaja Dewa” (Mahadeva).

Acintya represents the “Unthinkable” or the “Void.” All other deities (including the Trimurti) are viewed as manifestations of this single, supreme entity. In Balinese temples, you’ll see an empty stone called the Padmasana, which is dedicated specifically to Acintya.

Balinese Hinduism includes the Indian Trinity called Trimurti. In Balinese Hindu texts, the alternate tripartite concept of Shiva of Indian Shaivism is also found. This is usually referred to in Balinese as “Siwa-Sadasiwa-Paramasiwa,” where Shiva is the creator, the maintainer, & the destroyer of cyclic existence.

Along with the traditional Hindu Trinity, Balinese Hindus worship a range of gods & goddesses (Hyang, Dewata, & Batara-Batari). As well as others that are unique & not found in Indian Hinduism. Sang Hyang Widhi (literally meaning “Divine Order”), a.k.a. Acintya or Sang Hyang Tunggal (“Divine Oneness”), is the concept parallels the metaphysical concept of Brahman among Indian Hindus.

To understand Balinese Hinduism, 1 must look at the figure who shaped its modern form: the 16th century Javanese priest Dang Hyang Nirartha. As the Majapahit Empire in Java collapsed under the rise of Islamic sultanates, Nirartha fled to Bali.

He didn’t just bring Javanese Hinduism. He refined it. He established the Padmasana architecture & the priesthood system that existed today. He’s credited with founding many of Bali’s iconic “Sea Temples,” (Including Uluwatu & Tanah Lot) strategically placed to create a spiritual “chain” of protection around the island.

There are a total of 13 ceremonies concerned with life from conception until, but not including death, each of which has 4 elements: placation of evil spirits, purification with holy water, wafting of the essence, & prayer. These ceremonies mark major events in a person’s life, including birth, puberty, grain feeding, & marriage.

A newborn baby is believed to represent the soul of an ancestor & is regarded as a god for the 1st 42 days of life. The mom, however, is regarded as impure & isn’t allowed to participate in any religious activities during this period. A baby can’t touch the “impure” ground until its 105 days old, which is half-way to the celebration of its 1st birthday, according to the 210-day Balinese Pawukon calendar.

Once it reaches its 1st birthday, the family will celebrate the Otonan birthday ceremony. Once the kid reaches puberty, the 6 upper canine teeth are filed until they’re even.

Religious life in Bali is defined by Rua Bineda, the idea of “Two Opposites.” It’s the belief that the world exists in a state of equilibrium between opposing forces: good/evil, joy/sorrow, clean/unclean.

The Balinese seek balance. That’s why you see:

• The Barong & Rangda:
  • A ritual dance-drama showing the battle between the Barone (a lion-like creature representing health/good) & Rangda (the demon queen). The battle never truly ends, an eternal stalemate.
• Canang Sari:
  • The ubiquitous daily offerings of flowers, rice, & incense placed on the ground & on shrines. These are meant to appease both the gods & lower spirits to maintain the cosmic balance.

The Saka is a solar calendar from India. This calendar determines Nyepi, the “Day of Silence.” On Nyepi, the entire island (including the airport) shuts down. No lights, no work, no travel, & no sound is permitted. This is to trick passing demons into thinking the island is uninhabited.

The most important ceremonies happen after death & result in the soul being freed to be eventually reincarnated. The physical body isn’t the focus. It’s seen as a temporary container of the soul & fit only for expedient disposal. In fact, the body must be cremated/burned before the soul can leave the body completely.

The cremation ceremony can be VERY expensive because an elaborate ceremony is a way of showing respect for a soul destined to become a god with considerable powers over those left behind. So sometimes the deceased’s body is buried, temporarily, until the family can get together enough $$$ for the cremation ceremony. However, the bodies of priests, or high-class, families are preserved above ground (Think like in New Orleans.).

Balinese Hindus, under no circumstances, may eat the flesh of people, cats, monkeys, dogs, crocodiles, mouse(s), snakes, frogs, certain poisonous fish, leeches, stinging insects, crows, eagles, owls, or any other bird of prey.

Chicken, fruits, veggies, & seafood are widely eaten. Hindus, especially those of varna (caste) of Brahmin & Kshatriya, are forbidden to eat/consume, or even touch, beef. Rarely pork is touched. Also, they mustn’t eat on the street, drink alcohol, or taste offerings of such items.

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Five #FirstPrinciples Ideas of #Hinduism

Hinduism is a very old religion with many different groups and beliefs.

#Brahman - Everything in the universe
#Atman - Your eternal soul
#Dharma- Doing what’s right
#Karma - Actions have consequences
#Moksha - Freedom from being reborn

What These Ideas Mean

These five ideas help explain how Hindus understand the world and how to live a good life.

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