Balinese Hinduism

Officially known as Agama Hindu Dharma. Balinese Hinduism is a deeply localized blend of Shaivite Hinduism, Buddhism, & indigenous Austronesian animism.

This is practiced by the majority of the population of Bali. This is particularly associated with the Balinese people residing on the island. It represents a distinct form of Hindu worship incorporating local animism, ancestor worship (Pirtu Paksha), & reverence for Buddhist saints (Bodhisattava).

Hindu influences reached the Indonesian Archipelago as early as the 1st century CE. Java legends refer to Saka-era, traced to 78 CE. Stories from the Mahabharata have been traced in Indonesian islands to the 1st century. This version mirrors those found in Tamil Nadu.

Ancient Chinese records of Fa Hien on his return voyage from Ceylon to China in 414 CE mentioned 2 schools of Hinduism in Java. while Chinese documents from the 8th century refer to the Hindu kingdom of King Sanjaya as Holing, calling it “exceedingly wealthy,” & say that it coexisted peacefully with the Buddhist people & Sailendra ruler in the Kedu Plain of the Java island.

Upon independence from Dutch colonial rule, Article 29 of the 1945 Constitution of Indonesia guaranteed freedom of religion to all its citizens. In 1952, the Indonesian Ministry of Religion came under the control of Islamists who severely constrained the acceptable definition of a “religion.” To be acceptable as an official Indonesian religion, the ministry defined “religion” as 1 that’s monotheistic, has codified religious law, possesses a prophet & a Holy Book, among other requirements.

Balinese Hindus were declared as “people without religion,” & available to be converted. Balinese Hinduism disagreed, debated, adapted, & declared their form of Hinduism to be monotheistic, & presented it in a form to be eligible for the status of “agama” under the 1952 amended articles.

The central pillar of Balinese life is the philosophy of Tri Hita Karana. This dictates that prosperity & harmony can only be achieved through 3 specific relationship:

• Parhyangan:
  • Harmony between humans & the Divine
• Pawongan:
  • Harmony between humans & fellow humans
• Palemahan:
  • Harmony between humans & nature

This governs the island’s physical layout. Every village, home, & rice filled is organized according to a sacred axis between the mountains (the realm of the gods) & the sea (the realm of spirits).

Balinese Hinduism is an amalgamation of Hinduism with elements from Buddhism & the indigenous customs that imbued in the Indonesian archipelago before Hinduism’s arrival.

It combines many of the core beliefs of Hinduism with the arts & rituals of the Balinese people. In modern times, Hinduism in Bali is officially referred to by the Indonesian Ministry of Religion as: Agama Hindu Dharma. But the religion was called by many names: Tirta, Trimurti, Hindu, Agama Tirta, Siwa, Buda, & Siwa-Buda.

A major distinction in Balinese Hinduism in the spotlight on Acintya (a.k.a. Sang Hyang Widhi Wasa). While Hinduism based in India has a vast pantheon, the Balinese system was codified in the 20th century to emphasize a monotheistic foundation to align with Indonesia’s state philosophy (Pancasila).

A belief that all of the gods are manifestations of this supreme being. This belief is the same as the belief of Smartism. This also holds that the different forms of gods & goddesses (Vishnu, Siva, Shakti (Devi)) are different aspects of the same Supreme Being. Shiva is also worshipped in other forms such a as “Batara Guru” & “Maharaja Dewa” (Mahadeva).

Acintya represents the “Unthinkable” or the “Void.” All other deities (including the Trimurti) are viewed as manifestations of this single, supreme entity. In Balinese temples, you’ll see an empty stone called the Padmasana, which is dedicated specifically to Acintya.

Balinese Hinduism includes the Indian Trinity called Trimurti. In Balinese Hindu texts, the alternate tripartite concept of Shiva of Indian Shaivism is also found. This is usually referred to in Balinese as “Siwa-Sadasiwa-Paramasiwa,” where Shiva is the creator, the maintainer, & the destroyer of cyclic existence.

Along with the traditional Hindu Trinity, Balinese Hindus worship a range of gods & goddesses (Hyang, Dewata, & Batara-Batari). As well as others that are unique & not found in Indian Hinduism. Sang Hyang Widhi (literally meaning “Divine Order”), a.k.a. Acintya or Sang Hyang Tunggal (“Divine Oneness”), is the concept parallels the metaphysical concept of Brahman among Indian Hindus.

To understand Balinese Hinduism, 1 must look at the figure who shaped its modern form: the 16th century Javanese priest Dang Hyang Nirartha. As the Majapahit Empire in Java collapsed under the rise of Islamic sultanates, Nirartha fled to Bali.

He didn’t just bring Javanese Hinduism. He refined it. He established the Padmasana architecture & the priesthood system that existed today. He’s credited with founding many of Bali’s iconic “Sea Temples,” (Including Uluwatu & Tanah Lot) strategically placed to create a spiritual “chain” of protection around the island.

There are a total of 13 ceremonies concerned with life from conception until, but not including death, each of which has 4 elements: placation of evil spirits, purification with holy water, wafting of the essence, & prayer. These ceremonies mark major events in a person’s life, including birth, puberty, grain feeding, & marriage.

A newborn baby is believed to represent the soul of an ancestor & is regarded as a god for the 1st 42 days of life. The mom, however, is regarded as impure & isn’t allowed to participate in any religious activities during this period. A baby can’t touch the “impure” ground until its 105 days old, which is half-way to the celebration of its 1st birthday, according to the 210-day Balinese Pawukon calendar.

Once it reaches its 1st birthday, the family will celebrate the Otonan birthday ceremony. Once the kid reaches puberty, the 6 upper canine teeth are filed until they’re even.

Religious life in Bali is defined by Rua Bineda, the idea of “Two Opposites.” It’s the belief that the world exists in a state of equilibrium between opposing forces: good/evil, joy/sorrow, clean/unclean.

The Balinese seek balance. That’s why you see:

• The Barong & Rangda:
  • A ritual dance-drama showing the battle between the Barone (a lion-like creature representing health/good) & Rangda (the demon queen). The battle never truly ends, an eternal stalemate.
• Canang Sari:
  • The ubiquitous daily offerings of flowers, rice, & incense placed on the ground & on shrines. These are meant to appease both the gods & lower spirits to maintain the cosmic balance.

The Saka is a solar calendar from India. This calendar determines Nyepi, the “Day of Silence.” On Nyepi, the entire island (including the airport) shuts down. No lights, no work, no travel, & no sound is permitted. This is to trick passing demons into thinking the island is uninhabited.

The most important ceremonies happen after death & result in the soul being freed to be eventually reincarnated. The physical body isn’t the focus. It’s seen as a temporary container of the soul & fit only for expedient disposal. In fact, the body must be cremated/burned before the soul can leave the body completely.

The cremation ceremony can be VERY expensive because an elaborate ceremony is a way of showing respect for a soul destined to become a god with considerable powers over those left behind. So sometimes the deceased’s body is buried, temporarily, until the family can get together enough $$$ for the cremation ceremony. However, the bodies of priests, or high-class, families are preserved above ground (Think like in New Orleans.).

Balinese Hindus, under no circumstances, may eat the flesh of people, cats, monkeys, dogs, crocodiles, mouse(s), snakes, frogs, certain poisonous fish, leeches, stinging insects, crows, eagles, owls, or any other bird of prey.

Chicken, fruits, veggies, & seafood are widely eaten. Hindus, especially those of varna (caste) of Brahmin & Kshatriya, are forbidden to eat/consume, or even touch, beef. Rarely pork is touched. Also, they mustn’t eat on the street, drink alcohol, or taste offerings of such items.

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Angelic Ranks Across Religions

This is about the different ranks amongst different religions. We hope you enjoy!

Christianity:

The most famous ranking in Western culture comes from Pseudo-Dionysius the Areopagite in his 5th century work, The Celestial Hierarchy. He divided angels into 9 “choirs” organized into 3 “triads.”

The First Triad (Comtemplators of God):

Seraphim: The “Burning Ones” They have 6 wings & surround the throne of God, perpetually chanting the Trisagion (“Holy, Holy, Holy”).

Cherubim: Known as the “Plenitude of Knowledge.” In Scripture, they’re guardians of sacred space (like Eden or the Ark of the Covenant).

Thrones: Also called Ophanim (Wheels). They represent divine justice & the “chariot” of God.

The Second Triad (Cosmic Governors):

Dominions (Dominations): They regulate the duties of lower angels & represent the authority of God over the universe.

Virtues: Known as the “Brillant” or “Shining Ones.” They’re associated with miracles & bestowing grace & valor.

Powers: These are “warrior” angels who protect the world from demonic interference & maintain the laws of nature.

The Third Triad (Messengers to Humanity):

Principalities: The “Chief Messengers.” Though common tradition lists many, only Michael, Gabriel, & Raphael are officially recognized in most Catholic & Orthodox canons.

Angels: The lowest rank, most concerned with the affairs of individual humans (including Guardian Angels).

Judaism: The Maimonidean Hierarchy

In Judaism, the ranking of angels is primarily used to explain the different levels of “closeness” to the Divine Essence. The most widely cited list is from Maimonides (the Rambam) in his Mishneh Torah.

Chayot Ha-Kodesh: “Holy Living Creatures.” The highest possible rank.

Ophanim: “Wheels.” Associated with Ezekiel’s vision of the Chariot.

Erelim: “The Valiant Ones.” Linked to the concept of peace.

Chashmalim: “The Glowing/Amber Ones.”

Seraphim: “The Burning Ones.”

Malachim: “Messengers.” The general term for angels.

Elohim: “Godly Beings.” Referring to their divine reflection.

Bene Elohim: “Sons of God.”

Cherubim: Guardians & attendants

Ishim: “Person-like Beings.” They’re the closest to the human intellect.

Islam:

Islam doesn’t use a numbered “1 to 9” hierarchy in the same way Christianity does. Instead, angels (Mala’ika) are categorized by their by their functions.

The Four Archangels:

Jibril (Gabriel): The Angel of Revelation

Israfil (Raphael): The Angel of the Trumpet. This signals the Day of Judgment.

Mikail (Michael): The Angel of Mercy & Providence (weather & sustenance).

Azrael (Malak al-Mawt): The Angel of Death.

The Bearers of the Throne (Hamalat al-Arsh): 8 massive angels who carry the Throne of Allah.

The Cherubim (Al-Karubiyyun): Angels who are perpetually lost in the praises of God, unaware of anything else.

The Recording Angels (Kiraman Katibin): Every human has 2 (Raquib & Atib) who record good & bad deeds.

Munkar & Nakir: The interrogators of the soul in the grave.

Maalik & Ridwan: The guardians of Hell & Paradise, respectively.

Zoroastrianism: The Amesha Spentas:

In Zoroastrianism, the “angels” are emanations of the supreme God, Ahura Mazda. They’re known as the Amesha Spentas (Holy Immortals).

Vohu Manah: Good Mind/Purpose

Asha Vahishta: Best Righteousness/Truth

Khshathra Vairya: Desirable Dominion/Power

Spenta Armaiti: Holy Devotion/Piety

Haurvatat: Wholeness/Health

Ameretat: Immortality

Below these entities are the Yazatas. These are entities/beings “worthy of worship,” like Mithra.

Buddhism: The 26 Heavenly Realms

In Buddhist cosmology, “angels” are called Devas. Rather than a hierarchy, they’re ranked by the level of the Heaven they inhabit.

The 6 Sensual Heavens: Devas here still experience desire (like the Four Great Kings who guard the world).

The 16 Fine-Maternal Heavens (Arupa-loka): Beings of pure consciousness with no physical form at all, existing in states like “Infinite Space” or “Neither Perception nor Non-Perception.”

Hinduism: Celestial Classes

Hinduism features a vast array of celestial beings. While not always called “angels,” they function as intermediaries between the Trimurti (which we’ve covered in another post. Check it out!): Brahma, Vishnu, & Shiva, & humanity.

Devas: The benevolent “shining ones” who govern natural forces (Indra, Agni, Vagu).

Gandharvas: Celestial musicians & messsengers.

Apsaras: Celestial dancers & spirits of the clouds & waters.

Yakshas: Nature spirits & guardians of the earth’s treasures.

Vidyadharas: “Knowledge holders” or magical beings of the air.

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Trimurti

This is the triple deity of supreme divinity in Hinduism, in which the cosmic functions of creation, preservation, & destruction are personified as a triad of deities. Usually, they’re Brahma the creator, Vishnu the preserver, & Shiva the destroyer. The word “trimurti” means “3 forms.”

The Om symbol of Hinduism is considered to have an allusion or the Trimurti, where the A, the U, & the M phonemes of the word are considered to indicate creation, preservation, & destruction. Adding up to represent Brahman.

There’s a difference between Brahman (with an ‘n’), which refers to Ultimate Reality & Brahma (without the ‘n’), which refers to the creator god.

According to the Shaiva Agama, Shavities believe that Shiva performs 5 actions: creation, preservation, dissolution, grace, & illusion. The first 3 actions are associated with Shiva as Sadyojata (akin to Brahma), Vamadeva (akin to Vishnu), & Aghora (akin to Rudra).

Braham, Vishnu, & Rudra aren’t deities different from Shiva. But rather forms of Shiva. As Brahma/Sadyojata, Shiva creates. As Vishnu/Vamadeva, Shiva preserves. As Rudra/Aghora, Shiva dissolves. Shiva is the supreme god & performs all actions, destruction is only but 1. Ergo, the Trimurti is a form of Shiva himself for Shaivas.

Shaivites believe that Shiva is the supreme. Shiva assumes various critical roles & assumes appropriate names & forms, also stands transcending all these.

Despite the fact that the Vishnu Parana describes that Vishnu manifest as Brahma in order to create & as Rudra (Shiva) in order to destroy.

Vaishnavism generally doesn’t acknowledge the Trimurti concept. Instead, they believe in the avatars of Vishnu like Narashimha, Rama, Krishna, etc.

Also they believe that Shiva & Brahma are both forms of Vishnu. The Dvaita school, for example, holds Vishnu alone to be the supreme god. Shiva is the subordinate & interprets the Puranas differently.

Vijayindra Tirtha, a Dvaita scholar, interprets the 18 Puranas differently. He interprets the Vaishnavite puranas as satvic & Shaivite Puranas as tumasic. Only the satvic Puranas are considered authoritative.

Satvic is 1 of the 3 gunas (modes of existence). This is the quality of goodness, purity, positivity, truth, serenity, balance, peacefulness, & virtuousness. Tamasic is another of the 3 gunas. This is the quality of inertia, inactivity, dullness, or lethargy.

Sri Vaishnavism tradition, in the south, holds that all major deities that are hailed in the puranas are in fact forms of Vishnu & that the Scriptures are dedicated to him alone.

The female-centric denomination of Shaktidharma puts the dominant roles of the 3 forms (Trimurti) of the Supreme Divinity not to the male gods. But to the female goddesses: Mahasarasvati (Creatrix), Mahalaxmi (Preservatrix), & Mahakali (Destructrix).

This girl version of the Trimurti is called Tridevi (“3 goddesses”). The boy gods (Brahma, Vishnu, & Shiva) are then relegated as auxiliary agents of the supreme feminine Tridevi.

Smartism is a denomination of Hinduism that places emphasis on a group of 5 deities rather than just a single 1. The “worship of the 5 forms” (pancayatana puja) system, which was made popular by the 9th century philosopher, Sankaracarya among Orthodox Brahmins of the Smarta tradition, invokes the 5 deities: Shiva, Vishnu, Brahma, Shakti, & Surya. Sankaracarya later added Kartikeya to these 5, making 6 in total.

This reformed system was promoted by Sankaracarya primarily to unite the principal deities of the 6 major sects on an equal status. The monistic philosophy preached by Sankaracarya made it possible to choose 1 of these as a preferred principal deity & as these same time worship the other 4 deities as different forms of the same all-pervading Brahman.

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Triple Deity

This is a deity/god with 3 distinct, & apparent, forms that function as a singular whole. These deities can sometimes be called: three-fold, tripled, triplicate, tripartite, triune, triadic, or as a Trinity.

In classical religious traditions, 3 separate beings could be depicted as either a triad (who usually appears as a group such as the Greek Moirai, Charites, & Eriyes; the Norse Norns; or the Irish Morrigan), or a single deity (who’s significant for having 3 aspects such as the Greek Hecate or Roman Diana).

Trinitarian Christianity instead recognizes 3 “divine persons” in God the Father, the Son, & Holy Spirit, this is usually distinguished from the belief of independent gods, or aspects.

The trinity of supreme divinity is in Hinduism. They have the cosmic functions of creation, preservation, & destruction are personified as a triad of deities called Trimurti. Brahma is the creator, Vishnu the preserver, & Shiva the destroyer.

The sacred symbol of Hinduism, the Om/Aum, the sacred sound, syllable, mantra, & invocation, is considered to have an insinuation to the Trimurti. The A, U, & M phonemes of the word are thought to point to creation, preservation, & destruction. Phonemes means any of the perceptually distinct units of sound in a specified language that distinguish one word from another. The whole representing the transcendent or absolute Brahman is added.

This also shows 3 basic states of consciousness. In addition to which the whole syllable is interpreted as the subject of the consciousness, the self-principle (Atman). This is considered to be identical with the Brahman.

The Tridevi is the trinity of goddesses that are the consorts of the gods in the Trimurti. They’re personified by the Hindu goddesses Saraswati, Lakshmi, & Parvati. In Shaktism, these goddesses are considered the manifestations of Mahadevi, the Supreme Goddess (the female absolute). Also known as Mula-Prakriti or Adi Parashakti.

The Roman goddess Diana was worshipped from the late 6th century BC as diva triformis, “three-form goddess.” Early on, she was confused with the similar Greek goddess, Hekate/Hecate.

The Lake of Nemi was Triviae lacus for Virgil (Aeneid). Horace called Diana: montium customs nemoremque virgo (“keeper of the mountains & virgin of Nemi”) & diva triformis (“three-form goddess”).

Spells & hymns in Greek magical papyri refer to the goddess (called Hecate, Persephone, Selene, etc.) as “triple-sounding, triple-headed, triple-voiced, triple-pointed, triple-faced, triple-necked.”

The Olympian demiurgic triad in Platonic philosophy was made of Zeus, Poseidon, & Pluto/Hades. All were thought to be a monad; the same Zeus who gave rise to the Titanis demiurgic triad of Helios, Apollo, & Dionysus.

The Matres, or Matronae, are pictured as a group of 3. Sometimes with as many as 27 (3x3x3). They were associated with motherhood & fertility.

In the case of the Irish Brigid, it’s ambiguous if she’s a single goddess or 3 sisters named Brigid. The Morrigan sometimes shows up as 1 being, other times as 3 sisters. As do the 3 Irish goddesses of sovereignty – Eriu, Fodla, & Banba.

Nicene Christians profess “1 God in 3 divine persons” (God the Father, God the Son, & God the Holy Spirit). This isn’t a belief, or worship, in 3 gods & isn’t a belief in 3 aspects of God. Both of these ideas are condemned as heresy by the Catholic Church.

The Catholic Church also rejects the idea that God is 3 persons & that God is a genus that contains the 3 persons.

A circa 4th century Gnostic text, Trimorphic Protennoia, shows a 3-fold discourse of the 3 forms of Divine Thought: Father, Son, & Mother (Sophia). Micheus, Michar, & Mnesinous, the 3 Heavenly Spirits of Baptism.

Some Christian saints, especially martyrs, are in trios. Because they share a feast day or other day of remembrances.

Modalism is a form of Christian Unitarianism opposed to Trinitarianism. They believe that the 1 God is also just 1 person. But appears in 3 different forms: the Father, Son, & Spirit. Modalism adherents believe that the same 1 God appears in different forms throughout history.

For example, Jesus was 1 form of the same God. They also believe that the Holy Spirit isn’t a separate person from the Father either. But it describes God in action. Modalis is a heresy in orthodox Christianity.

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Tridevi

This is a trinity of supreme divinity in Hinduism. This joins a triad of well-known goddesses of the Trimurti, or as consorts of a masculine Trimurti. This depends on the denomination of Hinduism. This triad is typically personified by the Hindu goddesses Saraswati, Lakshmi, & Parvati. In Shaktism, these triune goddesses are the manifestations of Mula-Prakriti or Mahadevi. Triune means “3 in 1″ or 3 united in 1.”

In traditional masculine/male-centered (androcentric) denominations of Hinduism, the female Tridevi goddesses are relegated as consorts & auxiliary deities to the male/masculine Trimurti gods.

In Shaktism, the female/feminine Tridevi goddesses are given prominent roles of creator (Mahasaraswati), preserver (Mahalakshmi), & destroyer (Mahakali). In this sect, the male/masculine Trimurti God’s being put into auxiliary deities as agents of the female/feminine Tridevi.

Saraswati is the goddess of learning, acts, & music. She’s also the consort of Brahma, the creator.

Lakshmi is the goddess of fortune, wealth, fertility, auspiciousness, light, material & spiritual fulfillment. She’s the consort of Vishnu, the maintainer or preserver. Lakshmi doesn’t signify mere material wealth, but also abstract prosperity, such as glory, magnificence, joy, exaltation, greatness, & spiritual fulfillment. This translates to moksha. Moksha is liberation or release from the cycle of life, death, rebirth.

Parvati is the goddess of power, war, beauty, & love. She’s the consort of Shiva, the destroyer of evil, or transformer.

Mahasarasvati is described to be the slayer of Shumba in Devi Bhagavata Purana. This suggests that she has little to do with Saraswati.

Mahalakshmi is the prosperity aspect of Devi. She has 2 forms, Vishnu-priya Lakshmi & Rajyalakshmi. The former is the embodiment of chastity & virtuousness. The latter goes about courting kings.

Rajyalakshmi is stated to be fickle & impulsive. She enters all those places where virtue & charity may be found. As soon as these 2 vanish from any place, Rajyalakshmi will also vanish from that place.

Mahakali represents darkness, pure tamas personified. Mahakali is 1 of the 3 primary forms of Devi. She’s stated to be a powerful cosmic aspect (vyasti) of Devi & represents the guna (universal energy) named tamas, & is the personification of the universal power of transformation, the transcendent power of time.

Via Buddhism & syncretism with Japanese Shinto deities, the Tridevi entered Japanese mythology as the goddesses Benzaitennyo (Sarasvati), Kisshoutennyo (Lexmi), & Daikokutennyo (Mahakali or Parvati).

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Word Search Puzzle 615

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