Deux nouveaux billets sur mon blog :
* Les témoins de Jéhovah, des chrétiens méconnus.
* Les différences entre protestants et catholiques, compte-rendu du petit opuscule du pasteur William Clayton.
A lire sur https://blogs.gayfr.social/journal-dun-libre-penseur-chretien/
#religions #blog #blogging #spiritualité #protestantReformation
🇫🇷 Dans les newsletters que je reçois, il y en a une particulièrement (l'oeil de la Réforme - un libre propos protestant sur l'actualité) qui m'interpelle souvent par le propos et aujourd'hui n'y échappe pas. Je la reproduis in extenso car je la trouve particulièrement percutante et j'aurais presque pu l'écrire.
🇬🇧 I receive a few newsletters and one that catch regularly my attention is "L'oeil de la Réforme - a protestant free speech on the news" Today's text from an entrepreneur did catch my attention and I could have write it myself.
I reproduce the entire article (in French) but you can consult it here : https://mailchi.mp/62a309835b01/loeil-de-rforme-du-8-octobre-5419648?e=77ec4a3ee8 and use the translation tool of your browser.
"You have to think ahead of yourself. Intelligence will then come to clean up." The sentence is from Poet and Dipolomat Salah Stétié and opens the article which is going about fighting the conservatism and some 24/7 news channels, social networks, ...
### AVANCER !
« Il faut penser en avant de soi. L’intelligence, ensuite, viendra faire le ménage. » J’aime beaucoup cette citation du poète et diplomate Salah Stétié.
À l’heure des conservatismes de tout poil, des retours en arrière vers des courants de pensée d’un autre âge et nauséabonds, cet encouragement à penser « en avant » fait du bien, surtout pour nos jeunes qui me semblent n’avoir ni le goût ni le tempérament de leurs aînés pour déterrer les premiers pavés, comme un certain 22 mars 1968, quitte à faire, après, machine arrière.
Il est vrai que tout pousse au conservatisme de la pensée : il suffit de ne pas avoir la force ou la volonté de sortir de réseaux où tout le monde pense la même chose et est encouragé à le faire. Je suis frappé qu’au nom de la liberté, paradoxalement, on laisse prospérer des canaux d’information où sont diffusés H24, ad nauseam, une même information et un même système de pensée.
Comment sortir de ce paradoxe suivant lequel notre valeur sacrée de liberté est détournée pour permettre, en toute… liberté, la constitution de réseaux et de systèmes de pensée qui sont de véritables prisons, que l’on ne veut ou que l’on ne peut pas quitter ? Le roman récent de J.R. dos Santos, Protocole chaos, est une merveille, si on peut dire, à ce sujet.
Il me semble que ce défi de la pensée nouvelle et régénérée doit être à la pointe de tous nos combats et préoccupations. Cultiver l’art du demi-tour et pardonner les échecs sont deux pistes à suivre pour oser penser « en avant » et avancer.
La poutre dans l’œil, me dira-t-on, en invoquant les religions ? Justement, notre protestantisme (surtout luthéro-réformé) nous rappelle dès le baptême que, si notre place est à tout jamais « réservée », on peut s’échapper.
Une colonne vertébrale ne peut pas empêcher de bouger ni d’avancer.
Alain Penchinat, entrepreneur###
Vous pouvez la lire et si le cœur vous en dit vous abonner via : https://mailchi.mp/62a309835b01/loeil-de-rforme-du-8-octobre-5419648?e=77ec4a3ee8
#opinion #ProtestantReformation
Nouveau billet de blog : La Bible, un vrai mic-mac
https://blogs.gayfr.social/journal-dun-libre-penseur-chretien/la-bible-un-vrai-mic-mac
#Bible #protestantReformation #religions #christianisme #PersonalBlog
John Wycliffe
His last name is also spelled: Wyclif, Wickliffe, & Wicklyf.
He’s an English scholastic philosopher, Christian reformer, Catholic priest, & a theology professor at the University of Oxford. He’s often called the “Morning Star of the Reformation.”
He made radical challenges to the Roman Catholic Church like advocating for or made a vernacular translation of the Vulgate Bible into Middle English. He paved the way for the Protestant Reformation nearly 200 years before Martin Luther.
Before he was a reformer, Wycliffe was a titan of Scholasticism at Oxford. At the time, the intellectual world was divided between Realist & Norminalists. The Norminalists, like William of Ockham, argued that “universals” (like the concept of “justice” or “humanity”) were just names (nomina) we give to groups of individual things.
John was a fierce Realist. He believed that universals were real entities that existed in the mind of God. For Wycliffe, everything in the physical world was a direct reflection of a divine archetype.
Wycliffe’s most radical political theory was the Dominion of Grace. He argued that all authority (dominium) is a gift from God. Which meant that the church wasn’t allowed to own property or have ecclesiastic courts, & men in mortal sin weren’t entitled to exercise authority in the church or state, nor to own property. He added a dangerous caveat: only those in a state of grace have a right to exercise authority.
Wycliffe’s later followers (derogatorily called Lollards by their orthodox contemporaries in the 15th & 16th centuries. Lollards meaning “mumblers” or “idlers.”) adopted a number of the beliefs attributed to Wycliff such as theological virtues, predestination, iconoclasm, & the notion of caesaropapism, with some questioning the veneration of saints, the sacraments, requiem masses, transubstantiation, monasticism, & the legitimacy/role of the Papacy.
Wycliffe was born in the village of Hipswell, near Richmond in the North Riding of Yorkshire, England. In 1356, Wycliffe completed his bachelor of arts degree at Merton College as a junior fellow. That same year, he produced a small treatise, The Last Age of the Church.
In 1361, he was Master of Balliol College in Oxford. That year, he was presented by the college to the parish of Fillingham in Lincolnshire. For this, he had to give up the headship of Balliol College, though he could continue to live at Oxford.
Wycliffe’s greatest legacy is his role in the 1st complete translation of the Bible into Middle English (circa 1382). At the time, the Bible was only available in the Latin Vulgate. This was accessible solely to the educated clergy.
Wycliffe believed that the Bible was the ultimate authority. Then every person (from the King to the “plowman”), needed to be able to read it.
Wycliffe didn’t just translate words. He helped create the English language. He’s credited with introducing, or popularizing, over 1,000 words into English, including: female, justice, communication, treasure, & glory.
His “potent” ideas were blamed for the Peasants’ Revolt of 1381. Wycliffe didn’t endorse the violence, however the rebels used his discourse of “equality before God” & Wycliffe’s critiques of Church wealth to justify their demands.
In the U.S. culture, Wycliffe’s legacy is preserved in 2 distinct ways:
Wycliffe passed away from a stroke, during a Mass, in 1834. In 1415, the Council of Constance declared him a heretic. In 1428, by order of Pope Martin V, his remains were exhumed from his grave in Lutterworth, burned to ashes, & cast into the River Swift.
Make a one-time donation
Your contribution is appreciated.
Donate
Make a monthly donation
Your contribution is appreciated.
Donate monthly
Make a yearly donation
Your contribution is appreciated.
Donate yearly
#1356 #1361 #1382 #1415 #1428 #15thCentury #16thCentury #1834 #1842 #BalliolCollege #bible #Caesaropapism #California #Catholic #DominionOfGrace #Dominium #England #Fillingham #Hipswell #Iconoclasm #IndigenousLanguages #JohnWycliffe #LatinVulgate #Lincolnshire #Lollards #MartinLuther #Mass #MertonCollege #MiddleEnglish #Monasticism #MorningStarOfTheReformation #Nomina #Norminalists #NorthRiding #Oxford #Papacy #PeasantsRevoltOf1381 #Pope #PopeMartinV #Predestination #ProtestantReformation #Realists #RequiemMasses #Richmond #RiverSwift #RomanCatholicChurch #Sacraments #Scholasticism #TheLastAgeOfTheChurch #Translate #Transubstantiation #Universals #UniversityOfOxford #VulgateBible #WilliamCameronTownsend #WilliamOfOckham #WycliffeBibleTranslators #WycliffeSBible #Yorkshire
Charles Borromeo
We’re delving into Charles Borromeo because there’s a church named after him in our founder’s hometown. We hope you enjoy this read.
His name in Italian is: Carlo Borromeo. In Latin, his name: Carolus Borromeus. He was an Italian Catholic prelate who served as the Archbishop of Milan from 1564-1584. He became a cardinal in 1560. A prelate is a high-ranking cleric with special jurisdiction or authority, essentially anyone exercising public power or holding a position of prominence above ordinary clergy.
Charles founded the Confraternity of Christian Doctrine together with St. Ignatius of Loyola & St. Philip Neri. In this role, he was responsible for significant reforms in the Catholic Church. Including the founding of seminaries for the education of priests. He was canonized in 1610 & his feast day is November 4.
Charles was a descendant of nobility. The Borromeo family was 1 of the most ancient & wealthiest in Lombardy. The family coat of arms included the Borromean rings, sometimes taken to symbolize the Holy Trinity.
Charles’ dad, Gilbert, was the Count of Arona. His mom, Margaret, was a member of the Milanese branch of the House of Medici. He was the 2nd son in a family of 6 kids. He was born in the castle of Arona on Lake Maggiore 36 miles from Milan on October 2, 1538.
Charles received the tonsure when he was about 12 years old. At this time, his paternal uncle (dad’s brother), Giulio Cesare Borromeo turned over to him the income from the rich Benedictine abbey of Saints Gratinian & Felin, 1 of the ancient requirements of the family.
Charles let his dad know on no uncertain terms that all revenues from the abbey beyond what was required to prepare him for a career in the church belonged to the poor & couldn’t be applied to secular use.
Charles went to the University of Pavia. He applied himself to the study of civil & canon law. Because of a slight speech impediment, he was thought of as slow but his thoroughness & industry meant that he made fast progress.
In 1554, his dad died. Although he had an older brother, Count Federico, he was requested by the family to take the management of their domestic affairs. After a time, he restarted his studies. On December 6, 1559, he earned a doctorate in canon & civil law.
On December 25, 1559, Charles’ uncle, Cardinal Giovanni Angelo Medici, was elected as Pope Pius IV. The newly elected Pope requested his nephew to go to Rome. On January 13, 1560, Pope Pius IV appointed him as protonotary apostolic. Protonotary apostolic is the title for a member of the highest non-episcopal college of prelates in Roman Curia, or outside Rome.
Shortly after, on January 31, 1560, the Pope made him a cardinal. This made Charles a cardinal-nephew. He was entrusted with both the public & the privy seal of the ecclesiastical state. A cardinal-nephew was a high-ranking Cardinal in the Catholic Church. Usually the pope’s actual nephew or another close relative(s), who served as the pontiff’s chief assistant & confidant. He was also brought into the government of Papal States & appointed a supervisor of the Franciscans, Carmelites, & Knights of Malta.
During his 4 years in Rome, Charles lived in austerity, required the Roman Curia to wear black (The Roman Curia is the administrative arm of the Holy See.), & established an academy of learned persons, the Academy of the Vatican Knights.
Charles organized the 3rd, & last, session of the Council of Trent, in 1562-63. He had a large hand in making the Tridentine Catechism (Catechismus Romanus). In 1561, Charles founded & endowed a college at Pavia. Today the college is known as Almo Collegio Borromeo. Charles dedicated the college to Justina of Padua.
On November 19, 1562, Charles’ older brother, Federico, suddenly died. His family urged Charles to seek permission to return to the laity (laicization), to marry & have kids so that the family name wouldn’t become extinct. But he decided not to leave the ecclesiastic state.
His brother’s death, along with his contacts (with the Jesuits, the Theatines, & the example of bishops such as Bartholomew of Braga) were causes of the conversion Charles towards a more strict & operative Christian life. His aim became to put into practice the dignity & duties of the bishop as drafted by the Council of Trent.
After the death of his uncle, Pope Pius IV (1566), Charles sent a galley (a type of ship) to get Cardinal Ugo Boncompagni, the Nuncio of Spain. The nuncio (or apostolic nuncio) is the Pope’s personal ambassador (like an embassy’s ambassador) to a country & plays a key role in appointing bishops.
But the Cardinal didn’t arrive in time to be considered at the conclave. Charles reached an agreement with Alessandro Farnese, who held a significant number of conclave votes, to support Antonio Ghislieri (who was rumored to have the support of King Philip II of Spain). Ghislieri was elected Pope & took the name: Pius V.
He devoted himself to the reformation of his diocese which had deteriorated in practice owing to the 80-year absence of previous archbishops. Milan was the largest archdiocese in Italy at the time, with more than 3,000 clergy & 800,000 people. Both its clergy & laity had drifted from church teaching. The selling of indulgences & ecclesiastical positions was prevalent.
Charles believed that abuses in the church arose from ignorant clergy. His emphasis on Catholic learning greatly increased the preparation of men for the priesthood & benefited their congregations.
He founded the fraternity of Oblates of St. Ambrose (a society of secular men who didn’t take orders), but devoted themselves to the church & followed a discipline of monastic prayers & study. The new archbishop’s efforts for catechesis & the instruction of youth included the initiation of the 1st Sunday School classes & the work of the Confraternity for Christian Doctrine.
Charles’ diocesan reforms faced opposition from several religious orders. Particularly that of the Humiliati (Brothers of Humility), a penitential order which owned some 90 monasteries. Some members of that society formed a conspiracy against his life.
A shot was fired at him with an arquebus in the archepiscopal chapel. His survival was considered miraculous.
Even though the Diet of Ilanz of 1524 & 1526 had proclaimed freedom of worship in the 3 Leagues, Charles repressed Protestantism in the Swiss valleys. During his pastoral visit to the region, 150 people were arrested for practicing witchcraft. 11 women & the provost were condemned by the civil authorities to be burned alive.
Reacting to the pressure of the Protestant Reformation, Charles encouraged Ludwig Pfyffer in his development of the “Golden League” but didn’t live to see its formation in 1586.
Based in Lucerne, the organization (also called the Borromean League) linked activities of several Swiss Catholic cantons of Switzerland. This became the center of Catholic Counter-Reformation efforts & caused the break-up of Appenzell canton along religious lines.
Following his departure from this mortal coil, devotion to Charles grew quickly & continued to grow. The Milanese memorializes his anniversary as though he were already a saint. Supporters in a number of cities collected documentation to support his canonization.
In 1602, Pope Clement VIII beatified Charles. 2 years later, his “case” was sent to the Congregation of Rites. On November 1, 1610, Pope Paul V canonized Charles. 3 years later, the church added his feast day to the General Roman Calendar for celebration on November 4.
Along with Guarinus of Palestrina & Anselm of Lucca, he’s 1 of only 2-3 cardinal-nephews to have been canonized. Charles Borromeo is the patron saint of bishops; catechists; seminarians; against ulcers; apple orchards; bishops; catechumens; colic; intestinal disorders; Lombardy, Italy; Monterey, California; cardinals; seminarians; spiritual directors; spiritual leaders; starch makers; stomach diseases; & Sao Carlos (Brazil).
Charles’ emblem is the Latin word humilitas (humility), which is a portion of the Borromeo shield. He’s usually represented in art in his robes, barefoot, carrying the cross as archbishop, a rope around his neck and 1 hand raised in blessing. Thus recalling his work during the plague.
A large number of churches dedicated to St. Charles Borromeo exist in: Austria; Sheffield, England; Scotland; Belgium; Italy; Serbia; Poland; Switzerland; Vienna; Ireland; England; Indiana; Louisiana; Canada, California; Florida; Illinois; New York; Texas; Missouri; Minnesota; North Dakota; Ohio; Maryland; Massachusetts; Nebraska; New Jersey; North Carolina; Pennsylvania; Rhode Island; Virginia; Washington; Oklahoma; New Hampshire; Argentina; Brazil; Peru; Uruguay; Venezuela; & Chile.
Make a one-time donation
Your contribution is appreciated.
Donate
Make a monthly donation
Your contribution is appreciated.
Donate monthly
Make a yearly donation
Your contribution is appreciated.
Donate yearly
#1November1610 #13January1560 #1526 #1554 #1560 #1561 #1562 #1563 #1564 #1566 #1584 #1586 #1602 #1610 #19November1562 #2October1538 #25December1559 #31January1560 #6December1559 #AcademyOfTheVaticanKnights #AlessandroFarnese #AlmostCollegioBorromeo #AnselmOfLucca #AntonioGhislieri #ApostolicNuncio #Appenzell #ArchbishopOfMilan #Argentina #Arona #Austria #BartholomewOfBraga #Belgium #BorromeanLeague #Brazil #BrothersOfHumility #Califronia #Canada #CanonLaw #Cantons #Cardinal #CardinalGiovanniAngeloMedici #CardinalUgoBoncompagni #CardinalNephew #CardinalNephews #CarloBorromeo #Carmelites #CarolusBorromeus #Catechesis #CatechismusRomanus #Catholic #CatholicChurch #CatholicCounterReformation #CharlesBorromeo #Chile #CivilLaw #Conclave #ConfraternityForChristianDoctrine #ConfraternityOfChristianDoctrine #CongregationOfRites #CouncilOfTrent #CountFederico #CountOfArona #DietOfIlanzOf1524 #England #Franciscans #GeneralRomanCalendar #GilbertBorromeo #GiulioCesareBorromeo #GoldenLeague #GuarinusOfPalestrina #HolySee #HolyTrinity #Humiliati #Illinois #Indiana #Ireland #Italy #Jesuits #JustinaOfPadua #KingPhilipIIOfSpain #KnightsOfMalta #Laicization #LakeMaggiore #Lombardy #Louisiana #LudwigPfyffer #MargaretBorromeo #Massachusetts #MilaneseHouseOfMedici #Missouri #Nebraska #NewHampshire #NewJersey #NorthCarolina #NorthDakota #November4 #Nuncio #Ohio #Oklahoma #PapalStates #Pavia #Pennsylvania #Peru #PiusV #Poland #PopePaulV #PopePiusIV #Prelate #ProtestantReformation #Protestantism #ProtonotaryApostolic #RomanCuria #Rome #Scotland #Serbia #StAmbrose #StFelin #StGratinian #StIgnatiusOfLoyola #StPhilipNeri #SundaySchool #SwissValleys #Switzerland #Texas #Theatines #ThreeLeagues #Tonsure #TridentineCatechism #UniversityOfPavia #Uruguay #Venezuela #Vienna #Washington
Get with the times, old man
https://piefed.social/c/historymemes/p/1651001/get-with-the-times-old-man
Theology always gets a little contentious
https://piefed.social/c/historymemes/p/1563975/theology-always-gets-a-little-contentious
THE PROTESTANTS CAN'T KEEP GETTING AWAY WITH IT
https://piefed.social/c/historymemes/p/1540118/the-protestants-can-t-keep-getting-away-with-it
Reformation Leaders PCM
https://piefed.social/c/historymemes/p/1488485/reformation-leaders-pcm
ÉricMSM🇧🇪🥾🚆🚊🌼🐑🐞📷
Spirituality & Religious Studies
PugJesus