#EvolutionOfScotia

#Scotia is a new concave #molding that we are seeing for the first time in the #IonicOrder. Its #primaryProfileCurve is a compound curve that is always segmented 1/3 and 2/3 from top to bottom. The two segments have different radii, but they also have a common tangent where they meet.

The scotia molding went through some evolutionary stages as shown in the sketch.

In the classic #Vignola version, the scotia used in the column base is smaller and gouges out a portion of the bottom fillet. Vignola did that to accentuate the effect of incident light and bring out the shadows. He must have really liked the #lightAndShade effect because he had TWO of them in the classic column base for the #IonicColumn.

An intermediary variant then emerged in which the larger arc was tangential to the bottom fillet instead of gouging it out. It still allowed for the interplay of light and shade as it had a lip that extended above the nominal fillet. Also, it was 4/3 the size of the Vignola variant and the fillets were twice as tall, ostensibly to make the lip more conspicuous, and provide some utility or justification for the lip.

If you are into #font design or you are an avid calligrapher, you will never look at font #serifs the same way after looking at the intermediate evolutionary stage of the scotia. In particular, the #Optima font is classified as #sansSerif, but the stem in its repertoire of characters has an uncanny resemblance at the tip of the lip.

Unfortunately, the lip didn't seem durable as it was prone to chipping. While Optima still thrives, designers rejected the lip of the scotia as vestigial over time, and used an ellipse for the larger arc so that it was tangential to the fillet right where the fillet ended. This design has endured, and the variant of the column base that uses this molding is called either the "modern" base or the #AtticBase. The etymology is from Latin #Atticus which means ‘relating to #Athens or #Attica region of #Greece.'

The #column is the most complex component — not least because of the beautiful #capital at the top. It also offers the most opportunities for creative expression, as long as designers differentiate in the #decorativeElements, not #tectonicElements.

There are 3 subcomponents of a column — the #columnBase, #columnShaft, and #columnCapital. In the #IonicOrder, there are variants for each of these components, not just in the tectonic portions, but also in the decorative portions, and it is equally acceptable to mix and match them.

Classic variant of the column #base bears #Vignola's signature in a new #molding called #scotia. There's a "modern" version that has a newer Scotia. I am trying hard to resist the urge to call it #NovaScotia.

The column #shaft is not perfectly cylindrical. It gradually tapers off in the upper 2/3, has a plain unadorned variant, and a #fluted variant.

Classic variant of the column #capital has parallel flat #volute slabs only visible from the front and back, but not from the sides. There's also a modern variant that has curved volute faces on all four sides with pointed ends at all corners and optimized for use in a corner column, but not limited to that.

These variants can be freely intermixed in any combination of base, shaft, and capital. The sketch shows an Ionic column with a modern base, fluted shaft, and classic capital, but any other combination would be equally acceptable as long as all are internally consistent in a single #colonnade or #arcade.

Beyond these tectonic elements, there are decorative elements like the #eggsAndDarts motif in the #ovolo of the capital. The eggs can be convex or concave, the eggs and arrows can look different, or the Ovolo could have a completely different motif, or none at all.

The bell-shaped #scrolls between volute slabs are separated by a ribbon or belt with a 3-strand braid not seen in this sketch. If you design fashion accessories, experiment with other designs while maintaining proportions.

This shows the detailed measurements of the top and bottom portions of the #IonicPedestal. For macro-level measurements, see https://pixelfed.social/p/Splines/790571135473463588

Each of the blue curve segments (lines and arcs) that are marked with a yellow bubble is the #profileCurve for a #molding whose name is inside the bubble.

Starting at the bottom, we have a #plinth, a #fillet, a #cymaRecta, and a #reed as part of the #basement of an Ionic pedestal.

Next up, we have a #fillet and a #cavetto at the bottom of the #dado, and another cavetto and fillet at the top of the dado.

Moving higher up, a reed, an #ovolo, a #corona, a #cymaReversa, and a final fillet top off the cap of the pedestal.

They are called profile curves because each is the outline or silhouette of a 3D molding as seen from one side or in a cross section. In the case of a pedestal, these curves can be used directly to recreate the 3D shape of the pedestal. For this reason and in this case, I call them #primaryProfileCurves.

This is not always the case. For more complex shapes, such as the #scroll surface of an #IonicCapital shown in https://pixelfed.social/p/Splines/789956327130679640, the profile curves recovered by #reverseEngineering the image scans in #Vignola's book cannot be used directly to sweep the scroll surface because the scroll shape is not cylindrical. Like the inside of a rose, the scroll surface follows the outlines of spiral #volutes in the front and back, neither of which are circular. So, additional steps are necessary to derive the curves that we can actually use to reconstruct the surface.

In the case of the scroll surface, the derivation of these curves is not trivial and not obvious, but it is not difficult to understand, and no math is involved. There are multiple sets of curves, and each successive set is derived from a previous set. I call them secondary, tertiary, and quaternary curves.

For now, we stick with the primary profile curves for the pedestal.

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