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2. The #Hydrosphere: All liquid water on the planet, including oceans, river networks, and groundwater aquifers. Acting as the planet's circulatory system, it transports heat from the equator to the poles and distributes nutrients.

3. The #Atmosphere: The thin envelope of moving gases wrapped around the planet. It regulates surface temperature via the greenhouse effect and protects life from cosmic radiation.

https://youtu.be/un73L-jJgSE

#Anthropocene
#VSI
#podcast
#lecture

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This is equally true in the #biotic environment (the “#biosphere”), consisting of microorganisms, plants, animals, and the human body; in #abiotic (lifeless) environments, such as the #geosphere, the #lithosphere, the #hydrosphere, and the #atmosphere; and in the entire #ecosphere, comprising ecosystems composed of biotic and abiotic elements in complex interrelationships. Such ecosystems, large and small, for all their components, also interact in intricate mutual relationships.

#ecology