Mastodawn

Ecuadorean Viscacha Lagidium ahuacaense

Ecuadorean Viscacha Lagidium ahuacaense

IUCN Status: Critically Endangered

Location: Ecuador’s Cerro El Ahuaca

High in the remote granite outcrops of Cerro El Ahuaca, #Ecuador the Ecuadorean #Viscacha Lagidium ahuacaense is plump and fluffy #rodent sporting sage-like long whiskers. From their high perch they look down upon the world below with a permanent expression of what could interpreted as disappointment. Ecuadorean Viscachas were first spotted in 2005 and formally described in 2009, these mountain-dwelling large #rodents are the northernmost member of the Lagidium genus, marooned over 500 kilometres from their closest relatives in #Peru. Few creatures are as elusive or fascinating— tragically, only a handful of them remain alive.

Fires, #beef agriculture, and #deforestation for monoculture are carving away at their already fragile existence, pushing them ever closer to the brink of #extinction. Help them by sharing their story to social media. Join the #Boycott4Wildlife.

https://youtu.be/0o5MoqBnXZA

High in the mountains of #Ecuador 🇪🇨 lives a sage-like fluffy #rodent, the Ecuadorean #Viscacha, a critically endangered alpine wonder. Few remain alive due to #climatechange and #meat #agriculture 🥩🔥. Be #vegan for them #Boycott4Wildlife @palmoildetect https://wp.me/pcFhgU-aoV

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The Ecuadorean #Viscacha is a fluffy epic #rodent of #Ecuador’s high mountains with long and wise whiskers and a bushy tail. These tenacious creatures are critically #endangered 😭😿 Help them to survive, be #vegan #Boycott4Wildlife 🥩🔥⛔️ @palmoildetect https://wp.me/pcFhgU-aoV

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Appearance & Behaviour

Built for survival in one of Ecuador’s harshest landscapes, the Ecuadorean Viscacha is a sturdy and big rodent with a compact body covered in thick, grey-brown fur. Their dense, woolly fur shields them from the biting Andean winds, while their long, silvery tails provide balance as they scale sheer rock faces. Their large, dark eyes scan the terrain for danger, and their long, sensitive whiskers twitch as they pick up the faintest vibrations in the wind.

Long and distinguished whiskers provide them with sensitive and deep understanding of their environment. A black dorsal stripe runs the length of their back, this disappears into the dense coat that keeps them warm against the mountain’s chill.

Most active at dawn and dusk, their every movement is deliberate. They bound effortlessly between jagged outcrops, using their powerful hind legs to launch themselves across treacherous gaps. Unlike burrowing rodents, they take refuge in narrow rock crevices, where they remain hidden from predators.

Threats

Once secure in their isolated stronghold, the Ecuadorean Viscacha now faces a gauntlet of human-driven threats. Their already tiny population is being squeezed into an ever-smaller fragment of land, where survival is becoming increasingly precarious.

Deforestation for eucalyptus and pine monoculture plantations

For generations, wildfires have been used to clear land for agriculture and livestock grazing, but in recent decades, these fires have intensified, spreading further into the Viscacha’s habitat. Each blaze devours critical vegetation, stripping away the food sources they rely on and forcing them into ever-smaller pockets of surviving habitat.

Farmed Animal Agriculture

Grazing cattle have become an unrelenting force in the region, trampling vegetation and outcompeting the Viscacha for food. Their presence has disrupted the delicate balance of this fragile ecosystem, leaving fewer resources for native wildlife.

Climate Change-related Environmental Shifts

With their entire known population confined to a single mountain, the Ecuadorean Viscacha is especially vulnerable to even the smallest environmental shifts. Changing rainfall patterns, prolonged droughts, and temperature fluctuations could alter the availability of food and water, placing further stress on their already limited numbers.

Population Fragmentation and Isolation

Trapped within a tiny range with no known neighbouring populations, the Viscacha is cut off from potential mates and genetic diversity. Without intervention, this isolation could lead to inbreeding, weakening the species’ ability to adapt and survive.

Geographic Range

The Ecuadorean Viscacha is found only in a single location—Cerro El Ahuaca, a rugged granite mountain in southern Ecuador. They inhabit steep, rocky surfaces at elevations between 1,950 and 2,480 metres, a world of exposed rock faces and sparse vegetation. No other known populations exist, making them one of the most geographically restricted mammals on the planet.

Though their habitat once stretched further, fires and deforestation have steadily chipped away at the fringes of their territory. Today, their entire known range spans just 120 hectares—an area smaller than many urban parks—leaving them with little room to escape the pressures of a changing world.

Diet

These high-altitude specialists are herbivores, feeding primarily on native grasses, shrubs, and small herbs that cling to the mountainside. Signs of their feeding are visible throughout their habitat—freshly grazed plants and stripped vegetation mark the places where they have foraged. Their diet is shaped by scarcity, forcing them to survive on whatever plant life they can find in their isolated, rocky home. Their close relatives Mountain Viscacha of Peru are preyed upon by Andean Mountain Cats.

Mating and Reproduction

Little is known about the reproductive habits of the Ecuadorean Viscacha, but they likely follow a pattern similar to their relatives in the Lagidium genus. Mountain Viscachas generally give birth to a single offspring after a long gestation period, ensuring that each newborn has a better chance of survival in the unforgiving terrain. Born with fur and open eyes, young Viscachas are relatively well-developed, an adaptation that allows them to quickly learn the skills needed to navigate their hazardous mountain environment.

FAQs

Are Ecuadorean Viscachas related to rabbits or chinchillas?

Despite their rabbit-like appearance, Ecuadorean Viscachas belong to the Chinchillidae family, making them closer relatives of chinchillas than rabbits. Their long whiskers, dense fur, and powerful hind legs are adaptations seen in other members of this family, allowing them to thrive in rocky, high-altitude environments.

How are Ecuadorean Viscachas different from other Mountain Viscachas?

Ecuadorean Viscachas are the northernmost species of the Lagidium genus, separated by more than 500 kilometres from their closest relatives in Peru. Genetic studies show that they diverged significantly from other Mountain Viscachas, with at least 7.9% DNA sequence differences. Morphologically, they have a more compact body, a distinct black dorsal stripe, and a tail that shifts in colour from grey-brown to reddish-brown. Their isolation and unique adaptations to the Cerro El Ahuaca environment make them a distinct species.

How do Ecuadorean Viscachas survive in their rocky habitat?

Perfectly adapted to life among sheer cliffs and granite outcrops, Ecuadorean Viscachas use their powerful hind legs to leap between rocks, navigating the treacherous terrain with ease. Their thick, woolly fur provides insulation against the cold, and instead of burrowing, they take refuge in rock crevices where they remain hidden from predators.

What do Ecuadorean Viscachas eat?

These herbivores feed on native shrubs, grasses, and small herbs found in their mountainous habitat. They leave behind distinct feeding traces, such as grazed vegetation and stripped plants, which provide insight into their foraging habits. Their diet is dictated by the limited plant life available in their isolated environment.

How many Ecuadorean Viscachas are left in the wild?

The total known population is alarmingly small, possibly consisting of only a few dozen individuals confined to a 120-hectare area on Cerro El Ahuaca. No other populations have been discovered, making them one of the most critically endangered rodents in the world.

What are the biggest threats to the Ecuadorean Viscacha?

Their biggest threats include:

• Habitat destruction – Uncontrolled fires and land clearing for eucalyptus and pine monoculture and cattle grazing are steadily erasing their already limited habitat.

• Livestock competition – Grazing cattle trample vegetation and outcompete Viscachas for food.

• Climate change – Shifting rainfall patterns and temperature fluctuations could further disrupt their delicate ecosystem.

• Genetic isolation – With only a single known population, they face the risk of inbreeding, which could weaken their resilience.

Why are they only found in one place?

Ecuadorean Viscachas are highly specialised mountain dwellers, perfectly suited to the rocky terrain of Cerro El Ahuaca. They may have once had a wider range, but habitat destruction and fragmentation have left them stranded in this isolated stronghold. Unlike more adaptable rodents, they cannot easily move to new areas due to their specific habitat needs.

Are Ecuadorean Viscachas protected?

The Ecuadorean Vischaca was only recently discovered and are considered a forgotten species. However conservation efforts have begun, there is no targeted species-wide protection in place. However, local conservation initiatives have helped establish protected areas that include their habitat. Researchers continue to push for stronger conservation measures to ensure their survival.

How can I help save the Ecuadorean Viscacha?

You can make a difference by:

• Supporting conservation organisations working to protect their habitat.

• Raising awareness about the threats they face by sharing this post and joining the #Boycott4Wildlife

• Advocating for stronger environmental policies in Ecuador to prevent further deforestation and habitat loss.

Without immediate action, these rare and remarkable mountain survivors could disappear forever.

Take Action!

The Ecuadorean Viscacha is teetering on the edge of extinction, but there is still time to act. Conservationists have already taken steps to protect their habitat, securing key areas under municipal conservation agreements. However, long-term survival depends on preventing further destruction of their fragile mountain refuge.

You can help by:

• Supporting organisations working to protect Ecuador’s high-altitude ecosystems.

• Spreading awareness about the threats facing the Ecuadorean Viscacha and the urgent need for conservation.

• Demanding stronger environmental protections to prevent further habitat loss in Loja Province.

Every effort counts. Without immediate action, these extraordinary mountain survivors could disappear forever.

Support Ecuadorean Viscacha by going vegan and boycotting palm oil in the supermarket, it’s the #Boycott4Wildlife

Support the conservation of this species

This animal has no protections in place. Read about other forgotten species here. Create art to support this forgotten animal or raise awareness about them by sharing this post and using the #Boycottpalmoil #Boycott4Wildlife hashtags on social media. Also you can boycott palm oil in the supermarket.

Further Information

Nature and Culture International. (2022). Ecuadorian Viscacha Conservation Project. Retrieved from https://www.natureandculture.org/directory/ecuadorian-vizcacha-conservation-project/

Roach, N. 2016. Lagidium ahuacaense. The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2016: e.T48295808A48295811. https://dx.doi.org/10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-2.RLTS.T48295808A48295811.en. Accessed on 27 February 2025.

Werner, F. A., Ledesma, K. J., & Hidalgo B., R. (2006). Mountain vizcacha (Lagidium cf. peruanum) in Ecuador – first record of Chinchillidae from the northern Andes. Mastozoología Neotropical, 13(2), 271–274.

Wikipedia Contributors. (n.d.). Lagidium ahuacaense. Wikipedia, The Free Encyclopedia. Retrieved from https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lagidium_ahuacaense

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Learn about other animals endangered by palm oil and other agriculture

Global South America S.E. Asia India Africa West Papua & PNG

Ecuadorean Viscacha Lagidium ahuacaense

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Southern Pudu Pudu puda

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Blue-streaked Lory Eos reticulata

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Blonde Capuchin Sapajus flavius

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Savage’s Glass Frog Centrolene savagei

Keep reading

Pesquets Parrot Psittrichas fulgidus

Keep reading

Learn about “sustainable” palm oil greenwashing

Read more about RSPO greenwashing

Lying Fake labels Indigenous Land-grabbing Human rights abuses Deforestation Human health hazards

A 2019 World Health Organisation (WHO) report into the palm oil industry and RSPO finds extensive greenwashing of palm oil deforestation and the murder of endangered animals (i.e. biodiversity loss)

#Agriculture #animals #beef #Boycott4wildlife #BoycottPalmOil #climatechange #CriticallyEndangeredSpecies #criticallyendangered #deforestation #Ecuador #EcuadoreanViscachaLagidiumAhuacaense #endangered #extinction #ForgottenAnimals #hunting #meat #meatDeforestation_ #PalmOil #palmOilDeforestation #Peru #poaching #rodent #rodents #SouthAmericaSpeciesEndangeredByPalmOilDeforestation #vegan #Viscacha

Palm Oil Detectives Aug 30, 2025

Blonde Capuchin Sapajus flavius

Blonde Capuchin Sapajus flavius

IUCN Status: Endangered

Locations: Brazil

The blonde capuchin is found in the northeastern Atlantic Forest of Brazil, primarily in the states of Paraíba, Pernambuco, and Alagoas. Some populations have also been recorded in the Caatinga biome of Rio Grande do Norte, possibly due to habitat loss forcing them into new environments.

The blonde #capuchin (Sapajus flavius) is an enigmatic and critically endangered #primate found in the northeastern forests of Brazil. With their striking golden-yellow fur and intelligent, expressive faces, these capuchins are among the most visually distinctive of their genus. Once thought to be extinct, they were rediscovered in 2006, yet their populations remain fragmented and highly vulnerable. They inhabit a range of environments, from the coastal mangrove forests and várzea floodplains to terra firme forests in #Brazil’s Atlantic Forest biome. However, their survival is increasingly threatened by deforestation, agricultural expansion, #hunting, and the illegal #pettrade.

Blonde capuchins are known for their exceptionally large social groups, sometimes exceeding 150 individuals, where complex interactions, vocalisations, and even tool use have been observed. Unlike many primates, they do not have a specific breeding season, and infants can be seen being carried by their mothers year-round. Their remarkable adaptability to different habitats, including flooded forests and human-altered landscapes, underscores their resilience—but without immediate conservation action, these monkeys may not survive the pressures of habitat loss and hunting. Help them to survive every time you shop adopt a #Vegan lifestyle and #BoycottPalmOil #Boycott4Wildlife in the supermarket.

Blonde #capuchins 🐒🐵 are #endangered due to #palmoil 🌴 sugarcane and meat 🥩 #deforestation in #Brazil 🇧🇷. Supremely intelligent, they use tools and mourn dead in their troop. Take action! #Boycottpalmoil 🌴🪔⛔️ #Boycott4Wildlife @palmoildetect https://wp.me/pcFhgU-a9q

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#Monkeys of #Brazil, blonde #capuchins 🐒 are super smart and rub millipedes into their fur as an bug repellent. #PalmOil #meat and the illegal #pet trade are threats. Be #vegan for them 🥕🍆🧅 and #BoycottPalmOil 🌴🪔🧐🚫 #Boycott4Wildlife @palmoildetect https://wp.me/pcFhgU-a9q

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https://youtu.be/jCECaQvtxtY

Appearance & Behaviour

Evidence of social cohesion and empathic community behaviour, group and individual mourning of infant deaths.
Use up to 29 distinctive calls used to communicate.
Live in large groups of up to 150 individuals.
Evidence of complex tool use for self-medication and locating food.

Blonde capuchins are striking primates, their golden-yellow coats shimmering against the deep greens of the Atlantic Forest. They have a distinctive whitish cap on the front of their heads, which contrasts sharply with their dark brown eyes and black facial markings. Their fur is short and dense, suited to the humid tropical climate. Their hands and feet are a lighter shade of gold, with hairless black palms and soles for better grip while climbing. Males and females are similar in appearance, but males are typically larger and more muscular.

These capuchins are highly intelligent and social, living in large, multi-male, multi-female groups that can contain over 150 individuals. They use a complex system of vocalisations, with at least 29 distinct calls, to communicate. Their societies function with a fission-fusion dynamic, meaning they frequently split into smaller foraging groups to reduce competition over food. This flexibility is key to their survival in fragmented habitats.

Despite spending most of their time in the trees, blonde capuchins also frequently descend to the ground, particularly in Caatinga dry forests and areas where fruit is scarce. They exhibit high levels of problem-solving and tool use, including using sticks to fish for termites and rubbing millipede secretions onto their fur as an insect repellent.

These monkeys have strong social bonds, and mothers play an essential role in infant care, carrying their young for months after birth. Although males do not carry infants, they play a protective role, ensuring the safety of the group, particularly mothers and offspring. In a fascinating example of primate grief, a female blonde capuchin was observed carrying her dead infant for an extended period, refusing to abandon the body despite the risks of slowing down. Two adult males guarded the grieving mother, offering protection as she lagged behind the group, demonstrating a strong sense of social cohesion and empathy.

Threats

Sugar Cane, Palm Oil and Soy Monoculture

The relentless expansion of industrial agriculture, particularly sugar cane, palm oil and soy plantations, has led to the destruction of the Atlantic Forest—the blonde capuchin’s primary habitat. These plantations fragment their environment, forcing them into isolated forest patches where food scarcity increases competition and stress.

Cattle Ranching Deforestation

Large-scale cattle ranching contributes to deforestation, eliminating vast tracts of forest that blonde capuchins depend on. The clearing of land for pasture not only destroys their habitat but also reduces biodiversity, making it harder for them to find food and shelter.

Illegal Pet Trade

Blonde capuchins are frequently captured for the illegal pet trade. Their intelligence and playful nature make them highly sought after, but life in captivity is cruel. Confined to small cages and deprived of their social groups, they suffer immense psychological distress. The capture process is often violent, leading to injuries and death for both the captured individuals and the infants left behind.

Climate Change-Induced Extreme Weather

Rising temperatures and unpredictable weather patterns are disrupting food availability and seasonal cycles. Extreme droughts and storms destroy fruiting trees, leading to food shortages. Additionally, prolonged dry periods increase the risk of wildfires, further threatening their habitat.

Pesticides and River Pollution from Agriculture

Agricultural runoff, laden with pesticides and fertilisers, contaminates water sources. Blonde capuchins, like many primates, drink from forest streams, exposing them to toxic chemicals that weaken their immune systems and reduce reproductive success.

Geographic Range

Blonde capuchins are found in the fragmented forests of northeastern Brazil, particularly in the Atlantic Forest and, more recently, in the drier Caatinga biome. The latter may represent a forced adaptation due to habitat destruction.

Diet

Blonde capuchins are omnivores, feeding primarily on fruits, seeds, nuts, insects, and small vertebrates. In degraded habitats, they have been observed relying heavily on sugarcane, raiding plantations for food. This dietary shift highlights the impact of habitat destruction on their natural feeding behaviours.

Mating and Reproduction

Blonde capuchins (Sapajus flavius) exhibit year-round reproduction, meaning they do not adhere to a strict breeding season. This constant reproductive cycle allows for continuous population growth when environmental conditions permit. However, habitat destruction and human encroachment threaten this delicate balance, leading to increased infant mortality and population decline.

Maternal Care and Infant Development

Female blonde capuchins provide the primary care for their young, carrying infants on their backs for several months after birth. This close physical contact ensures warmth, protection, and the opportunity for infants to learn social behaviours by observing their mothers. Studies show that 68% of observed infant carrying was performed by females, emphasising their role as the primary caregivers (Medeiros et al., 2019).

Male Involvement in Infant Protection

Although males do not typically engage in direct infant care, they provide an essential protective role within the group. In some cases, two adult males have been observed guarding a vulnerable mother carrying her deceased infant, demonstrating social cooperation and the importance of group dynamics in protecting reproductive females (Andrade et al., 2020). This protective behavior ensures that mothers and infants are less vulnerable to predators while traveling with the group.

Infant Death and Maternal Grief

In rare but significant cases, female blonde capuchins have been documented engaging in corpse carrying behaviour, where a grieving mother carries her dead infant for days, even at the risk of slowing down her movements and exposing herself to danger. One such case involved a female who continued to carry her deceased infant despite being at increased risk of predation. Two males remained close to her, offering protection as she moved through the forest, suggesting that male blonde capuchins may provide indirect support to grieving mothers (Andrade et al., 2020).

This behavior is consistent with thanatology in primates, a field that examines how primates react to death. It suggests that blonde capuchins, like other cognitively complex primates, may experience a form of grief and maternal attachment beyond immediate survival instincts.

FAQs

Do blonde capuchins make good pets?

No. Keeping a blonde capuchin as a pet is both cruel and illegal. These intelligent primates require complex social interactions, large territories, and the freedom to forage and move. Captivity leads to severe mental and physical suffering. Additionally, the pet trade fuels poaching, further endangering wild populations.

How intelligent are blonde capuchins?

Blonde capuchins are among the most intelligent primates. They exhibit tool use, such as using sticks to extract termites and rocks to crack nuts. They also apply millipede secretions to their fur as a natural insect repellent, demonstrating problem-solving skills and cultural behaviours.

Why are blonde capuchins endangered?

The primary threats include deforestation for palm oil, sugar cane, soy and meat agriculture, habitat fragmentation, and the illegal pet trade. These pressures have drastically reduced their populations, leaving them confined to small, isolated forest patches.

How can I help protect blonde capuchins?

The best way to help is by supporting indigenous-led conservation initiatives and refusing to support industries that contribute to deforestation. Boycott palm oil and meat in the supermarket to fight against these destructive industries. #BoycottPalmOil #Boycott4Wildlife.

Take Action!

Blonde capuchins are in urgent need of protection. Every time you shop, you have the power to fight for their survival. Refuse products that contribute to deforestation and the destruction of their habitat. Support indigenous-led conservation efforts and advocate for stronger wildlife protection laws. Use your wallet as a weapon and #BoycottPalmOil #Boycott4Wildlife.

Support Blonde Capuchins by going vegan and boycotting palm oil in the supermarket, it’s the #Boycott4Wildlife

Support the conservation of this species

Further Information

Andrade, B. M. T., Freire-Filho, R., & Bezerra, B. (2020). The behaviours of a female blonde capuchin (Sapajus flavius) towards her dead infant. Behaviour. https://doi.org/10.1163/1568539X-bja10031

Bastos, M., Medeiros, K., Jones, G., & Bezerra, B. (2018). Small but wise: Common marmosets (Callithrix jacchus) use acoustic signals as cues to avoid interactions with blonde capuchin monkeys (Sapajus flavius). American Journal of Primatology, 80(2). https://doi.org/10.1002/ajp.22744

Bezerra, B. M., Bastos, M., Souto, A., Keasey, M. P., Eason, P., Schiel, N., & Jones, G. (2014). Camera Trap Observations of Nonhabituated Critically Endangered Wild Blonde Capuchins, Sapajus flavius (Formerly Cebus flavius). International Journal of Primatology, 35(5), 895–907. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10764-014-9782-4

Hance, J.(2011). Critically endangered capuchins make tools to gather termites. Mongabay https://news.mongabay.com/2011/03/critically-endangered-capuchins-make-tools-to-gather-termites/

Medeiros, K., Bastos, M., Jones, G., & Bezerra, B. (2019). Behavior, Diet, and Habitat Use by Blonde Capuchin Monkeys (Sapajus flavius) in a Coastal Area Prone to Flooding: Direct Observations and Camera Trapping. International Journal of Primatology, 40(5), 511–531. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10764-019-00103-z

Prado-Sañudo, M. L., Giraldo, A., & Bolívar, W. (2020). Population status of Sapajus flavius in the Western and Central Andes of Colombia. Boletín Científico Centro de Museos Museo de Historia Natural, 24(2), 116-124. https://doi.org/10.17151/bccm.2020.24.2.8

Valença-Montenegro, M.M., Bezerra, B.M., Martins, A.B., Jerusalinsky, L., Fialho, M.S. & Lynch Alfaro, J.W. 2021. Sapajus flavius (amended version of 2020 assessment). The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2021: e.T136253A192592928. https://dx.doi.org/10.2305/IUCN.UK.2021-1.RLTS.T136253A192592928.en. Accessed on 10 February 2025.

Wikipedia. (n.d.). Blonde capuchin. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blond_capuchin

How can I help the #Boycott4Wildlife?

Take Action in Five Ways

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Wildlife Artist Juanchi Pérez

Mel Lumby: Dedicated Devotee to Borneo’s Living Beings

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The World’s Most Loved Cup: A Social, Ethical & Environmental History of Coffee by Aviary Doert

How do we stop the world’s ecosystems from going into a death spiral? A #SteadyState Economy

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5. Donate: Make a one-off or monthly donation to Palm Oil Detectives as a way of saying thank you and to help pay for ongoing running costs of the website and social media campaigns. Donate here

Pledge your support

Learn about other animals endangered by palm oil and other agriculture

Global South America S.E. Asia India Africa West Papua & PNG

Ecuadorean Viscacha Lagidium ahuacaense

Keep reading

Southern Pudu Pudu puda

Keep reading

Blue-streaked Lory Eos reticulata

Keep reading

Blonde Capuchin Sapajus flavius

Keep reading

Savage’s Glass Frog Centrolene savagei

Keep reading

Pesquets Parrot Psittrichas fulgidus

Keep reading

Learn about “sustainable” palm oil greenwashing

Read more about RSPO greenwashing

Lying Fake labels Indigenous Land-grabbing Human rights abuses Deforestation Human health hazards

#Andes #animals #BlondeCapuchinSapajusFlavius #Boycott4wildlife #BoycottPalmOil #Brazil #capuchin #Capuchins #deforestation #endangered #EndangeredSpecies #ForgottenAnimals #hunting #meat #meatAndSoyDeforestationInBrazil #meatDeforestation_ #monkey #monkeys #PalmOil #palmOilDeforestation #palmoil #pet #pettrade #poaching #Primate #SouthAmericaSpeciesEndangeredByPalmOilDeforestation #soyDeforestation #sugarCane #vegan

Palm Oil Detectives May 31, 2025

Brazilian three-banded armadillo Tolypeutes tricinctus

Brazilian three-banded armadillo Tolypeutes tricinctus

Vulnerable

Extant (resident): Brazil: Minas Gerais, Bahia, Alagoas, Sergipe, Pernambuco, Rio Grande do Norte, Goiás, Tocantins, Piauí, Paraíba, Ceará, Maranhão.

The Brazilian three-banded #armadillo Tolypeutes tricinctus, known as “tatu-bola” in Portuguese, is a rare and unique species native to #Brazil. With the ability to roll into a near-impenetrable ball, this endearing behaviour has made them an icon of conservation efforts. They are found in the dry forests and savannahs of Brazil, particularly in the #Cerrado and Caatinga biomes. These fascinating armoured creatures are Vulnerable on the IUCN Red List due to agricultural expansion for #palmoil, #soy and #meat. Fragmentation of their ecosystem is ongoing for infrastructure projects and #goldmining. With their population in sharp decline, efforts to protect their habitats are essential for their survival. Help them every time you shop and adopt a #vegan diet, and #BoycottPalmOil #BoycottGold #Boycott4Wildlife on social media!

https://youtu.be/pVG-7CyjLmo

Resilient Brazilian three-banded #armadillos are fascinating real-life #pokemon of #SouthAmerica. They’re vulnerable from #palmoil meat and soy #deforestation in #Brazil. Resist their #extinction! Be #vegan #Boycottpalmoil #Boycott4Wildlife @palmoildetect https://wp.me/pcFhgU-8R9

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Brazilian three-banded #armadillos are the adorable armoured tanks of #Brazil’s #Cerrado who can curl into an armoured ball. They are #vulnerable from #deforestation. Help them survive by being #vegan and #Boycottpalmoil #Boycott4Wildlife @palmoildetect https://wp.me/pcFhgU-8R9

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Appearance & Behaviour

The word “armadillo” means “little armoured one” in Spanish.
They are known as ‘kwaráu’ in the now extinct Huamoé language and ˈkʌ̨́ñíkį̀ in the Kambiwá language of Brazil.
Brazilian three-banded armadillos have a good nose and can smell termites and ants through up to 20 cm of soil.
Their loose armour creates a layer of air, helping them to regulate their temperature in harsh climates.
They are one of only two armadillo species that can roll into a tight ball.

Brazilian three-banded armadillos are easily recognised by their distinctive armour, which is composed of bony plates known as scutes. These scutes, covered in keratinised skin, form a protective shell around the animal’s body, allowing them to roll into a tight ball when threatened. This unique defence mechanism makes them virtually immune to most natural predators in the wild – except for humans. Their compact body length of 22 to 27 cm and a weight of about 1 to 1.6 kg makes it easy for them to navigate in the forest.

Their distinctive sharp claws and elongated snouts are perfectly adapted for foraging for ants and termites. Although primarily solitary, they sometimes travel in small family groups. They keep their noses to the ground sniffing out insects and move in a deliberate cautious way. Unlike other burrowing armadillos they prefer to hide in bushes for shelter and camouflage.

Threats

Deforestation for palm oil, soy and meat agriculture

Forest and grassland destruction for soy, palm oil, sugar cane and meat plantations is a serious threat. This has drastically reduced the Brazilian three-banded armadillo’s range in the Cerrado and Caatinga biomes.

Human encroachment for infrastructure projects

The Brazilian three-banded armadillo is impervious to many natural threats in their environment. However, infrastructure projects, roads, housing have become a significant threat to their survival.

Illegal hunting

Brazilian three-banded armadillos are hunted for their skins and meat.

Conservation

Conservation efforts for the Brazilian three-banded armadillo are indirect and focused on habitat protection rather than direct intervention. Protected areas within the Cerrado and Caatinga offer some refuge for the species. Yet large portions of their habitat remains at risk for deforestation.

Habitat

Resilient and tough, this armadillo has adapted over millions of years to thrive in harsh landscapes of poor rainfall and poor soil. Brazilian three-banded armadillos are found primarily in the northeastern regions of Brazil, inhabiting the open savannahs of the Cerrado and the dry woodlands of the Caatinga.

Diet

Brazilian three-banded armadillos are primarily insectivores, relying heavily on ants and termites as their main food source. Sharp claws allow them to dig into insect nests, and they use their long, sticky tongues to collect the prey. Occasionally they supplement their diet with molluscs, worms, fruit, and carrion.

Mating and breeding

The breeding season occurs between October and January. After a gestation period of approximately 120 days, females give birth to a single pup. Newborns are born blind, and their armour remains soft and pliable in the first weeks of life. A young armadillo’s shell hardens by week four. By this time they will be capable of protective rolling into a ball and walking. They are weaned by 10 weeks of age and reach reproductive maturity between 9 and 12 months.

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Support the conservation of this species

Further Information

Miranda, F., Moraes-Barros, N., Superina, M., & Abba, A. M. (2014). Tolypeutes tricinctus. The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2014: e.T21975A47443455. https://doi.org/10.2305/IUCN.UK.2014-1.RLTS.T21975A47443455.en

Wikipedia Contributors. (n.d.). Brazilian three-banded armadillo. In Wikipedia, The Free Encyclopedia. Retrieved September 16, 2024, from https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brazilian_three-banded_armadillo

Animalia. (n.d.). Brazilian Three-Banded Armadillo. Retrieved from https://animalia.bio/brazilian-three-banded-armadillo

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Palm Oil Detectives Oct 15, 2022

What is causing the latest outbreak of Ebola in Uganda?

In light of the most recent Ebola outbreak in Uganda (over the past month), many people are experiencing a sense of déjà vu. The rapacious destruction of rainforests for palm oil, soy, meat and dairy by multinational corporations is deeply linked to the spread of infectious zoonotic diseases, such as Ebola. These diseases are becoming more and more commonplace with the destruction of the environment and growth of animal agriculture. This has enormous implications for human #health, food security, animal conservation and planetary health. #BoycottPalmOil #Boycott4Wildlife

What caused the #Ebola outbreak in #Uganda 🇺🇬? Zoonotic spillover occurs when humans get too close/eat #wild animals. #Pandemics 🤮💊🤒 are strongly linked to #palmoil 🌴🩸⛔️ #deforestation #Boycottpalmoil #Boycott4Wildlife @palmoildetect.bsky.social https://palmoildetectives.com/2022/10/16/what-is-causing-the-latest-outbreak-of-ebola-in-uganda/

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The answers to preventing future zoonotic diseases are staring us right in the face: we should stop eating animals and consuming animal products and we should stop destroying rainforests for palm oil, soy and other crops!

What is causing the latest #Ebola outbreak in #Uganda? Zoonotic spillover occurs when humans get too close/eat #wild animals. #Pandemics are strongly linked to #palmoil #deforestation #Boycottpalmoil #Boycott4Wildlife

#Ebola #birdflu #Zika virus were all caused by humans getting too close to wild animals, #palmoil #deforestation and illegal #hunting. Solution: Be #vegan for the animals and #Boycottpalmoil #Boycott4Wildlife

Many research papers and books have been written about the connection between the relentless capitalist growth imperative of multinational corporations, deforestation to make way for agriculture and the spread of Zoonotic diseases from wild animals to humans. Here is a collection of research papers and quotes from experts about the issue.

Quick reference

What is zoonotic disease spill-over?

How does a zoonotic disease spread?

Is palm oil deforestation linked to zoonotic disease spread/pandemics?

Is Ebola linked to illegal land-grabbing for industrial palm oil in Africa?

What is the best way to stop zoonotic diseases?

1. Prevention is the best cure

2. The ‘wild’ must be kept ‘wild’ and we must stop consuming animals.

3. Boycott meat, dairy and palm oil

Statistics on zoonotic diseases

What is zoonotic disease spill-over?

Zoonotic spillover requires close contact between a human and an animal or its organic material. This occurs when humans destroy rainforest ecosystems for industrial agriculture, rapid urbanisation, mining or other land conversion. Illegal wildlife hunting, bushmeat trade and the illegal pet trade expose humans to new pathogens from these wild animals. This pathogen transfer is the zoonotic spill-over from wild animal hosts to human hosts.

Bushmeat is a suspected vector for HIV and Ebola. Primates, rodents, pangolins, antelope, and vipers have all been shipped along air routes. One study found that 100% of seized bushmeat samples intercepted at borders had bacteria that was unsafe for human consumption. (C4ADS, 2020).

https://vimeo.com/759895354

C4ADS

Unlike bushmeat or other products, live animals can host a zoonotic disease indefinitely. Live birds, orangutans, marmosets and salamanders are all known hosts of zoonotic diseases when they are trafficked in the illegal pet trade.

Animal agriculture is also involved in the spread of Zoonotic diseases. Pigs, chickens, cows and other fowl are known hosts for ASF, avian flu, and E. coli. This can spread to humans when they consume meat and dairy products.

How does a zoonotic disease spread?

Spillover of possible pandemic pathogens occurs from livestock operations; wildlife hunting and trade; land use change—and the destruction of tropical forests in particular; expansion of agricultural lands, especially near human settlements; and rapid, unplanned urbanisation. Climate change is also shrinking habitats and pushing animals on land and sea to move to new places, creating opportunities for pathogens to enter new hosts.

Dr Aaron Bernstein, director of the Center for Climate, Health, and the Global Environment at Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health.

Wellcome Collection, Zoonotic Disease Explained

“We invade tropical forests and other wild landscapes, which harbour so many species of animals and plants — and within those creatures, so many unknown viruses. We cut the trees; we kill the animals or cage them and send them to markets. We disrupt ecosystems, and we shake viruses loose from their natural hosts. When that happens, they need a new host. Often, we are it.”

David Quammen, author of “Spillover: Animal Infections and the Next Pandemic,” in the New York Times.

1. Prevention is the best cure

Is palm oil deforestation linked to zoonotic disease spread/pandemics?

Taking into account the human population growth, we find that the increases in outbreaks of zoonotic and vector-borne diseases from 1990 to 2016 are linked with deforestation, mostly in tropical countries, and with reforestation, mostly in temperate countries. We also find that outbreaks of vector-borne diseases are associated with the increase in areas of palm oil plantations.

Morand, S., & Lajaunie, C. (2021). Outbreaks of vector-borne and zoonotic diseases are associated with changes in forest cover and oil palm expansion at global scale. Frontiers in Veterinary Science, 8. doi:10.3389/fvets.2021.661063

Is Ebola linked to land-grabbing for industrial palm oil in Africa?

This discussion paper’s findings relate to an outbreak of Ebola in Liberia and the interaction between palm oil companies, deforestation and a past ebola epidemic in this location:

“The palm oil multinationals, exploiting the health crisis, stepped up deforestation to increase output. The effect on deforestation is more severe in areas inhabited by politically unrepresented ethnic groups, characterised by a reduction in tree coverage by 6.5%. We also document an increase of more than 125% in the likelihood of fire events within concessions during the epidemic.

“This suggests that not only did the palm oil companies foster deforestation, but further that they used forest fires to do so. This is particularly harmful to the environment, and the smoke and the haze may have severe health consequences, apart from being a source of carbon dioxide. This deforestation was accompanied by a 150% increase in the amount of land dedicated to cultivation.

“This exploitative behaviour was highly profitable for palm oil companies, with a 1428% increase in the value of Liberian palm oil’s exports compared with the pre-Ebola period. Unfortunately, we cannot say the same for local people or the local environment.”

Sonno, Tomasso & Zufacchi, Davide (2022) Epidemics and rapacity of multinational companies Discussion Paper. The Centre for Economic Performance, London School of Economics.

https://twitter.com/CEP_LSE/status/1502238109677015044?s=20&t=CwBhOE-SLGkXtNxC9nXw5w

What is the best way to stop zoonotic diseases?

1. Prevention is the best cure

End tropical deforestation.
Stop buying meat and dairy.
Boycott palm oil.
International banning of the illegal wildlife trade, bushmeat trade and exotic pet trade.

https://youtu.be/BIiduif1C4A

“If COVID-19 taught us anything, it is that testing, treatments, and vaccines can prevent deaths, but they do not stop the spread of viruses across the globe and may never prevent the emergence of new pathogens. As we look to the future, we absolutely cannot rely on post-spillover strategies alone to protect us”

Dr Aaron Bernstein, director of the Center for Climate, Health, and the Global Environment at Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health.

2. The ‘wild’ must be kept ‘wild’ and we must stop consuming animals

“The ‘wild’ must be kept ‘wild.’ It is time to restore our forests, stop deforestation, invest in the management of protected areas, and propel markets for deforestation-free products. Where the legal wildlife trade chain exists, we need to do a far better job of improving hygiene conditions. And of course, there is the urgent need to
tackle the illegal wildlife trade, the fourth most common crime committed worldwide”.

Statement by Inger Andersen, UN Under-Secretary-General and Executive Director of the UN Environment Programme (2020) Statement: Preventing the next pandemic: Zoonotic diseases and how to break the chain of transmission, UNEP.

Linkages between environmental issues and zoonotic diseases: with reference to COVID-19 pandemic, Springer 2020.

3. Boycott meat, dairy and palm oil

The clearing of rainforests and other ecosystems for animal agriculture and cutting into forests for growing monocultures like palm oil and soy is responsible for zoonotic spillover. If we all decided to boycott meat, dairy and palm oil tomorrow, we would prevent the majority of this zoonotic spillover.

If we all woke up vegan in 2050, we would require less cropland than we did in the year 2000. This could allow us to “reforest” an area around the size of the entire Amazon rainforest – somehow fitting considering 70-80% of deforestation in the Amazon is due to the livestock industry.

Kehoe, Laura (2016) Can we feed the world and stop deforestation? Depends what’s for dinner, Humboldt University Berlin, The Conversation.

Statistics on zoonotic diseases

In the 20th Century there were at least six outbreaks of novel coronaviruses.
60% of known infectious diseases are zoonotic.
75% of emerging infectious diseases are zoonotic.

In the 20 years before COVID-19, the economic damage caused by zoonotic diseases amounted to $100bn USD.
An estimated 2 million people per year die from zoonotic diseases – mostly in developing nations due to people’s close proximity to wildlife and dependence upon livestock.
Meat production has increased by 260% in the past 50 years.
Factory farms are linked to 25% of infectious diseases in humans.
Climate change contributes to the spread of pathogens.
Globalised transport and food supply chains facilitate easy movement of zoonotic diseases.

Read more

C4ADS (2020) Animal Smuggling in Air Transport and Preventing Zoonotic Spillover https://c4ads.org/issue-briefs/routes-zoonotic-spillover/

David Quammen, author of “Spillover: Animal Infections and the Next Pandemic,” in the New York Times.

Harvard Chan C-CHANGE/Harvard Global Health Initiative (2021) Protecting forests and changing agricultural practices are essential, cost-effective actions to prevent pandemics https://youtu.be/BIiduif1C4A

Kehoe, Laura (2016) Can we feed the world and stop deforestation? Depends what’s for dinner, Humboldt University Berlin, The Conversation. https://theconversation.com/can-we-feed-the-world-and-stop-deforestation-depends-whats-for-dinner-58091.

MacDonald, A. J., & Mordecai, E. A. (2019). Amazon deforestation drives malaria transmission, and malaria burden reduces forest clearing: A retrospective study. The Lancet Planetary Health, 3. doi:10.1016/s2542-5196(19)30156-1

Sonno, Tomasso & Zufacchi, Davide (2022) Epidemics and rapacity of multinational companies Discussion Paper. The Centre for Economic Performance, London School of Economics.

Wellcome Collection (2020) Zoonotic Disease Explained

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#animalExtinction #animalRights #animals #birdflu #Boycott4wildlife #BoycottPalmOil #bushmeat #dairyFoods #deforestation #Ebola #health #humanHealth #hunting #illegalPetTrade #meat #meatAgriculture #meatDeforestation_ #PalmOil #palmOilDeforestation #palmoil #pandemic #pandemics #planetaryHealth #poaching #Uganda #vegan #wild #Zika #zoonosis #zoonoticDisease

Palm Oil Detectives Mar 19, 2022

Almost 90% of the world’s animal species will lose some habitat to agriculture by 2050

Scientists know that #biodiversity is declining across much of the world although less universally and dramatically than we feared. We also know that things are likely to get worse in the future, with a combination of #deforestation, #climatechange and overexploitation set to drive species and habitats ever closer to #extinction. Help them every time you shop and be #vegan #BoycottPalmOil #Boycott4Wildlife

The biggest threat to #biodiversity 🐘🌿🦒 is from #deforestation for food #agriculture. Protect #rainforest and ocean animals with a #plantbased #vegan diet, use your wallet as a weapon and #Boycottpalmoil 🌴🪔🙊⛔️ #Boycott4Wildlife @palmoildetect https://palmoildetectives.com/2022/03/20/almost-90-of-the-worlds-animal-species-will-lose-some-habitat-to-agriculture-by-2050/

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What we don’t know, is what to do about this. Partly this is because conservation is woefully underfunded. But it’s also because the underlying causes of biodiversity declines are getting stronger and stronger every year. Climate change rightly gets a huge amount of coverage, but for biodiversity, the biggest threat actually comes from the destruction of natural habitats to make way for agriculture. And as global populations grow, and people become wealthier and consume more, that need for new agricultural land is just going to increase, resulting in at least 2 million sq km of new farmland by 2050, and maybe as much as 10 million.

Ensuring that this coming wave of agricultural expansion doesn’t lead to widespread biodiversity losses is going to require a big increase in “conventional” conservation approaches (protected areas and the like), but it is probably going to require something more too. These existing approaches are similar to performing heart surgery: very effective for the targeted species and habitats, but also not feasible for every species.

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Instead, we need to tackle the underlying causes, or conservation is not going to be able to cope. What we set out to do in a study just published in Nature Sustainability is to work out exactly which landscapes and species are likely to be the most threatened by agriculture in the future, and which specific changes to the food system give us the best chance of safeguarding wild biodiversity in different parts of the world.

Biodiversity under business-as-usual

Madagascar is a hotspot for biodiversity – and deforestation. Dudarev Mikhail / shutterstock

To do this, we developed a method to forecast where agricultural land is likely to expand at very fine spatial scales (1.5km x 1.5km). We then overlaid these forecasts with habitat maps for almost 20,000 species of amphibians, birds and mammals, and observations of whether each species can exist in agricultural land. This allowed us to calculate the proportion of habitat each species would lose from 2010 to 2050.

Projected changes in total habitat (mean habitat loss in a cell multiplied by the number of species present) caused by agriculture expansion by 2050. Note the concentrations in East and West Africa. Williams & Clark et al 2020

Overall, we projected that almost 88% of species will lose habitat, with 1,280 losing over a quarter of their remaining habitat.

By looking at the impact on individual species in this way, and at such a fine spatial scale, we were able to identify specific regions, and even species, that are likely to be in serious need of conservation support in the coming decades.

Losses are likely to be particularly bad in Sub-saharan Africa, especially in the Rift Valley and equatorial West Africa, but there will also be serious declines in Latin America – particularly in the Atlantic Rainforest – and South-East Asia.

The fingernail-sized pumpkin toadlet is only found in Brazil’s Atlantic rainforest, and could lose almost all its remaining habitat to agricultural expansion. Pedro Bernardo/Shutterstock

Importantly, many of the species projected to lose a lot of habitat are not currently threatened, and so conservationists may not be concerned about them. We think this kind of species and location-specific forecasting is going to be increasingly important if we are to proactively work to prevent biodiversity losses.

Proactive changes to help save biodiversity

OK, so far so bleak. Fortunately, there are some things we could do to alleviate this habitat loss, including: raise yields, eat healthier plant based diets, reduce food waste, or even a take a global approach to land-use planning, which could direct food production away from the most at-risk regions. In our study, we found that a combination of all four actions could avoid the vast majority of habitat loss seen under business-as-usual. Doing so, however, will require concerted efforts from governments, companies, NGOs, and individual people.

Our approach allowed us to tease apart which approaches are likely to have the biggest impacts in different parts of the world. In Sub-Saharan Africa, for example, our results suggest increasing yields is one of the biggest single things you can do to save biodiversity. It means you can produce the food you need from much smaller areas, and so massively reduce habitat clearance.

Palm oil creates ecological wastelands and species extinction

In contrast, yield increases will do very little in North America, where yields are already close to their maximum. Shifting to healthier diets, however, could have a massive impact in North America, reducing demand for animal products, and therefore demand for new agricultural land. Again, this contrasts with Sub-Saharan Africa, where healthier diets may actually involve increased consumption of both calories and animal products, and therefore will not bring great biodiversity benefits.

Saving biodiversity while feeding 10 billion

Importantly, we only looked at the impact of agricultural expansion on biodiversity. Other threats facing wild nature include climate change, pollution, habitat destruction for other reasons, or overharvesting resources like fish or valuable tropical hardwoods. Still, biodiversity is likely to decline massively, and conventional conservation is unlikely to be able to cope.

Nonetheless, our research at least provides some hope. With swift, ambitious and coordinated action, we can indeed provide a healthy and secure diet for the world’s population without further major loss of habitats. Many of these actions should be priorities anyway, at every level from individual actions to international policy. Healthier diets to combat perhaps the greatest public health crisis in the world; wasting less food; increasing agricultural yields to improve food security; these are all hugely important goals in their own right.

David Williams, Lecturer in Sustainability and the Environment, University of Leeds and Michael Clark, Postdoctoral Researcher, Oxford Martin Programme on the Future of Food, University of Oxford

This article is republished from The Conversation under a Creative Commons license. Read the original article.

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Palm Oil Detectives Mar 30, 2021

Can we feed the world and stop deforestation? Depends what’s for dinner

It’s a tricky thing to grow enough #food for a ballooning population without destroying the natural world. And when I say a tricky thing, I mean it’s one of the greatest challenges humanity has ever faced. Luckily for us, it is theoretically possible, and the easiest way to get there is by drastically cutting down on meat. We deforest an area the size of Panama every single year. Across the world, food is the number one cause of #deforestation, especially our taste for meat. If we all woke up #vegan in 2050, we would need less land than in 2000. We could reforest an area the size of the Amazon. 80% of deforestation is from #meat” Take action every time you shop and go plant-based #Boycott4Wildlife

Can we feed the world, stop deforestation? YES According to Humboldt Uni. “If we all woke up #vegan in 2050, we would need less land than in 2000. We could reforest an area the size of the Amazon. 80% of deforestation is from #meat” #Boycott4Wildlife https://palmoildetectives.com/2021/03/31/can-we-feed-the-world-and-stop-deforestation-depends-whats-for-dinner/

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But it doesn’t have to be this way. Researchers recently modelled how the world could feed itself in 2050 without converting any current forests into agriculture. They tested the outcome under 500 different scenarios that varied according to realistic assumptions on future yields, the area needed for farming, livestock feed and human diets. They found that “deforestation is not a biophysical necessity”.

“While a wide range of feasible options to feed a no-deforestation world were found, many only worked under certain circumstances,” said Karl-Heinz Erb, lead author of the study, published in Nature Communications.

For example, meat-heavy diets were not compatible with lower yields similar to those under organic farming, or under the potential negative effects of climate change. Of all the variables involved, the feasibility of feeding the world with no deforestation is more dependent on what we are eating, than on how well we farm.

“The only diet found to work with all future possible scenarios of yield and cropland area, including 100% organic agriculture, was a plant-based one,” Erb said.

Even better: if we all woke up vegan in 2050, we would require less cropland than we did in the year 2000. This could allow us to “reforest” an area around the size of the entire Amazon rainforest – somehow fitting considering 70-80% of deforestation in the Amazon is due to the livestock industry.

In second place, the vegetarian diet was compatible with 94% of future no-deforestation scenarios. Going veggie would also save on cropland, allowing for an area around the size of India to return to nature.

This land-saving makes sense when considering the conversion rate between the grain that we could have directly consumed but instead feed to livestock. For example, in the US, it takes an astounding 25kg of grain to produce 1kg of beef, pigs require a grain to meat ratio of 9:1 and chickens, relatively less wasteful, are 3:1. As renowned ecologist Hugh Possingham put it: “Just stop feeding grain to animals – don’t eat something that ate something that you could have eaten.”

Plant-based diets are particularly impressive when compared to those that are rich in meat, which would require a 50% increase in global cropland area by 2050. In order to achieve this with a chance of no-deforestation, we’d have to convert lots of pasture to cropland and substantially increase yields, likely through using chemicals. But both conversion and intensification generally degrade ecosystems and lead to less biodiversity.

Overall the new study found that a meat-eater requires at least double the resources of a vegan or vegetarian.

The study also links to the basic availability of food, one of the main pillars of food security. As people, especially in the Western world, eat less meat, the global demand for grain is reduced – for example, the US could feed 800m people with the grain currently fed to livestock. Less meat consumption would mean more food is available in poorer countries which could enjoy becoming more self-sufficient.

With other recent research showing that reducing our meat intake could result in two thirds less food-related CO2 emissions, and save millions of lives there are few excuses left to justify having meat at every meal.

Most of all, this study brings some much needed good news. In a world where environmental issues are often overwhelmingly depressing, where it seems monopolies that are out of our grasp run the show, here we have a pathway to a healthier, greener and more equitable world. And it’s quite literally handed to us on a plate. As the researchers of the study noted: “We are cutting back on meat, mainly as a result of this study.” And that’s the beauty of this approach, it doesn’t have to be all or nothing, vegan or carnivore. Eating sparse amounts of meat, the path of the “carnesparsian”, can have a huge impact – on your own health and that of the planet.

This article was updated on April 26, 2016, to include more recent data on livestock deforestation in the Amazon.

Laura Kehoe, 400trees.org founder & PhD researcher in wildlife conservation and land use , Humboldt University of Berlin

This article is republished from The Conversation under a Creative Commons license. Read the original article.

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Palm Oil Detectives Feb 23, 2021

How forest loss has changed biodiversity across the globe over the last 150 years

The Earth’s forests have been changing ever since the first tree took root. For 360 million years, trees have grown and been felled through a dynamic mix of hurricanes, #fires and natural regeneration. But with the dawn of the 17th century, humans began replacing large swathes of forest with farms and cities. The global pace of #deforestation has slowed in the 21st century, but #forests are still disappearing – albeit at different rates in different parts of the world. In the tropics, forest loss is accelerating in previously pristine wilderness. Help rainforests, wild animals and indigenous peoples to survive #BoycottPalmOil #Boycott4Wildlife

How #deforestation has changed #biodiversity 🌿🦏🦧🐘🦉 across the globe over the last 150 years. Fight back and resist #extinction every time you shop, go #Vegan 🥔🍆🫑 and #BoycottPalmOil 🌴🩸🚜💀🔥🚫⛔️ #Boycott4Wildlife @palmoildetect https://palmoildetectives.com/2021/02/24/how-forest-loss-has-changed-biodiversity-across-the-globe-over-the-last-150-years/

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As forest cover has fluctuated over time, the biodiversity within forests has changed too. Forests support around 80% of all species living on land, but the species we see on our woodland walks today are likely to be different from those people saw in the past. Many species, such as the Alpine longhorn beetle, survive in intact old-growth forests, while species like the red fox have managed to thrive in areas with higher human impact.

Forests around the world are changing, affecting unique biodiversity. Malkolm Boothroyd, Author provided

We wanted to know how changes in biodiversity worldwide are linked to changes in the world’s forests, but this was always difficult, as the effects of forest loss vary from one place to the next. How biodiversity shifts over time following forest loss hadn’t been explored across the globe – until now.

The Alpine longhorn beetle persists in old-growth forests across continental Europe. Gergana Daskalova, Author provided

Diverse responses

In our new paper, we matched estimates of forest loss throughout history with records of the numbers and types of plants and animals monitored each year by scientists around the world.

Harnessing over five million records across 150 years at over 6,000 locations, we were surprised to find that forest loss didn’t always lead to declines in biodiversity. Instead, when forest cover declined, changes in biodiversity intensified, with increases in the abundance of some species and decreases in others. The composition of forest life – the different types of species present – was altered too. The rate at which these changes happened in each location accelerated as forest cover shrank.

Photos by Craig Jones Wildlife Photography in an RSPO certified palm oil plantation in Sumatra

Read the story

The effects of forest loss were not uniform in all places. The loss of the same sized patch of forest led to biodiversity declines in one area and increases in another. Knowing the history of a particular place was important for understanding this variation. Whether or not forest loss of that magnitude had occurred at that location in the past usually determined what happened in the present. Once pristine forests saw biodiversity declines and historically disturbed forests often experienced no change or even saw increases in biodiversity.

When forests were lost in previously pristine wilderness, we found declines in the abundance of animals like swift parrots in Australia, tigers in Russia and capercaillies (a type of grouse) in Spain. These species only tend to thrive in ancient and lightly disturbed forest habitats.

The species that we discovered increasing in abundance after forest loss included white storks, Eurasian skylarks, red deer and red foxes – species which have evolved alongside disturbance and are more adaptable.

Delayed effects

Changes in biodiversity didn’t always immediately follow forest loss. We discovered that the pace at which forest loss altered biodiversity differed among short-lived species, such as light-loving plants like St John’s wort, and longer-lived species like red-tailed hawk. The longer the lifespan of a species, the longer it took for the effects of forest loss to register.

Sometimes the effects carried across generations. Red-tailed hawks may manage to raise their young alongside deforestation, but these offspring may struggle to prosper in the shrinking habitat, and ultimately fail to produce young of their own. If resources are scarce, species with longer lifetimes could persist but not reproduce for decades. That’s how the impact of forest loss on such species might only appear decades after the first wave of deforestation.

The pace at which biodiversity responds to forest loss can vary from a couple of years to several decades. Gergana Daskalova, Author provided

These delayed effects highlight how important it is to monitor plants and animals over decades. A single snapshot in time cannot detect the full extent of human impacts on biodiversity. With a longer perspective, we are better equipped to conserve Earth’s biodiversity not just now, but for decades to come.

By combining datasets from around the world, we can understand the state of the world’s forests and of the millions of plants and animals they support. Changes in the biodiversity matter because they directly affect the benefits that forests provide for people, such as clean air and a brake on climate change. With a better understanding of how forest loss influences biodiversity, we can improve future conservation and restoration efforts around the planet.

Maria Dornelas, Reader in Biology, University of St Andrews; Gergana Daskalova, PhD Candidate in Global Change Ecology, University of Edinburgh, and Isla Myers-Smith, Chancellor’s Fellow in Global Change Ecology, University of Edinburgh

This article is republished from The Conversation under a Creative Commons license. Read the original article.

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Palm Oil Detectives Feb 15, 2021

White-thighed Colobus Colobus vellerosus

White-thighed Colobus Colobus vellerosus

IUCN Red List Status: Critically Endangered

Location: Ghana, Côte d’Ivoire, Benin, Togo, Nigeria, Burkina Faso

The White-thighed Colobus is found in the forests of West Africa, including lowland rainforest, semi-deciduous forest, gallery forest, and swamp forest. Key strongholds include the Boabeng-Fiema Monkey Sanctuary in Ghana and Kikélé Sacred Forest in Benin.

The White-thighed Colobus (Colobus vellerosus), also known as the Ursine Colobus or Geoffroy’s Black-and-White Colobus, is a striking primate of West Africa and is currently listed as Critically Endangered on the IUCN Red List. Their numbers have plummeted by over 80% in just three generations due to rampant deforestation driven by logging, agriculture, and expanding palm oil plantations. Intense bushmeat hunting and weakening traditional taboos have further accelerated their decline. With fewer than 1,500 individuals thought to remain in the wild, urgent action is needed to save them. Use your wallet as a weapon—boycott products that contain palm oil and support ethical, indigenous-led conservation. BoycottPalmOil #Boycott4Wildlife #Vegan #BoycottMeat

https://youtu.be/ZtNODz25LzU?si=toKWDq3KJWzMmwSC

The White-thighed #Colobus of #Ghana are critically endangered #monkeys 🐒🙈🧐🙊 Big brands are destroying their home for #palmoil, edging them towards #extinction. Take action! #Boycottpalmoil 🌴🚫 #Boycott4Wildlife @palmoildetect https://palmoildetectives.com/2021/02/15/white-thighed-colobus-colobus-vellerosus/

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With complex vocalisations and striking halos of white hair, the White-thighed #Colobus 🐵🐒🩷 are arguably rarest #primates in #WestAfrica 🇨🇮 🇬🇭 Help them to survive when you #BoycottPalmOil 🌴🪔🔥🧐⛔️ #Boycott4Wildlife in the supermarket! @palmoildetect https://palmoildetectives.com/2021/02/15/white-thighed-colobus-colobus-vellerosus/

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Appearance and Behaviour

The White-thighed Colobus is instantly recognisable by its black fur offset with bright white patches on the thighs and a halo of thick white fur surrounding their bare black face. Their long, fully white tail and slender body give them a unique silhouette among colobines. Infants are born completely white and darken to adult colouration by around three months.

In both Côte d’Ivoire and Ghana, more than half of the closed forest in the forest reserves has been converted to plantation or farmland, or cleared and left bare (Bitty et al. 2015).

IUCN Red List

These monkeys are highly arboreal, agile, and diurnal, moving through the canopy with grace. Their complex vocal repertoire includes deep roaring calls to defend territories and sharp snorts as alarm signals. Group structure typically includes one territorial male with multiple females and their offspring, though multi-male groups are also observed.

Diet

Primarily folivorous, the White-thighed Colobus feeds on young leaves, seeds, fruits, buds, flowers, and bark. Their diet includes more than 30 plant species and varies with seasonal availability. In Kikélé Sacred Forest, they consume large amounts of leaves (over 60%), followed by fruits and other plant parts. They occasionally supplement their diet with termite clay.

Reproduction and Mating

Groups of these colobuses typically include one or more adult males, several females, and their offspring. Group sizes range from 10 to 25 individuals. Breeding occurs year-round, with a likely peak during the dry season. Infants are closely cared for by mothers and other females, fostering a strong social structure. Males often disperse upon reaching sexual maturity.

Geographic Range

The species is found in Ghana, Côte d’Ivoire, Benin, Nigeria, Togo, and possibly the southernmost tip of Burkina Faso. It has been extirpated from many forest reserves in Ghana and Côte d’Ivoire due to extreme hunting and forest clearance. Populations remain in Boabeng-Fiema Monkey Sanctuary (Ghana), Comoé National Park (Côte d’Ivoire), Fazao-Malfakassa National Park (Togo), and Kikélé Sacred Forest (Benin). It is likely extinct in Burkina Faso.

Threats

The White-thighed Colobus is threatened primarily by hunting and secondarily by habitat loss (McGraw 2005). Accelerated hunting pressure is discernible from reported changes in hunters’ behaviour in the species’ range countries. Thirty years ago, hunters in Ghana and Côte d’Ivoire almost always hunted only larger-bodied animals, but now they are mostly hunting smaller-bodied animals because of the depletion of large primates like C. vellerosus (Decher and Kpelle 2005, Gonedelé Bi et al. 2016).

In Comoé National Park in Côte d’Ivoire, several groups remain, but hunting pressure and mining occur although some patrol is in place.

Deforestation from logging, agriculture, road building, and palm oil plantations has fragmented and destroyed their habitat.
Palm oil, tobacco and cocoa expansion and industrial production is a major driver of forest clearance across West Africa, particularly in Ghana and Côte d’Ivoire.
Hunting for bushmeat is rampant, including in protected areas and sacred groves.
Collapse of traditional taboos that once protected the species has made them vulnerable to killing by local communities.
Hydropower development, such as the proposed Adjarala dam on the Mono River, threatens forests in Benin and Togo.
Infrastructure expansion and human settlement continue to encroach on remaining habitats.

Take Action!

Use your wallet as a weapon. Boycott products that contain palm oil—this is one of the leading causes of deforestation that is destroying the forests of the White-thighed Colobus. Avoid meat and dairy, which drive land clearing for grazing and feed crops. Support indigenous-led conservation and community-based sanctuaries like Boabeng-Fiema. Demand governments halt infrastructure projects in critical habitat areas. Take action every time you shop BoycottPalmOil #Boycott4Wildlife be #Vegan and #BoycottMeat

FAQs

How many White-thighed Colobus are left in the wild?

Recent estimates suggest fewer than 1,500 individuals remain across their entire range (IUCN, 2020). In some places, only a few isolated groups survive, such as in Kikélé Sacred Forest (Benin) and Boabeng-Fiema Monkey Sanctuary (Ghana).

What is the average lifespan of the White-thighed Colobus in the wild?

While specific data are scarce, similar species of colobus monkeys live up to 20 years in the wild. In captivity, they may live slightly longer under optimal care.

How are White-thighed Colobuses affected by palm oil?

Palm oil plantations are expanding rapidly in West Africa, replacing biodiverse forests with monocultures. This directly destroys the colobus monkeys’ food sources, sleeping trees, and corridors between forest patches. Products with palm oil continue to drive this destruction.

What are the biggest threats to the White-thighed Colobus?

Besides palm oil, the main threats include logging, conversion of forest to farmland, hunting for bushmeat, infrastructure development (roads and dams), and the erosion of traditional beliefs that once protected them.

Are White-thighed Colobuses sacred to local communities?

Yes, in areas like Boabeng-Fiema and Kikélé, they are considered sacred and are given burial rites. However, these traditions are fading, and poaching still occurs.

White-thighed Colobus Colobus vellerosus

Support the conservation of this species

Colobus Conservation

Further Information

Arseneau-Robar, T. J., Teichroeb, J. A., Macintosh, A. J. J., Saj, T. L., Glotfelty, E., Lucci, S., Sicotte, P., & Wikberg, E. C. (2024). When population growth intensifies intergroup competition, female colobus monkeys free-ride less. Scientific Reports, 14, Article 14363. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-024-64188-0

Djègo-Djossou, S., Koné, I., Fandohan, A. B., Djègo, J. G., Huynen, M. C., & Sinsin, B. (2015). Habitat Use by White-Thighed Colobus in the Kikélé Sacred Forest: Activity Budget, Feeding Ecology and Selection of Sleeping Trees. Primate Conservation, 2015(29), 97–105. https://doi.org/10.1896/052.029.0106

Kankam, B. O., Antwi-Bosiako, P., Addae-Wireko, L., & Dankwah, C. (2023). Growing population of the critically endangered white-thighed colobus monkey (Colobus vellerosus) from forest fragments in Ghana. Journal of Tropical Ecology, 39, e33. doi:10.1017/S0266467423000214

Matsuda Goodwin, R., Gonedelé Bi, S., Nobimè, G., Koné, I., Osei, D., Segniagbeto, G. & Oates, J.F. 2020. Colobus vellerosus. The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2020: e.T5146A169472127. https://dx.doi.org/10.2305/IUCN.UK.2020-2.RLTS.T5146A169472127.en. Downloaded on 15 February 2021.

Mohamed bin Zayed Species Conservation Fund. (2021). White-thighed Colobus – Project No. 202525581. https://www.speciesconservation.org/case-studies-projects/white-thighed-colobus/25581

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#Benin #Boycott4wildlife #BoycottMeat #BoycottPalmOil #BurkinaFaso #Colobus #CoteDIvoire #CriticallyEndangeredSpecies #dams #deforestation #extinction #ForgottenAnimals #Ghana #hunting #hydroelectric #IvoryCoast #Mammal #meatDeforestation_ #mining #monkey #monkeys #Nigeria #PalmOil #palmOilDeforestation #palmoil #poachers #poaching #Primate #primates #primatology #tobacco #Togo #vegan #WestAfrica #WhiteThighedColobusColobusVellerosus