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| Ce rapport aborde la question de l'enseignement des langues étrangères comme une forme de politique publique. Il définit la politique linguistique et explique les théories économiques de la valeur et de la compétence linguistique. Il donne les taux de rendement des compétences linguistiques, montre l'importance de l'utilisation des langues pour l'activité économique dans les entreprises. Il étudie les politiques d'enseignement et leur coût.
Angelic Ranks Across Religions
This is about the different ranks amongst different religions. We hope you enjoy!
Christianity:
The most famous ranking in Western culture comes from Pseudo-Dionysius the Areopagite in his 5th century work, The Celestial Hierarchy. He divided angels into 9 “choirs” organized into 3 “triads.”
The First Triad (Comtemplators of God):
Seraphim: The “Burning Ones” They have 6 wings & surround the throne of God, perpetually chanting the Trisagion (“Holy, Holy, Holy”).
Cherubim: Known as the “Plenitude of Knowledge.” In Scripture, they’re guardians of sacred space (like Eden or the Ark of the Covenant).
Thrones: Also called Ophanim (Wheels). They represent divine justice & the “chariot” of God.
The Second Triad (Cosmic Governors):
Dominions (Dominations): They regulate the duties of lower angels & represent the authority of God over the universe.
Virtues: Known as the “Brillant” or “Shining Ones.” They’re associated with miracles & bestowing grace & valor.
Powers: These are “warrior” angels who protect the world from demonic interference & maintain the laws of nature.
The Third Triad (Messengers to Humanity):
Principalities: The “Chief Messengers.” Though common tradition lists many, only Michael, Gabriel, & Raphael are officially recognized in most Catholic & Orthodox canons.
Angels: The lowest rank, most concerned with the affairs of individual humans (including Guardian Angels).
Judaism: The Maimonidean Hierarchy
In Judaism, the ranking of angels is primarily used to explain the different levels of “closeness” to the Divine Essence. The most widely cited list is from Maimonides (the Rambam) in his Mishneh Torah.
Chayot Ha-Kodesh: “Holy Living Creatures.” The highest possible rank.
Ophanim: “Wheels.” Associated with Ezekiel’s vision of the Chariot.
Erelim: “The Valiant Ones.” Linked to the concept of peace.
Chashmalim: “The Glowing/Amber Ones.”
Seraphim: “The Burning Ones.”
Malachim: “Messengers.” The general term for angels.
Elohim: “Godly Beings.” Referring to their divine reflection.
Bene Elohim: “Sons of God.”
Cherubim: Guardians & attendants
Ishim: “Person-like Beings.” They’re the closest to the human intellect.
Islam:
Islam doesn’t use a numbered “1 to 9” hierarchy in the same way Christianity does. Instead, angels (Mala’ika) are categorized by their by their functions.
The Four Archangels:
Jibril (Gabriel): The Angel of Revelation
Israfil (Raphael): The Angel of the Trumpet. This signals the Day of Judgment.
Mikail (Michael): The Angel of Mercy & Providence (weather & sustenance).
Azrael (Malak al-Mawt): The Angel of Death.
The Bearers of the Throne (Hamalat al-Arsh): 8 massive angels who carry the Throne of Allah.
The Cherubim (Al-Karubiyyun): Angels who are perpetually lost in the praises of God, unaware of anything else.
The Recording Angels (Kiraman Katibin): Every human has 2 (Raquib & Atib) who record good & bad deeds.
Munkar & Nakir: The interrogators of the soul in the grave.
Maalik & Ridwan: The guardians of Hell & Paradise, respectively.
Zoroastrianism: The Amesha Spentas:
In Zoroastrianism, the “angels” are emanations of the supreme God, Ahura Mazda. They’re known as the Amesha Spentas (Holy Immortals).
Vohu Manah: Good Mind/Purpose
Asha Vahishta: Best Righteousness/Truth
Khshathra Vairya: Desirable Dominion/Power
Spenta Armaiti: Holy Devotion/Piety
Haurvatat: Wholeness/Health
Ameretat: Immortality
Below these entities are the Yazatas. These are entities/beings “worthy of worship,” like Mithra.
Buddhism: The 26 Heavenly Realms
In Buddhist cosmology, “angels” are called Devas. Rather than a hierarchy, they’re ranked by the level of the Heaven they inhabit.
The 6 Sensual Heavens: Devas here still experience desire (like the Four Great Kings who guard the world).
The 16 Fine-Maternal Heavens (Arupa-loka): Beings of pure consciousness with no physical form at all, existing in states like “Infinite Space” or “Neither Perception nor Non-Perception.”
Hinduism: Celestial Classes
Hinduism features a vast array of celestial beings. While not always called “angels,” they function as intermediaries between the Trimurti (which we’ve covered in another post. Check it out!): Brahma, Vishnu, & Shiva, & humanity.
Devas: The benevolent “shining ones” who govern natural forces (Indra, Agni, Vagu).
Gandharvas: Celestial musicians & messsengers.
Apsaras: Celestial dancers & spirits of the clouds & waters.
Yakshas: Nature spirits & guardians of the earth’s treasures.
Vidyadharas: “Knowledge holders” or magical beings of the air.
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Din-me eo deskiñ #brezhoneg un istor mirout al liesseurter, evel ma'z eo ar stourm a-enep an holl ziforc'hioù ha dominasioned (a-enep an dud hag an natur). Ar reportaj-mañ a lak da soñjal el liamm-se. Ha diskouez a ra n'eo ket re fall ho #brezhoneg goude 8 miz stummadur.
Apprendre le #breton est pour moi une question de préservation de la diversité liée à la lutte contre toutes les #discriminations et #dominations (contre les humains et contre le vivant). Ce reportage de France 3 (à partir de 2') évoque ce lien (de façon soft et allusive). Et il montre qu'au bout de 8 mois de formation on ne s'en sort pas trop pas trop mal.
Les outils d'évaluation de risque viennent encore améliorer nos chances.
Une étude explicite le biais judiciaire automatisé :
➤ L'évaluation des risques réduit la probabilité d'incarcération des accusé·es plus aisé·es,
➤ L'évaluation des risques augmente la probabilité d'incarcération des accusé·es plus pauvres.
États-Unis (2020) https://doi.org/10.1037/lhb0000360
#efficacité #éthique #condamnations #jugement #violenceDÉtat #sociologie #droit #droitPublic #droitPénal #responsabilité #biaisJudiciaire #Justice #incarcération #inégalités #discriminations #racismeDÉtat #racismeSystémique #biais #jugement #racialisation #réputation #dominations #santéMentale
Réflexions sur la domination adulte, par Yves Bonnardel: https://lmsi.net/Violence-parentale
#violenceParentale #violenceFamiliale #violenceDomestique #LMSI #colère #manipulations #dominations #adultisme #dominationAdulte #dominationMasculine #parentalité #enfance #enfants #famille #Bonnardel #livre #Bétharram #enfantisme #croyances #valeurs #parents
Comment remettre un non-concerné à sa place ?
"L’éducation des dominants n’incombe pas aux dominé.e.s, mais aux allié.e.s. On n’a pas à exiger des concerné.e.s d’être pédagogues et/ou de se calmer : leur colère est légitime, et la pédagogie est épuisante ! C’est pourquoi :
– En face d’une violence sexiste, d’un déni ou d’une édulcoration de cette dernière, venant d’un homme blanc, je fais appel à un allié blanc, préalablement identifié et acceptant la mission, pour s’occuper d’éduquer, d’expliquer, d’ouvrir les yeux à son semblable ;
– Face à une violence sexiste justifiée religieusement, c’est à un allié musulman, identifié et acceptant la mission, que je vais m’adresser, pour jouer son rôle d’éducateur ;
– S’il s’agit de négrophobie venant d’un.e Arabe, je me tournerai vers une personne appartenant au groupe de dominant concerné : une soeur Arabe préalablement identifiée.
Bref : parce que faire de la pédagogie est très épuisant, surtout quand on en a fait pendant des années, j’estime que c’est aux vrai.e.s allié.e.s de se charger d’éduquer leurs semblables."
Un point de vue situé de Ndella Paye en 2017 : https://lmsi.net/Ce-que-l-intersectionnalite-signifie-pour-moi @patriarcat
#soutiens #intersectionnalité #alliés #zalliés #soutien #concernés #luttes #sexisme #racisme #négrophobie #dominations #islam #religion #croire #afroféminisme #foulard #foulardIslamique #complices #complicité