Mastodawn

Today: Sventato assalto a portavalori: nel blitz ferito un poliziotto, in manette l'intero commando

Un piano criminale curato nei minimi dettagli e pronto a trasformare l'Autostrada del Sole in uno scenario di guerra è stato sventato nel pomeriggio di ieri, 18 marzo, grazie a una massiccia operazione della Polizia di Stato. Nelle campagne di Vignola, nel Modenese, le forze dell'ordine hanno...

Raiding of a cargo ship foiled: a police officer injured, the entire command is in custody.

A meticulously planned criminal scheme, ready to transform the Autostrada del Sole (Sun Highway) into a war zone, was thwarted yesterday, March 18th, in the afternoon thanks to a massive operation by the Italian State Police. In the countryside of Vignola, in the Modena province, law enforcement...

#SunHighway #Vignola #Modena

https://www.today.it/cronaca/sparatoria-vignola-18-marzo-2026.html

Sventato assalto a portavalori: nel blitz ferito un poliziotto, in manette l'intero commando

Avevano armi da guerra ed esplosivi per attaccare i mezzi sull'Autostrada del Sole. Il gruppo criminale era composto principalmente da malviventi pugliesi

Today

Italian News by RSS 4d ago

RaiNews: Sventato assalto a portavalori sull'A1: 12 fermati, ferito un poliziotto

La base operativa del gruppo un capannone capannone isolato nel territorio comunale di Vignola

Robbery foiled at a cash-in-transit van on the A1: 12 arrested, a police officer injured

The operational base of the group – a large isolated warehouse located in the municipal territory of Vignola.

#Vignola

https://www.rainews.it/articoli/2026/03/sventato-assalto-a-portavalori-sulla1-12-fermati-ferito-un-poliziotto-6add467e-b204-4eb8-b80e-001c00ed4b1d.html

Sventato assalto a portavalori sull'A1: 12 fermati, ferito un poliziotto

La base operativa del gruppo un capannone capannone isolato nel territorio comunale di Vignola

RaiNews

AllQuakes - EMSC Jul 4, 2025

🔔#Earthquake (#terremoto) M2.0 strikes 29 km S of #Vignola (#Italy) 7 min ago. More info: https://m.emsc.eu/?id=1828252

Zazoom Social News Jun 28, 2025

#Vignola - Vignola chiede sicurezza: basta paura, serve più presenza di polizia e militari per proteggere le nostre strade. La sicurezza è un diritto di tutti.

https://ift.tt/wEUGV7H

Stuprata in strada Vignola ha paura | Il governo ci dia polizia e militari

Una tranquilla serata in un quartiere di Vignola si è improvvisamente trasformata in un incubo, quando una donna è stata vittima di uno stupro in strada.

Zazoom Social News

Balotta Apr 12, 2025

[2025-04-12] Perché i vivi non ricordano... GLI OCCHI DI. Letture e presentazione progetto @ Circolo Arci Ribalta https://balotta.org/event/perche-i-vivi-non-ricordano-gli-occhi-di-letture-e-presentazione-progetto #spoonriverresistente #frequenzepartigiane #presentazione #antifascismo #liberazione #resistenza #istoreco #letture #memoria #ribalta #vignola #modena #storia #teatro #libri #libro #arci #rfa

Perché i vivi non ricordano... GLI OCCHI DI. Letture e presentazione progetto

𝐒𝐚𝐛𝐚𝐭𝐨 𝟏𝟐 𝐀𝐩𝐫𝐢𝐥𝐞 ✮ 𝐈𝐧 𝐨𝐜𝐜𝐚𝐬𝐢𝐨𝐧𝐞 𝐝𝐞𝐥𝐥'𝟖𝟎° 𝐀𝐧𝐧𝐢𝐯𝐞𝐫𝐬𝐚𝐫𝐢𝐨 𝐝𝐞𝐥𝐥𝐚 𝐋𝐢𝐛𝐞𝐫𝐚𝐳𝐢𝐨𝐧𝐞 𝐝𝐚𝐥 𝐍𝐚𝐳𝐢𝐟𝐚𝐬𝐜𝐢𝐬𝐦𝐨 ✮ 𝐈𝐧𝐢𝐳𝐢𝐨 𝐨𝐫𝐞 𝟐𝟏.𝟎𝟎 ✦ 𝐏𝐫𝐞𝐬𝐞𝐧𝐭𝐚𝐳𝐢𝐨𝐧𝐞 𝐝𝐞𝐥 𝐩𝐫𝐨𝐠𝐞𝐭𝐭𝐨 "𝐆𝐥𝐢 𝐨𝐜𝐜𝐡𝐢 𝐝𝐢". 𝐏𝐞𝐫𝐜𝐡é 𝐢 𝐯𝐢𝐯𝐢 𝐧𝐨𝐧 𝐫𝐢𝐜𝐨𝐫𝐝𝐚𝐧𝐨. ✦ 𝐋𝐢𝐯𝐞 𝐫𝐚𝐝𝐢𝐨𝐟𝐨𝐧𝐢𝐜𝐨 𝐝𝐢 𝐅𝐫𝐞𝐪𝐮𝐞𝐧𝐳𝐞 𝐏𝐚𝐫𝐭𝐢𝐠𝐢𝐚𝐧𝐞 𝐜𝐨𝐧 𝐥𝐞 𝐬𝐭𝐨𝐫𝐢𝐞 𝐫𝐚𝐜𝐜𝐨𝐥𝐭𝐞 𝐞 𝐬𝐜𝐫𝐢𝐭𝐭𝐞 𝐝𝐚 𝐀𝐫𝐭𝐮𝐫𝐨 𝐁𝐞𝐫𝐭𝐨𝐥𝐝𝐢 𝐞 𝐥𝐞 𝐥𝐞𝐭𝐭𝐮𝐫𝐞 𝐝𝐢 𝐆𝐫𝐞𝐭𝐚 𝐒𝐜𝐚𝐠𝐥𝐢𝐨𝐧𝐢. ✦ 𝙄𝙣 𝙘𝙤𝙡𝙡𝙖𝙗𝙤𝙧𝙖𝙯𝙞𝙤𝙣𝙚 𝙘𝙤𝙣 𝘼𝙉𝙋𝙄 𝙑𝙞𝙜𝙣𝙤𝙡𝙖. ⓘ 𝙄𝙣𝙜𝙧𝙚𝙨𝙨𝙤 𝙤𝙛𝙛𝙚𝙧𝙩𝙖 𝙡𝙞𝙗𝙚𝙧𝙖 𝙨𝙚𝙣𝙯𝙖 𝙏𝙚𝙨𝙨𝙚𝙧𝙖 𝘼𝙧𝙘𝙞 𝙋𝙐𝙉𝙏𝙊 𝙍𝙄𝙎𝙏𝙊𝙍𝙊 𝙙𝙖𝙡𝙡𝙚 𝙤𝙧𝙚 𝟏𝟗.𝟑𝟎 𝙘𝙤𝙣 𝘾𝙧𝙚𝙨𝙘𝙚𝙣𝙩𝙞𝙣𝙚 & 𝙑𝙞𝙣𝙤. "𝐆𝐥𝐢 𝐨𝐜𝐜𝐡𝐢 𝐝𝐢" è 𝙪𝙣 𝙥𝙧𝙤𝙜𝙚𝙩𝙩𝙤 𝙥𝙧𝙤𝙢𝙤𝙨𝙨𝙤 𝙙𝙖 𝙄𝙨𝙩𝙤𝙧𝙚𝙘𝙤 𝙥𝙚𝙧 𝙧𝙞𝙘𝙤𝙧𝙙𝙖𝙧𝙚 𝙥𝙚𝙧𝙨𝙤𝙣𝙚 𝙙𝙞𝙢𝙚𝙣𝙩𝙞𝙘𝙖𝙩𝙚 𝙙𝙖𝙡𝙡𝙖 𝙜𝙧𝙖𝙣𝙙𝙚 𝙨𝙩𝙤𝙧𝙞𝙖, 𝙦𝙪𝙚𝙡𝙡𝙖 𝙙𝙚𝙜𝙡𝙞 𝙎𝙩𝙖𝙩𝙞, 𝙙𝙚𝙞 𝙜𝙤𝙫𝙚𝙧𝙣𝙞, 𝙙𝙚𝙜𝙡𝙞 𝙚𝙨𝙚𝙧𝙘𝙞𝙩𝙞. 𝘼𝙧𝙩𝙪𝙧𝙤 𝘽𝙚𝙧𝙩𝙤𝙡𝙙𝙞 𝙝𝙖 𝙨𝙘𝙧𝙞𝙩𝙩𝙤 𝙧𝙖𝙘𝙘𝙤𝙣𝙩𝙞 𝙗𝙞𝙤𝙜𝙧𝙖𝙛𝙞𝙘𝙞 𝙙𝙞 𝙪𝙤𝙢𝙞𝙣𝙞 𝙚 𝙙𝙤𝙣𝙣𝙚 𝙘𝙝𝙚 𝙨𝙞 𝙨𝙤𝙣𝙤 𝙤𝙥𝙥𝙤𝙨𝙩𝙞 𝙖 𝙛𝙖𝙨𝙘𝙞𝙨𝙢𝙤, 𝙜𝙪𝙚𝙧𝙧𝙚 𝙚 𝙞𝙣𝙜𝙞𝙪𝙨𝙩𝙞𝙯𝙞𝙚, 𝙙𝙖𝙣𝙙𝙤 𝙫𝙤𝙘𝙚 𝙖𝙡𝙡𝙚 𝙫𝙞𝙩𝙚 𝙘𝙝𝙚 𝙨𝙞 𝙘𝙚𝙡𝙖𝙣𝙤 𝙙𝙞𝙚𝙩𝙧𝙤 𝙖𝙞 𝙡𝙤𝙧𝙤 𝙨𝙜𝙪𝙖𝙧𝙙𝙞. 𝙄𝙡 𝙩𝙞𝙩𝙤𝙡𝙤 𝙙𝙞 𝙦𝙪𝙚𝙨𝙩𝙖 "𝙎𝙥𝙤𝙤𝙣 𝙍𝙞𝙫𝙚𝙧 𝙧𝙚𝙨𝙞𝙨𝙩𝙚𝙣𝙩𝙚" 𝙥𝙧𝙚𝙣𝙙𝙚 𝙞𝙨𝙥𝙞𝙧𝙖𝙯𝙞𝙤𝙣𝙚 𝙙𝙖𝙡𝙡𝙖 𝙘𝙚𝙡𝙚𝙗𝙧𝙚 𝙘𝙖𝙣𝙯𝙤𝙣𝙚 𝙙𝙞 𝘿𝙖𝙣𝙞𝙚𝙡𝙚 𝙎𝙚𝙥𝙚 "𝙋𝙚𝙧𝙘𝙝é 𝙞 𝙫𝙞𝙫𝙞 𝙣𝙤𝙣 𝙧𝙞𝙘𝙤𝙧𝙙𝙖𝙣𝙤 𝙜𝙡𝙞 𝙤𝙘𝙘𝙝𝙞 𝙙𝙞...". 𝙄 𝙧𝙖𝙘𝙘𝙤𝙣𝙩𝙞 𝙗𝙞𝙤𝙜𝙧𝙖𝙛𝙞𝙘𝙞 𝙨𝙤𝙣𝙤 𝙙𝙞𝙨𝙥𝙤𝙣𝙞𝙗𝙞𝙡𝙞 𝙨𝙪𝙡 𝙨𝙞𝙩𝙤: https://www.gliocchidi.it/ [https://www.gliocchidi.it/]

Balotta

Balotta Mar 28, 2025

Perché i vivi non ricordano... GLI OCCHI DI. Letture e presentazione progetto

Circolo Arci Ribalta, sabato 12 aprile alle ore 19:30 CEST

𝐒𝐚𝐛𝐚𝐭𝐨 𝟏𝟐 𝐀𝐩𝐫𝐢𝐥𝐞

✮ 𝐈𝐧 𝐨𝐜𝐜𝐚𝐬𝐢𝐨𝐧𝐞 𝐝𝐞𝐥𝐥'𝟖𝟎° 𝐀𝐧𝐧𝐢𝐯𝐞𝐫𝐬𝐚𝐫𝐢𝐨 𝐝𝐞𝐥𝐥𝐚 𝐋𝐢𝐛𝐞𝐫𝐚𝐳𝐢𝐨𝐧𝐞 𝐝𝐚𝐥 𝐍𝐚𝐳𝐢𝐟𝐚𝐬𝐜𝐢𝐬𝐦𝐨 ✮

𝐈𝐧𝐢𝐳𝐢𝐨 𝐨𝐫𝐞 𝟐𝟏.𝟎𝟎

✦ 𝐏𝐫𝐞𝐬𝐞𝐧𝐭𝐚𝐳𝐢𝐨𝐧𝐞 𝐝𝐞𝐥 𝐩𝐫𝐨𝐠𝐞𝐭𝐭𝐨 "𝐆𝐥𝐢 𝐨𝐜𝐜𝐡𝐢 𝐝𝐢". 𝐏𝐞𝐫𝐜𝐡é 𝐢 𝐯𝐢𝐯𝐢 𝐧𝐨𝐧 𝐫𝐢𝐜𝐨𝐫𝐝𝐚𝐧𝐨.

✦ 𝐋𝐢𝐯𝐞 𝐫𝐚𝐝𝐢𝐨𝐟𝐨𝐧𝐢𝐜𝐨 𝐝𝐢 𝐅𝐫𝐞𝐪𝐮𝐞𝐧𝐳𝐞 𝐏𝐚𝐫𝐭𝐢𝐠𝐢𝐚𝐧𝐞 𝐜𝐨𝐧 𝐥𝐞 𝐬𝐭𝐨𝐫𝐢𝐞 𝐫𝐚𝐜𝐜𝐨𝐥𝐭𝐞 𝐞 𝐬𝐜𝐫𝐢𝐭𝐭𝐞 𝐝𝐚 𝐀𝐫𝐭𝐮𝐫𝐨 𝐁𝐞𝐫𝐭𝐨𝐥𝐝𝐢 𝐞 𝐥𝐞 𝐥𝐞𝐭𝐭𝐮𝐫𝐞 𝐝𝐢 𝐆𝐫𝐞𝐭𝐚 𝐒𝐜𝐚𝐠𝐥𝐢𝐨𝐧𝐢.

✦ 𝙄𝙣 𝙘𝙤𝙡𝙡𝙖𝙗𝙤𝙧𝙖𝙯𝙞𝙤𝙣𝙚 𝙘𝙤𝙣 𝘼𝙉𝙋𝙄 𝙑𝙞𝙜𝙣𝙤𝙡𝙖.

ⓘ 𝙄𝙣𝙜𝙧𝙚𝙨𝙨𝙤 𝙤𝙛𝙛𝙚𝙧𝙩𝙖 𝙡𝙞𝙗𝙚𝙧𝙖 𝙨𝙚𝙣𝙯𝙖 𝙏𝙚𝙨𝙨𝙚𝙧𝙖 𝘼𝙧𝙘𝙞

𝙋𝙐𝙉𝙏𝙊 𝙍𝙄𝙎𝙏𝙊𝙍𝙊 𝙙𝙖𝙡𝙡𝙚 𝙤𝙧𝙚 𝟏𝟗.𝟑𝟎 𝙘𝙤𝙣 𝘾𝙧𝙚𝙨𝙘𝙚𝙣𝙩𝙞𝙣𝙚 & 𝙑𝙞𝙣𝙤.

"𝐆𝐥𝐢 𝐨𝐜𝐜𝐡𝐢 𝐝𝐢" è 𝙪𝙣 𝙥𝙧𝙤𝙜𝙚𝙩𝙩𝙤 𝙥𝙧𝙤𝙢𝙤𝙨𝙨𝙤 𝙙𝙖 𝙄𝙨𝙩𝙤𝙧𝙚𝙘𝙤 𝙥𝙚𝙧 𝙧𝙞𝙘𝙤𝙧𝙙𝙖𝙧𝙚 𝙥𝙚𝙧𝙨𝙤𝙣𝙚 𝙙𝙞𝙢𝙚𝙣𝙩𝙞𝙘𝙖𝙩𝙚 𝙙𝙖𝙡𝙡𝙖 𝙜𝙧𝙖𝙣𝙙𝙚 𝙨𝙩𝙤𝙧𝙞𝙖, 𝙦𝙪𝙚𝙡𝙡𝙖 𝙙𝙚𝙜𝙡𝙞 𝙎𝙩𝙖𝙩𝙞, 𝙙𝙚𝙞 𝙜𝙤𝙫𝙚𝙧𝙣𝙞, 𝙙𝙚𝙜𝙡𝙞 𝙚𝙨𝙚𝙧𝙘𝙞𝙩𝙞. 𝘼𝙧𝙩𝙪𝙧𝙤 𝘽𝙚𝙧𝙩𝙤𝙡𝙙𝙞 𝙝𝙖 𝙨𝙘𝙧𝙞𝙩𝙩𝙤 𝙧𝙖𝙘𝙘𝙤𝙣𝙩𝙞 𝙗𝙞𝙤𝙜𝙧𝙖𝙛𝙞𝙘𝙞 𝙙𝙞 𝙪𝙤𝙢𝙞𝙣𝙞 𝙚 𝙙𝙤𝙣𝙣𝙚 𝙘𝙝𝙚 𝙨𝙞 𝙨𝙤𝙣𝙤 𝙤𝙥𝙥𝙤𝙨𝙩𝙞 𝙖 𝙛𝙖𝙨𝙘𝙞𝙨𝙢𝙤, 𝙜𝙪𝙚𝙧𝙧𝙚 𝙚 𝙞𝙣𝙜𝙞𝙪𝙨𝙩𝙞𝙯𝙞𝙚, 𝙙𝙖𝙣𝙙𝙤 𝙫𝙤𝙘𝙚 𝙖𝙡𝙡𝙚 𝙫𝙞𝙩𝙚 𝙘𝙝𝙚 𝙨𝙞 𝙘𝙚𝙡𝙖𝙣𝙤 𝙙𝙞𝙚𝙩𝙧𝙤 𝙖𝙞 𝙡𝙤𝙧𝙤 𝙨𝙜𝙪𝙖𝙧𝙙𝙞. 𝙄𝙡 𝙩𝙞𝙩𝙤𝙡𝙤 𝙙𝙞 𝙦𝙪𝙚𝙨𝙩𝙖 "𝙎𝙥𝙤𝙤𝙣 𝙍𝙞𝙫𝙚𝙧 𝙧𝙚𝙨𝙞𝙨𝙩𝙚𝙣𝙩𝙚" 𝙥𝙧𝙚𝙣𝙙𝙚 𝙞𝙨𝙥𝙞𝙧𝙖𝙯𝙞𝙤𝙣𝙚 𝙙𝙖𝙡𝙡𝙖 𝙘𝙚𝙡𝙚𝙗𝙧𝙚 𝙘𝙖𝙣𝙯𝙤𝙣𝙚 𝙙𝙞 𝘿𝙖𝙣𝙞𝙚𝙡𝙚 𝙎𝙚𝙥𝙚 "𝙋𝙚𝙧𝙘𝙝é 𝙞 𝙫𝙞𝙫𝙞 𝙣𝙤𝙣 𝙧𝙞𝙘𝙤𝙧𝙙𝙖𝙣𝙤 𝙜𝙡𝙞 𝙤𝙘𝙘𝙝𝙞 𝙙𝙞...". 𝙄 𝙧𝙖𝙘𝙘𝙤𝙣𝙩𝙞 𝙗𝙞𝙤𝙜𝙧𝙖𝙛𝙞𝙘𝙞 𝙨𝙤𝙣𝙤 𝙙𝙞𝙨𝙥𝙤𝙣𝙞𝙗𝙞𝙡𝙞 𝙨𝙪𝙡 𝙨𝙞𝙩𝙤: https://www.gliocchidi.it/

https://balotta.org/event/perche-i-vivi-non-ricordano-gli-occhi-di-letture-e-presentazione-progetto

PERCHÈ I VIVI NON RICORDANO GLI OCCHI DI ...

Lapide Temporanea sui bastioni di Santo Stefano a Reggio Emilia e racconti biografici su web per ricordare a chi fascisti e razzisti hanno rubato la vita

Splines Feb 24, 2025

#IonicColumn

#Flutes have a different configuration in the #IonicOrder than they do in the #DoricOrder. In #Doric, the flutes run right next to each other, dividing the circumference of the column into 24 equal sectors, or 15° each.

In #Ionic, there is a small gap between the flutes. This gap used to vary, but over time, Ionic designers seemed to have settled and standardized the measurements by splitting 15° in 4:1 ratio, giving 12° to a flute and 3° to the gap between flutes.

Because of this standardization, there would seem to be little room for variants, but there is. In his #RegolaArchitettura [see https://archive.org/details/gri_33125008229458/page/n37/mode/2up], #Vignola documented flutes with hemispherical tops but flat bottoms, as shown in the image here.

However, it is acceptable to have hemispheres at both top and bottom as long as they are consistently used within a #colonnade or #arcade.

Flute geometry is interesting. Just like the #IonicColumn #shaft, a flute also gradually tapers as it rises from bottom to top. Additionally, it bends along the shaft surface due to #entasis [see https://pixelfed.social/p/Splines/791794072490907090]. In other words, flutes hug the column shaft.

Unlike other decorative elements like #eggsAndDarts and #3StrandBraids, flutes are #subtractive, not #additive to the rest of the design. In other words, we have to carve the flutes out instead of adding them to the design.

Regola delli cinque ordini d' architettura : Vignola, 1507-1573 : Free Download, Borrow, and Streaming : Internet Archive

48 leaves : 44 cm (fol.)

Internet Archive

Splines Feb 20, 2025

#Braids #3StrandBraids

After we #sweepOneRail with the blue #sweepingCurve on the orange #railCurve for the #braid strand, we cap #planarHoles to get a single #airtight strand.

As described in https://pixelfed.social/p/Splines/798015349727305297, the radius of the blue circle is 8 units, and the total height of a strand swept by that circle is 24 units. Half of that is above the #tectonic surface, which is still twice of what #Vignola documented in #RegolaArchitettura.

We will apply #nonuniformScaling in the Z direction to reduce the height in half while keeping the length (X) and width (Y) the same. But before we do that we split and discard some of the bottom portion of the strand that is below the tectonic surface and is not needed.

The top half of the figure shows the front view of a single strand. The bottom shows the perspective view of the same strand.

Note that the orange braid rail starts at the center of the blue sweeping circle which looks like an ellipse in the front view. The orange rail itself looks like a flat sinusoid in the front view, but its beautiful meandering shape is really apparent in the perspective view.

The orange rail curve is centered on the "ground" or XY plane, which is also where the #tectonicSurface for the braid is. The amplitude of the orange curve (maximum or minimum from axis of the curve) is 4 units. We need to preserve the geometry of the strand at least up to the bottom of the orange rail.

If we split the strand exactly at 4 units below the ground plane, we hit a limit that not all #CAD tools are able to handle. To get around, we extend it past that limit by an arbitrarily small fraction, like 0.2, and discard the portions below. We could have extended it by 0.1 or 0.3 but it wouldn't have mattered.

Next, we draw a profile curve for the braid channel which is 32 units wide and its groove is 12 units tall for now. The rims on both sides of the channel are each 8 units wide. Total height of rim and channel is 16.2 units

Splines (@[email protected])

#Braids #3StrandBraids With the #rail curve for a #braid strand in https://pixelfed.social/p/Splines/797916882329430160, we can start the construction of a braid that matches the sketch in #Vignola's #RegolaArchitettura shown in https://pixelfed.social/p/Splines/793215298082967733. The strands for this braid have a radius of 1 part or 8 units. So their diameter is 16 units, and the braid itself is 32 units wide. To create one strand, we start with a circle of radius of 8 units perpendicular to the tip of the orange curve. We use the orange curve as a #railCurve and the blue circle as the #sweepingCurve in the #sweepOneRail operation. Note that the circle appears distorted like an oval in all views — front view is on top-left, top view on top-right, right view in bottom-left, and perspective view in bottom-right. That is because the circle is perpendicular to the rail curve, not to any of the "world" coordinate planes. If the sweeping curve does not appear like an angled line in the top view, something is wrong. After the sweep, close #planarHoles to get a solid strand and, as always, check for #nakedEdges and #nonManifoldEdges to ensure an #airtight object. Refer again to the middle portion of the top diagram in https://pixelfed.social/p/Splines/793215298082967733 between the two bell shapes of the scrolls. The total width of the #tectonic surface on which the braid will be laid is 4 parts or 32 units wide. The braid has a rim 8 units wide on both sides that rises 6 units above the tectonic surface. Half of the braid should be above the tectonic surface, meaning that the total height of the braid should be 12 units. If you check the bounding box of this strand, you find that it is indeed 32 units wide as needed, but the height is 24 units. So we have to apply #nonuniformScaling to keep X and Y scale intact but halve the scale in the Z direction. This will reduce the roundness of the strand and cut its height in half to 12 as needed.

Pixelfed

Splines Feb 20, 2025

#Braids #3StrandBraids

With the #rail curve for a #braid strand in https://pixelfed.social/p/Splines/797916882329430160, we can start the construction of a braid that matches the sketch in #Vignola's #RegolaArchitettura shown in https://pixelfed.social/p/Splines/793215298082967733.

The strands for this braid have a radius of 1 part or 8 units. So their diameter is 16 units, and the braid itself is 32 units wide.

To create one strand, we start with a circle of radius of 8 units perpendicular to the tip of the orange curve. We use the orange curve as a #railCurve and the blue circle as the #sweepingCurve in the #sweepOneRail operation.

Note that the circle appears distorted like an oval in all views — front view is on top-left, top view on top-right, right view in bottom-left, and perspective view in bottom-right. That is because the circle is perpendicular to the rail curve, not to any of the "world" coordinate planes. If the sweeping curve does not appear like an angled line in the top view, something is wrong.

After the sweep, close #planarHoles to get a solid strand and, as always, check for #nakedEdges and #nonManifoldEdges to ensure an #airtight object.

Refer again to the middle portion of the top diagram in https://pixelfed.social/p/Splines/793215298082967733 between the two bell shapes of the scrolls. The total width of the #tectonic surface on which the braid will be laid is 4 parts or 32 units wide. The braid has a rim 8 units wide on both sides that rises 6 units above the tectonic surface. Half of the braid should be above the tectonic surface, meaning that the total height of the braid should be 12 units.

If you check the bounding box of this strand, you find that it is indeed 32 units wide as needed, but the height is 24 units. So we have to apply #nonuniformScaling to keep X and Y scale intact but halve the scale in the Z direction. This will reduce the roundness of the strand and cut its height in half to 12 as needed.

Splines (@[email protected])

#Braids #3StrandBraids We are finally ready to convert the two #sinusoids from https://pixelfed.social/p/Splines/797893262102038801 into a single 3D curve that captures the essential geometry of a #braid strand. First extrude the blue sinusoid into a surface that extends past the magenta sinusoid on both sides. Then draw a bounding box around the blue extrusion and trim the magenta sinusoid that falls outside the bounding box. Discard the bounding box, and extrude the trimmed magenta sinusoid into a surface that extends past the blue extrusion on both sides. Then split either surface with the other. It doesn't matter which surface is split and which is used as a cutting surface. The braid strand lies literally at the intersection of both surfaces. I trimmed the magenta surface with the blue one and deleted the top portion to reveal the curve at the intersection — shown here in orange. In perspective view this curve continuously swerves from left to right and simultaneously from top to bottom as it progresses along the X axis. This single curve has the characteristics of both sinusoids as seen in front and top views. In the side view, this looks like the #infinity symbol. So we have progressed from zero (with #helix), to plus (with #sinusoid), to infinity (with intersection of two #sinusoidal surfaces). Once we have this curve, we can sweep a circle around it to make a round strand. We can change the radius of the circle to make thinner or thicker strands. We can slant the circles to give a "calligraphic" look to the strands. We can use ovals, rectangles, squares, stars, or any closed shape to give different surface properties to the strands — the possibilities are endless. Once you have a closed #airtight strand with capped #planarHoles, make 2 more copies of the same strand. Shift the first copy by 1/3 the wavelength of the magenta sinusoid (48/3 = 16 units) and shift the second copy by 2/3 (48*2/3 = 32 units) while leaving the original one in its place.

Pixelfed

Splines Feb 18, 2025

#3StrandBraids

#Braids are the last of the #decorative elements on the #IonicScroll, but like #EggsAndDarts, they are not specific to the #IonicOrder.

Braids are a popular design motif that find wide currency in modern #hairstyle, #fashion, and fashion accessories like #belts and #bracelets.

Braids come in infinite varieties with varying number of strands, thickness of strands, roundness or flatness of strands, and how tightly or loosely they are wound together. Here, I focus on the 3-strand variant mentioned in #Vignola's book and previewed in https://pixelfed.social/p/Splines/792015485979791089. The image here is brightly colored to draw attention to the 3 strands.

The geometry of braid strands is not at all obvious despite how familiar they look. Also, a braid strand is the only feature in the entire iconic order whose geometry cannot be captured with straight lines and circular arcs. Instead, a strand geometry must be defined in a series of steps starting with a basic #sinusoidal curve.

A sinusoidal curve or #sinusoid is a wave form whose function belongs to a family of functions known as #transcendentalFunctions that also include #logarithmic and #exponential functions. I mentioned #logarithmicSpirals in https://pixelfed.social/p/Splines/792499765146596723, and in a future post I will show how to construct one and compare it with the #spiral used in our implementation of #IonicVolute.

They are called transcendental functions because they transcend the math of finite algebraic polynomials and go beyond geometry into trigonometry. Fortunately, we don't have to go there.

Few #CAD tools have a direct primitive for a sinusoid, but almost all have a primitive for a 3-dimensional round coil shape called a #helix which we can use to create the sinusoids we need for a braid strand. To create a sinusoid, all we need to do is #project a helix on a flat surface to convert it into a 2D waveform.

Splines (@[email protected])

The #Capital is the last essential component of the complete #IonicOrder. The column #flutes remain, but they are #decorativeElements, and I will cover them later when I cover the decorative elements of the capital like the #EggsAndDarts motif on the #ovolo and the #3StrandBraid on the ribbon or belt around the middle of the smooth #scrolls. The Ionic capital is complex, but not unapproachable. We will systematically construct everything in this draft rendering using just straight lines and arcs as promised in https://pixelfed.social/p/Splines/789956327130679640, with the exception of the #cymaReversa near the top and the 3-strand braid on the ribbon. In this rendering, the cyma reversa near the top is made using a flattened half-turn of a #helix, but it can also be constructed using elliptical arcs as I described in earlier posts. The braid is a #periodic shape with infinite variety and is also based on a helix. You can vary the number of strands, their thickness, pitch, and so on, none of which are essential to the Ionic Order itself. They're only a jumping point for further exploration. The eggs in the 'eggs and darts' motif can have different shapes. They can be convex like real eggs or concave as shown here, but the top is almost always sliced off. The total depth of the convex or concave shapes can vary, but only within a range of 1 part, or 8 units. The #volutes in the front and back of the capital are based on #spiral shapes, of which there are many different kinds. Some have #continuous curvature changes, while some do it in #discrete steps, like #fibonacci spirals that can approximate #logarithmic spirals seen in nature, e.g., nautilus. When curvature changes are discrete, the spiral arms can diverge in #arithmetic, #geometric, or some other sequence. We will construct all of these, and most notably the smooth, sweeping surface of the scrolls using just straight lines and arcs, and let the #CAD software deal with delicate #NURBS curves and surfaces.

Pixelfed