#zBitx First Look - #CW Overview
"I overview different modes on this exciting new radio. Temper your expectations, for it isn't perfect as a radio, it is more of an experimenter's radio. It is build on the legacy of the #Bitx series of radios from #HFSignals."
Curious if anyone's come across software to do a CW QSO over the internet. Before anyone thinks I've lost my mind...
@DA1EE and I decided we'd try a CW sked for real-world practice but of course, we're at the mercy of the propagation gods. We eventually found that 15m worked for us today, but too much QSB to be useful. I can see this being an ongoing challenge.
It'd be fun to take fickle propagation out of it, but still have real, human-to-human CW practice sessions.
Understanding Ham Radio Operating Modes: A Beginner’s Guide to SSB, CW, FM, and More
1,756 words, 9 minutes read time.
As you consider diving into the fascinating world of amateur radio, one of the most important areas to familiarize yourself with is the various operating modes used by ham operators. These modes define how signals are transmitted, which directly impacts the quality, reach, and efficiency of communication. In this guide, we’ll explore the most common ham radio operating modes, including Single Sideband (SSB), Continuous Wave (CW), Frequency Modulation (FM), and more. Understanding these modes will help you not only get a better grasp of how amateur radio works but also make you a more competent operator as you progress toward getting your ham radio license.
What Are Ham Radio Operating Modes?
Ham radio operating modes refer to the different ways a ham radio signal can be transmitted and received. Each mode has its own characteristics, advantages, and limitations, which affect the type of communication it is best suited for. Whether you’re communicating locally or across continents, choosing the right mode can make all the difference in the quality of your transmission. As a newcomer to ham radio, learning about these modes will help you choose the most suitable method for various communication scenarios. It’s a critical aspect of mastering the hobby and ensuring effective communication on the airwaves.
An Overview of the Common Ham Radio Operating Modes
Single Sideband (SSB) is one of the most popular modes used in amateur radio, particularly for long-distance communication. SSB is a type of amplitude modulation (AM) where only one sideband of the signal is transmitted, reducing the bandwidth and power requirements compared to traditional AM transmissions. This makes SSB particularly advantageous for communication over long distances, especially on the HF (High Frequency) bands.
In SSB, the carrier wave is suppressed, and only the upper or lower sideband is transmitted. This results in more efficient use of the frequency spectrum, allowing for clearer signals with less interference. Many ham radio operators prefer SSB for global communication because it’s capable of reaching farther distances with less power, which is important for operators who are working with limited equipment or those trying to make contacts in remote areas.
According to the ARRL (American Radio Relay League), SSB is particularly useful for DX (distance) communications. The frequencies used for SSB typically fall within the HF bands, and operators use SSB to make voice contacts, known as “phone” contacts. The convenience and efficiency of SSB have made it the go-to mode for many long-haul communications on the ham bands (source: ARRL – Ham Radio Modes).
Continuous Wave (CW) mode is a form of Morse code communication. In CW, a signal is transmitted as a series of on-off keying (dots and dashes), which represent letters and numbers in Morse code. While this may seem old-fashioned to some, CW remains one of the most effective modes for weak-signal communication, particularly under challenging conditions where voice transmissions might not be possible.
One of the biggest advantages of CW is its ability to operate effectively in low signal-to-noise conditions. The simple nature of the transmission makes it less susceptible to interference, and even very weak signals can be received and understood using CW. This mode is commonly used by operators seeking to make contacts in very distant locations, especially when there is a lot of atmospheric interference or in regions with poor propagation conditions.
CW is still widely used in ham radio today, especially for operators who are focused on maximizing their reach with minimal equipment and power. The ability to send Morse code manually or via automatic keyers gives CW a distinct appeal to those looking to hone their skills in a very traditional aspect of ham radio. In fact, many experienced ham radio operators swear by CW for its efficiency and ability to make reliable contacts even in adverse conditions (source: K7ON – CW and SSB Basics).
Frequency Modulation (FM) is another popular mode, particularly on VHF and UHF bands. Unlike AM or SSB, where the amplitude or frequency is varied, FM works by modulating the frequency of the carrier wave. This results in high-quality, noise-resistant signals that are well-suited for local communications. FM is the standard mode used by repeaters, which are devices that extend the reach of ham radio signals by retransmitting signals received from lower-power stations.
FM is especially favored for short-range communication, such as local contacts or communication with repeaters, and it is most commonly used in the 2-meter and 70-centimeter bands. FM’s primary advantage is its resilience to interference, making it perfect for urban areas where noise is more prevalent. The clear, voice-quality signal that FM provides makes it ideal for informal conversations or emergency communication within a local area.
One of the main advantages of FM is the fact that once the signal reaches a certain level, the sound quality doesn’t degrade much, even if the signal strength weakens. However, FM has a limited range compared to SSB or CW and typically isn’t used for long-distance communication. The quality and simplicity of FM make it ideal for casual use and for beginner ham radio operators who are starting to experiment with their radios (source: Ham Universe – Modes of Operation).
Digital modes have gained significant popularity in recent years due to advancements in technology and the ability to send information more efficiently. Digital modes, such as FT8, PSK31, and RTTY (Radio Teleprinter), use computer-generated signals to send and receive data. These modes can operate at very low power levels, which makes them perfect for weak signal propagation or for operators looking to maximize their battery life.
One of the most popular digital modes is FT8, a mode designed for weak-signal communication that allows operators to make contacts under extremely low signal-to-noise conditions. FT8 operates in narrow bandwidths, allowing multiple contacts to be made on a single frequency, even when propagation is poor. PSK31 is another widely used digital mode, particularly for keyboard-to-keyboard communications. It uses phase shift keying to transmit signals that can easily be decoded by a computer.
Digital modes are a fantastic way for new ham operators to make contacts with minimal power and without needing to master Morse code or voice communication. Digital signals are often more reliable in conditions where noise and interference would otherwise render voice or CW transmissions unusable. Many operators appreciate the challenge of fine-tuning digital signals and enjoy the flexibility that digital modes offer in terms of communication techniques and automation (source: eHam – Understanding SSB (Single Sideband)).
Although it is less commonly used today, Amplitude Modulation (AM) still holds a place in ham radio, especially among enthusiasts who enjoy experimenting with vintage equipment. AM is a form of modulation where the amplitude of the carrier wave is varied in accordance with the modulating signal, typically a voice or music signal. AM has a characteristic “wide” signal, which takes up more bandwidth compared to SSB. This can result in interference with other stations operating on the same frequency, which is one of the main reasons AM has fallen out of favor for general communication.
However, AM still has its applications, especially in certain historical contexts or for specialized communication, such as in aircraft communications or vintage radio operations. Some ham radio operators prefer to use AM for nostalgia’s sake, or they might enjoy operating within the AM portions of the bands, which can often be quieter and less crowded compared to the SSB portions. For those who enjoy the history and evolution of radio technology, operating in AM mode can be a fun and rewarding challenge (source: QRZ – Ham Radio Operating Modes).
Why Learning These Modes is Important for New Hams
As a new ham, understanding the various operating modes available will help you communicate more effectively and efficiently. It allows you to select the best mode for each situation, whether you’re trying to make a local contact on FM, reach across the globe using SSB, or send a weak signal over long distances with CW or digital modes. Furthermore, many modes are used during contests, emergency communications, and special events, so becoming proficient in multiple modes will enhance your overall ham radio experience.
In addition to improving your communication skills, learning different modes will also help you gain a deeper understanding of how radio waves propagate and how various factors such as power, frequency, and modulation affect signal transmission. This knowledge will not only make you a better operator but also help you troubleshoot and optimize your station setup for various conditions.
How to Get Started with These Modes
Getting started with different ham radio modes doesn’t require a lot of advanced equipment. Many beginners start with simple radios capable of operating in FM mode and gradually progress to more sophisticated transceivers that support SSB, CW, and digital modes. Local ham clubs are a great place to connect with experienced operators who can help you learn the basics of each mode.
Once you’re familiar with the theoretical aspects of ham radio modes, you can begin experimenting on air. Start by making simple local contacts on FM, and then try making longer-distance contacts using SSB. As you gain experience, you can explore CW or digital modes, which offer unique challenges and rewards.
Conclusion
Understanding the various operating modes of ham radio is essential for any new operator who wants to make the most of their hobby. Whether you’re communicating locally on FM or making global contacts with SSB or CW, each mode has its unique advantages and applications. By exploring these modes, you’ll not only enhance your communication skills but also deepen your appreciation for the technical side of amateur radio. So, dive in, experiment with different modes, and enjoy the world of ham radio communication!
D. Bryan King
Sources
Disclaimer:
The views and opinions expressed in this post are solely those of the author. The information provided is based on personal research, experience, and understanding of the subject matter at the time of writing. Readers should consult relevant experts or authorities for specific guidance related to their unique situations.
Related Posts
Rate this:
#AmateurRadio #amateurRadioCommunity #amateurRadioEquipment #amateurRadioLicense #beginnerHamRadio #CW #CWMode #digitalCommunicationModes #digitalModes #FM #frequencyModulation #FT8 #globalCommunication #hamOperators #hamOperatorsGuide #hamRadio #hamRadioBands #hamRadioBeginners #hamRadioCommunication #hamRadioContact #hamRadioContests #hamRadioEquipment #hamRadioExperience #hamRadioHobby #hamRadioLicense #hamRadioModes #hamRadioModesExplained #hamRadioNetworks #hamRadioSchool #hamRadioTechniques #hamRadioTips #localCommunication #longDistanceCommunication #MorseCode #MorseCodeCommunication #operatingModes #radioCommunication #radioCommunicationSkills #radioFrequencies #radioFrequencyModes #radioInterference #radioPropagation #radioPropagationConditions #radioRepeaters #radioSignals #radioTransmission #radioTransmissionModes #SSB #SSBCommunication #UHF #VHF #weakSignalCommunication
The Latest "Ham on a Bike" Blogpost is out. "POTA 300!" #POTA #parksontheair #AmateurRadio #HamRadio #SSB #MorseCode #CW #FT891 #AlphaMagLoop
SSEFHW – Another Shortened End-Fed Half-Wave Antenna for 20m
Peter Waters G3OJV Screen grab from YouTubeI was browsing through ham radio videos on YouTube recently as I often do (daily!) when I came across one from Peter Waters G3OJV on the Waters & Stanton video channel. The title of the video immediately caught my attention: “Shortened Vertical Half Wave Antenna”. End-fed antennas are a favorite of portable operators because of the ease with which they can be erected. End-Fed Half-Wave antennas have the added advantage of needing a counterpoise that is 5 times shorter than required by an End-Fed Random Wire.
Another attribute that is appealing to portable operators is a small station footprint, so a vertical antenna, combined with a very short counterpoise, results in a stealthier station that is less likely to interfere with other people using the same park or trail, or attract unwelcome attention.
I achieved this already with the 20m CLEFHW (Coil-Loaded End-Fed Half-Wave) which has performed very well, although it has also attracted consternation from antenna physics experts. Sometimes we just have to shrug and accept the principal that “if it works, it works” and move on.
When I watched Peter’s video I realized I had overlooked another very simple way of shortening a half-wave antenna. Peter took a commercial helically loaded quarter-wave antenna and put it at the top of a pole. Beneath it he connected a full-length quarter-wave wire to create an electrical half-wave fed at the bottom through a 49:1 impedance transformer.
I realized I had used this technique once before to fit an 80m EFHW into the restricted space of a campsite. I built a 40m EFHW, added a coil and then a short pigtail wire. The 40m EFHW comprised one half of an 80m EFHW while the coil and short pigtail made up the other half. Yes, it was a compromise with lower efficiency than a full-length 80m EFHW but it got me into my weekly CW rag chew with friends who are often over a hundred miles away when I am traveling.
SSEFHW (Shortened Sloping EFHW) version 1A Shortened Sloping End-Fed Half-Wave antenna
I built the G3OJV shortened EFHW for 20m using the same loading coil I had built for the CLEFHW with a 57-inch whip from an old hamstick as the radiating element. A 17ft wire was added below it to make up the other half of a 20m EFHW. It worked – well to be precise, I made contacts with it using just 5 watts.
I did make one change to the G3OJV design. The whip, loading coil and mounting arrangement are a little too heavy for my 29ft fiberglass pole (a damaged MFJ 33ft pole repaired with sections of a Crappie fishing pole). So I erected a kludge pole that was only 15ft tall and routed the bottom wire out an angle to a point a few feet away from the pole. This resulted in a strong front-to-back gain ratio at elevation angles above 35 degrees, but also, unfortunately, expanded the footprint on the ground. From my QTH in southern Ontario, the front-to-back ratio is an advantage since most of my contacts are to the south. I point my wire at Texas to cover most of CONUS.
But, this arrangement resulted in a set of gear that is not very convenient to carry down a trail. I had to come up with a better idea. So I built SSEFHW version 2.
SSEFHW version 2SSEFHW version 2 is a Shortened Sloping EFHW made entirely of one single length of 26ga silicone coated wire, wound around a short section of 2-inch diameter PVC built-in vacuum cleaner pipe, 57 inches from one end. Approximately 28 feet of wire was used in its construction.
The coil section is approximately 7.7 microhenries to match the original heavier coil used in version 1. The whole antenna is so light it almost defies gravity and fits in a small plastic freezer bag.
Another kludge 17ft pole was made from the remains of two 13ft Crappie poles (after being scavenged to repair my damaged MFJ pole) and a short piece of half-inch Schedule 40 PVC plumbing pipe. It all fits over, and is supported by, a driveway marker pole stuck in the ground.
You may notice the dramatic difference in weather between the two pictures taken only a day apart. The image to the right was electronically color enhanced to improve its contrast.
Side note: Kludge is cheap and cheerful but a Spiderbeam pole is now on order from Vibroplex. Spiderbeam poles, engineered in Germany, have a good reputation for strength and robustness. Ham Radio Outside the Box will review the product when it has been received.
SSEFHW with “Fuchs style” 49:1 transformerI was entirely unsure how Version 2 would perform and was pleasantly surprised when the SWR, measured using my RigExpert antenna analyzer, turned out to be 1.8:1 at the output of the 49:1 impedance transformer. That is already an acceptable SWR but, to preserve the legendary immortality of the PA transistors in my QRP Labs QMX transceiver, I added my “Old Barebones” ham-made Z-match and brought the SWR down further to 1.05:1.
Does it QSO?
No, absolutely not. I make the QSOs; the antenna is just a dumb bit of wire [smile]. My first contact using the SSEFHW was with a station in Kansas about 900 miles away. He gave me a 559 RST report and I received him at 599. Not bad for a QRP CW contact and typical of the kind of reports I have been receiving using other antennas. The SSEFHW (sounds like the name of a ship doesn’t it) can be supported by a pole, or even a low tree branch. My feeble throwing skills will not be overly challenged launching this antenna into a tree.
Ontario’s Bruce Peninsula (courtesy Open Street Map)Kudos where it belongs
I cannot claim originality for this antenna, that belongs to Peter Waters G3OJV. I simply massaged Peter’s idea to suit my own backpack portable operating style.
You will find me in remote clearings at the end of a trail on the Bruce Peninsula or elsewhere along the Niagara Escarpment.
Cliff edge operating site on the Georgian Bay coast of the Bruce Peninsula. The lake is 300 feet below the cliff edge. No parking here, in fact no road! This site is a 1km hike through black bear country.The Bruce Peninsula is approximately 100km long and forms part of the Niagara Escarpment which runs from Niagara Falls at the border between Ontario and New York State to Tobermory, Ontario at the top left of the map.
The west coast of the peninsula is bounded by Lake Huron while the east coast runs along Georgian Bay and comprises dramatic scenery with tall cliffs plunging down to the lake. With scenery like this who would want to sit inside a vehicle to play radio?
Help support HamRadioOutsidetheBox
No “tip-jar”, “buy me a coffee”, Patreon, or Amazon links here. I enjoy my hobby and I enjoy writing about it. If you would like to support this blog please follow/subscribe using the link at the bottom of my home page, or like, comment (links at the bottom of each post), repost or share links to my posts on social media. If you would like to email me directly you will find my email address on my QRZ.com page. Thank you!
The following copyright notice applies to all content on this blog.
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International License.
I made a simple magnetic return CW paddle you can 3d print at home.
A simple prototype CW paddle with magnetic returnUses 6 4x2mm magnets and M3 countersunk bolts for everything except for the m3 hex dome head screws for the contacts on the paddles themself.Use nilock nuts for the paddles.RST 3.5mm jack - https://uk.rs-online.com/web/p/jack-plugs-sockets/9131030