Digital Transgender Archive

Safety and Effectiveness of Transcranial Electrical Stimulation in Children with Developmental Disorders

Transcranial electrical stimulation (tES), as direct transcranial stimulation (tDCS), is an emerging neuroscientific approach that can be used to explore structure-function relationships as well as to develop innovative therapeutic tools in neurodevelopmental (autism, learning disorder, ADHD), psychiatric (anorexia nervosa, Tourette's syndrome), and neurological (cerebral palsy, post-stroke aphasia) disorders in pediatrics. Despite several attempts to use novel therapeutic interventions in pediatric populations, the conclusions that studies reach are limited by:(i) the heterogeneity of results, at times, even conflicting; (ii) the poorly understood brain mechanisms underlying behavioral improvements or recovery of function; (iii) the risks and potential ethical concerns associated with the application of these techniques in pediatric populations. iv) the need for protocols to examine adverse effects.Delving into the applications of tES, even of less explored techniques (e.g., random noise transcranial stimulation or alternating transcranial stimulation), identifying influencing factors (e.g., age, severity of disorder), studying the physiological effects related to tES and its safety risks, could help clarify the current heterogeneity in the literature. Moving to