"In terms of racial identity, white Americans have had the choice of being something vague, something unraced and separate from race. A capitalized "White" challenges that freedom, by unmasking Whiteness as an American racial identity as historically important as "Blackness" — which it certainly is."

~ Nell Irvin Painter: https://www.wctrib.com/opinion/nell-irvin-painter-why-white-should-be-capitalized-too via @breton 🧶

#raceMaking #entitlement #bias #whiteSupremacy #coloniality #decolonial #racism #antiRacism #sociology #USA #USPol #quotes #militancy #Americans #Whiteness #American #identity #blackMastodon #NellIrvinPainter

“With its rapidly increasing population, religious and royal wars, Irish ethnic cleansing, and fear of rising crime, Britain excelled among the European imperial powers in shipping its people into bondage in distant lands. An original inspiration had flowed from small-scale shipments of Portuguese children to its Asian colonies before the Dutch supplanted the Portuguese as the world's premier long-range shippers. Vagrant minors, kidnapped persons, convicts, and indentured servants from the British Isles might labor under differing names in law and for longer or shorter terms in the Americas, but the harshness of their lives dictated that they be, in the worlds of Daniel Defoe, "more properly called slaves." First in Barbados, then in Jamaica, then in North America, notably in Virginia, Maryland, and Pennsylvania, bound Britons, Scots, and Irish furnished a crucial workforce in the Americas in the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries. In 1618, the City of London and the Virginia Company forged an agreement to transport vagrant children. London would pay £5 per head to the company for shipment on the Duty, hence the children's sobriquet "Duty boys." Supposedly bound for apprenticeship, these homeless children—a quarter of them girls—were then sold into field labor for twenty pounds of tobacco each.”

― Nell Irvin Painter, The History of White People

#colonyBuilding #indentures #servitude #bondage #England #Britain #GreatBritain #UK #USA #Atlantic #deportation #NellIrvinPainter #quotes #citation #history #slavery #enslavement #EuropeanCulture #Barbados #Jamaica #agriculture #Virginia #Maryland #Pennsylvania #colonies #serfs #slaves #adultDomination #adultism #children #vagrancy #WestIndies #Caribbean #DutyBoys #homeless

“Slavery in Anglo-Saxon Britain applied not merely to the captives themselves, for slave status could also be inherited, as had been the case among the Thracians of antiquity. We cannot know how many of the British poor sold themselves and their children into bondage, but the number must have been significant, for attempts at reform were made repeatedly. Kings Alfred the Great and Canute (1014–35) tried, with uncertain success, to restrict slavery, especially with regard to daughters. Nonetheless, about one-tenth of the eleventh-century British population is estimated to have been enslaved, a proportion rising to one-fifth in the West Country. So embedded were slaves in the economy of the British Isles that the Catholic Church, quite a wealthy institution, owned vast numbers of them.”
― Nell Irvin Painter in "The History of White People" (2010)

#Catholic #Church #AngloSaxon #Britain #servitude #bondage #England #NellIrvinPainter #racialization #slavery #enslavement #Europe #MiddleAges

"Of course, one day the indentured period would end and the servant would be free. That is one of the fundamental differences drawn between white indentured servitude and black slavery. One was a temporary condition; the other was perpetual. Except that huge numbers of white servants didn’t live to see the day of freedom. In the early days, the majority of servants died still in bondage. Moreover, the bulk of those who did outlive their servitude ended up no better than when they’d arrived. They would emerge from bondage landless and poor (p. 111)."
― Don Jordan and Michael Walsh, "White Cargo: The Forgotten History of Britain's White Slaves in America" (2007)

#colonyBuilding #indentures #servitude #bondage #England #Britain #UK #USA #Atlantic #deportation #Race #NellIrvinPainter #quotes #citation #racialization #history #slavery #racism #raceMaking #enslavement #whiteness #White #EuropeanCulture #truth #supremacy #whiteSupremacy

"By this time in the seventeenth century, those who came from the British Isles, both men and women, outnumbered the Africans in the tobacco fields; even in the middle of the century, when the settler population in #Virginia numbered about 11,000, the Africans accounted for only about 300. Any one of them - African, English, Scottish or Irish - should count himself lucky if he outlived his contract. Of 300 children who came from Britain between 1619 and 1622, only 12 were still alive in 1624."
… wrote #NellIrvinPainter in her book "The History of White People"
cited by Don Jordan and Michael Walsh, "White Cargo: The Forgotten History of Britain's White Slaves in America" (2007)

#colonyBuilding #indentures #servitude #bondage #England #Britain #UK #USA #Atlantic #deportation #Race #NellIrvinPainter #quotes #citation #racialization #history #slavery #racism #raceMaking #enslavement #whiteness #White #supremacy #whiteSupremacy

“It is still assumed, wrongly, that slavery anywhere in the world must rest on a foundation of racial difference. Time and again, the better classes have concluded that those people deserve their lot; it must be something within them that puts them at the bottom. In modern times, we recognize this kind of reasoning as it relates to black race, but in other times the same logic was applied to people who were white, especially when they were impoverished immigrants seeking work.”
― Nell Irvin Painter, in "The History of White People"; W. W. Norton (2010); ISBN 978-0-393-07949-4; a 'New York Times' bestseller

#Atlantic #deportation #Race #NellIrvinPainter #quotes #citation #racialization #history #slavery #racism #raceMaking #enslavement #whiteness #White #EuropeanCulture #truth #supremacy #whiteSupremacy

"The still current term #Caucasian connects directly to collective degradation, in the form of the gendered, eastern slave trade, via the network of learned societies that so deeply influenced the #historyOfScience in the eighteenth and early nineteenth centuries."

… wrote Nell Irvin Painter about Johann Friedrich #Blumenbach, in a conference at #Yale on "Slavery and the Construction of #Race", 2003: https://glc.yale.edu/sites/default/files/files/events/race/Painter.pdf

#NellIrvinPainter #quotes #citation #racialization #history #slavery #racism #raceMaking #enslavement #whiteness #White #EuropeanCulture #truth #supremacy #whiteSupremacy

“The term 'Caucasian' as a designation for white people originates in concepts of beauty related to the white slave trade from eastern Europe, and whiteness remains embedded in visions of beauty found in art history and popular culture.”
― Nell Irvin Painter, in "The History of White People"; W. W. Norton (2010); ISBN 978-0-393-07949-4; a 'New York Times' bestseller

#NellIrvinPainter #quotes #citation #racialization #history #learning #learn #slavery #racism #raceMaking #enslavement #whiteness #White #Caucasian #EuropeanCulture #beauty

@FallsMom
Her book is so important!

You may enjoy more from historian Nell Irvin Painter from there: http://www.nellpainter.com/history.html 👍🏽

#NellIrvinPainter #history #whiteSupremacy #coloniality #decolonial #racism #antiRacism #sociology #raceMaking #whiteness #entitlement #racialisation