Not only is E2EE necessary to protect us from griefers, stalkers, corporate snoops, mafiosi, etc, but E2EE is the only thing standing between the world's dictators and total surveillance of every digital communication. Even tiny flaws in E2EE can have grave human rights concerns. For example, a subtle bug in #Whatsapp was used by #NSOGroup to create a cyberweapon called #Pegasus that the #Saudi royals used to lure #JamalKhashoggi to his grisly murder:
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Because the collateral damage from an E2EE ban would be so far-ranging (beyond harms to sex workers, whose safety is routinely disregarded by policy-makers), people like Kutcher can't propose an outright ban on E2EE. Instead, they have to offer some explanation for how the privacy, safety and human rights benefits of E2EE can be respected even as encryption is broken to hunt for CSAM.
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Kutcher's answer is something called "#FullyHomomorphicEncryption" (#FHE) which is a theoretical - and enormously cool - way to allow for computing work to be done on encrypted data *without* decrypting it. When and if FHE are ready for primetime, it will be a revolution in our ability to securely collaborate with one another.
But FHE is nowhere *near* the state where it could do what Kutcher claims. It just isn't, and once again, wanting it badly is *not enough*.
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Writing on his blog, the eminent cryptographer @matthew_d_green delivers a master-class in what FHE is, what it could do, and what it can't do (yet):
As it happens, Green also gave testimony to the EU, but he doesn't confine his public advocacy work to august parliamentarians. Green wants all of us to understand cryptography ("*I think cryptography is amazing* and I want everyone talking about it all the time").
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Rather than barking "stay in your lane" at the likes of Kutcher, Green has produced an outstanding, easily grasped explanation of FHE and the closely related concept of #MultiPartyCommunication (#MPC).
This is important work, and it exemplifies the difference between *simplifying* and *being simplistic*. Good science communicators do the former. Bad science communicators do the latter.
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While Kutcher is presumably being simplistic because he lacks the technical depth to understand what he doesn't understand, technically skilled people are perfectly capable of being simplistic, when it suits their economic, political or ideological goals.
One such person is #GeoffreyHinton, the so-called "father of AI," who resigned from Google last week, citing the existential risks of #RunawayAI becoming superintelligent and turning on its human inventors.
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Hinton joins a group of powerful, wealthy people who have made a lot of noise about the #ExistentialRisk of AI, while saying little or nothing about the ongoing risks of AI to people with disabilities, poor people, prisoners, workers, and other groups who are *already* being abused by automated decision-making and oversight systems.
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Hinton's nonsense is *superbly* stripped bare by @Mer__edith, the former Google worker organizer turned president of @signalapp, in a @fastcompany interview with #WilfredChan:
The whole thing is *incredible*, but there's a few sections I want to call to your attention here, quoting Whittaker verbatim, because she expresses herself *so* beautifully (sci-comms done right is a joy to behold):
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> I think it’s stunning that someone would say that the harms [from AI] that are happening now—which are felt most acutely by people who have been historically minoritized: Black people, women, disabled people, precarious workers, et cetera—that those harms aren’t existential.
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> I think we need to dig into what is happening here, which is that, when faced with a system that presents itself as a listening, eager interlocutor that’s hearing us and responding to us, that we seem to fall into a kind of trance in relation to these systems, and almost counterfactually engage in some kind of wish fulfillment: thinking that they’re human, and there’s someone there listening to us.
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> It’s like when you’re a kid, and you’re telling ghost stories, something with a lot of emotional weight, and suddenly everybody is terrified and reacting to it. And it becomes hard to disbelieve.
Whittaker sets such a high bar for tech criticism.
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I had her clarity in mind in 2021, when I collaborated with @eff's #BennettCyphers on "Privacy Without Monopoly," our white-paper addressing the claim that we need giant tech platforms to protect us from the privacy invasions of smaller "rogue" operators:
https://www.eff.org/wp/interoperability-and-privacy
This is a claim that is most often raised in relation to #Apple and its #AppStore model, which is claimed to be a bulwark against commercial surveillance.
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Update, June 11, 2021: Today, we updated this paper with a new appendix, "The GDPR, Privacy and Monopoly," which analyzes the legal benefits of interoperability under the GDPR, where a regional privacy law creates a sturdy privacy backstop for interoperability remedies. This appendix is also...
That claim has some validity: after all, when Apple added a one-click surveillance opt-out to #Ios, its mobile OS. 96% of users clicked the "don't spy on me" button. Those clicks cost Facebook *$10b* in just the following year. You *love* to see it.
But Apple is a #GamekeeperTurnedPoacher. Even as it was blocking Facebook's surveillance, it was conducting its own, nearly identical, horrifyingly intrusive surveillance of every Ios user.
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It spied for the same purpose as Facebook (ad targeting) and lying about it:
https://pluralistic.net/2022/11/14/luxury-surveillance/#liar-liar
Bennett and I couldn't have asked for a better example of the point we make in "Privacy Without Monopoly": the thing that stops companies from spying on you isn't their moral character, it's the threat of competition and/or regulation.
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If you can modify your device in ways that cost its manufacturer money (say, by installing an alternative app store), then the manufacturer has to earn your business every day.
That might actually make them better - and if it doesn't, you can switch. The right way to make sure the stuff you install on your devices respects your privacy is by passing privacy laws - not by hoping that Tim Apple decides you deserve a private life.
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Bennett and I followed up "Privacy Without Monopoly" with an appendix that focused on a territory where there is a privacy law: the EU, whose (patchily enforced) #GeneralDataProtectionRegulation (#GDPR) is the kind of privacy law that we call for in the original paper. In that appendix, we addressed the issues of GDPR enforcement:
https://www.eff.org/wp/interoperability-and-privacy#gdpr
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Update, June 11, 2021: Today, we updated this paper with a new appendix, "The GDPR, Privacy and Monopoly," which analyzes the legal benefits of interoperability under the GDPR, where a regional privacy law creates a sturdy privacy backstop for interoperability remedies. This appendix is also...
More importantly, we addressed the claim that the GDPR crushed competition, by making it harder for smaller (and *even sleazier*) ad-tech platforms to compete with Google and Facebook. It's true, but that's OK: we want competition to see who can respect technology users' rights - not competition to see who can violate those rights most efficiently:
https://www.eff.org/deeplinks/2021/06/gdpr-privacy-and-monopoly
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In Privacy Without Monopoly: Data Protection and Interoperability, we took a thorough look at the privacy implications of various kinds of interoperability. We examined the potential privacy risks of interoperability mandates, such as those contemplated by 2020’s ACCESS Act (USA), the Digital...
Around the time Bennett and I published the EU appendix to our paper, I was contacted by the *#IndianJournalOfLawAndTechnology* to see whether I could write something on similar lines, focused on the situation in #India. Well, it took two years, but we've finally published it: "Securing Privacy Without Monopoly In India: Juxtaposing Interoperability With Indian Data Protection":
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The Indian case for interop incorporates the US and EU case, but with some fascinating wrinkles. First, there are the broad benefits of allowing technology adaptation by people who are often left out of the frame when tools and systems are designed. As the saying goes, "nothing about us without us" - the users of technology know more about their needs than any designer can hope to understand.
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That's doubly true when designers are wealthy geeks in Silicon Valley and the users are poor people in the #GlobalSouth.
India, of course, has its own highly advanced domestic tech sector, who could be a source of extensive expertise in adapting technologies from US and other offshore tech giants for local needs.
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India also has a complex and highly contested privacy regime, which is in extreme flux between high court decisions, regulatory interventions, and legislation, both passed and pending.
Finally, there's India's long tradition of ingenious technological adaptations, locally called #jugaad, roughly equivalent to the English "#MendAndMakeDo."
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While every culture has its own way of celebrating cleverness this kind of ingenuity is elevated to an art form in the global south: think of #JuaKali (Swahili), #gambiarra (Brazilian Portuguese) and #bricolage (France and its former colonies).
It took a *long* time to get this out, but I'm really happy with it, and I'm extremely grateful to my brilliant and hardworking research assistants from #NationalLawSchoolOfIndiaUniversity: #DhruvJain, #KshitijGoyal and #SarthakWadhwa.
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I don't claim that any of the incarnations of the "Privacy Without Monopoly" paper rise to the clarity of the works of Green or Whittaker, but that's okay, because I have another arrow in my quiver: *fiction*. For more than 20 years, I've written science fiction that tries to make legible and urgent the often dry and abstract concepts I address in my nonfiction.
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One issue I've been grappling with for *literally* decades is the implications of #TrustedComputing, a security model that uses a second, secure computer, embedded in your device, to observe and report on what your main computer is doing. There are *lots* of implications for this, both horrifying and amazing.
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For example, having a second computer inside your device that watches it is a theoretically unbeatable way of catching malicious software, resolving the conundrum of malware: if you think your computer is infected and can't be trusted, then how can you trust the antivirus software running on that computer.
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Back in 2016, @bunnie and #EdwardSnowden released the #IntrospectionEngine, a separate computer that you could install in an Iphone, which would tell you whether it was infected with spyware:
https://www.tjoe.org/pub/direct-radio-introspection/release/2
But while there are some really interesting *positive* applications for this kind of software, the negative ones - unbeatable #DRM and tamper-proof #bossware - are genuinely horrifying.
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My novella "Unauthorized Bread" digs into this, putting blood and sinew into an otherwise dry abstract and skeletal argument:
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Then there are applications that are somewhere in between, like #RemoteAttestation (when the secure computer signs a computer-readable description of what your computer is doing so that you can prove things about your computer and its operation to people who don't trust you, but do trust that secure computer).
Remote attestation is the McGuffin of *Red Team Blues*, my latest novel, a crime-thriller about a #cryptocurrency heist.
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The novel opens with the keys to a #SecureEnclave - the gadget that signs the attestations in remote attestation - going missing.
When Matt Green reviewed *Red Team Blues* (his first book review!), he singled this out as a technically rigorous *and* significant plot point, because secure enclaves are designed so that they can't be updated (if you can update an enclave, then you can update it with malicious software):
https://blog.cryptographyengineering.com/2023/04/24/book-review-red-team-blues/
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This means bugs in secure enclaves can last forever. Worse, if the keys for a secure enclave ever leak, then there's no way to update all the secure enclaves out there in the world - millions or billions of them - to fix it.
Well, it's happened.
The keys for the secure enclaves in #MicroStarInternational (AKA #MSI) computers, a massive manufacturer of work and gaming PCs - have leaked and shown up on the "#ExtortionPortal" of a notorious crime gang:
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As a security expert quoted by @arstechnica explains, this is a "doomsday scenario." That's more or less how it plays in my novel. The big difference between the MSI leak and the hack in my book is that the MSI keys were just sitting on a server, connected to the internet, which wasn't well-secured.
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In *Red Team Blues*, I went to enormous lengths to imagine a fiendishly complex, incredibly secure scheme for hosting these keys, and then dreamt up a way that the bad guys could defeat it. I toyed with the idea of having the keys leak due to rank incompetence, but I decided that would be an "idiot plot" ("a plot that only works if the characters are idiots"). Turns out, idiot plots may make for bad fiction, but they're happening around us all the time.
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In my real life, I cross a lot of disciplinary boundaries - law, politics, economics, human rights, security, technology. I'm not the world's leading expert in any of these domains, but I am well-enough informed about each that I'm able to find interesting ways that they fit together in a manner that is relatively rare, and is also (I think) useful.
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I admit to sometimes feeling insecure about this - being "one inch deep and ten miles wide" has its virtues, but there's no avoiding that, say, I know less about the law than a real lawyer, and less about computer science than a real computer scientist.
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That insecurity is partly why I'm so honored when I get to talk to experts across multiple disciplines. 2023 was a very good year for this, thanks to #UniversityCollegeLondon. Back in Feb, I was invited to speak as part of #UCL #InstituteOfBrandAndInnovationLaw's annual series on technology law:
https://www.ucl.ac.uk/laws/events/2023/feb/recording-chokepoint-capitalism-can-it-be-defeated
And next month, I'm giving #UCLComputerScience's annual #PeterKirstein lecture:
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Getting to speak to both the law school and the computer science school within a space of months is *hugely* gratifying, a real vindication of my theory that the virtues of my breadth make up for the shortcomings in my depth.
I'm getting a similar thrill from the domain experts who've been reviewing *Red Team Blues*. This week, @mariafarrell posted her #CrookedTimber review, "When crypto meant cryptography":
https://crookedtimber.org/2023/05/11/when-crypto-meant-cryptography/
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Farrell is a brilliant technology critic. Her work on "#ProdigalTechBros" is essential:
https://conversationalist.org/2020/03/05/the-prodigal-techbro/
So her review means a lot to me in general, but I was overwhelmed to read her describe how *Red Team Blues* taught her to "read again for joy" after #LongCovid "completely scrambled [her] brain."
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That meant a lot personally, but her review is even more gratifying when it gets into craft questions, like when she praises the descriptions as "so interesting and sociologically textured."
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I love her description of the book as "Dickensian": "it shoots up and down the snakes and ladders of San Francisco’s gamified dystopia of income inequality, one moment whizzing up the ear-poppingly fast elevator to a billionaire’s hardened fortress, the next sleeping under a bridge in a homeless encampment."
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And then, this kicker: "it’s a gorgeous rejection of the idea that long-form fiction is about individual subjectivity and the interior life. It’s about people as pinballs. They don’t just reveal things about the other objects they hit; their constant action and reaction reveals the walls that hold them all in."
Likewise, I was thrilled with #PeterWatts's review on his "No Moods, Ads or Cutesy Fucking Icons" blog::
https://www.rifters.com/crawl/?p=10578%22%3Ehttps://www.rifters.com/crawl/?p=10578
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Peter is a brilliant sf writer and worldbuilder, an accomplished scientist, and one of the world's most accomplished ranters. He's had more amazing ideas than I've had hot breakfasts:
https://locusmag.com/2018/05/cory-doctorow-the-engagement-maximization-presidency/
His review says some very nice and flattering things about me and my previous work, which is always great to read, especially for anyone with a chronic case of #ImpostorSyndrome.
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But what really mattered was the way he framed how I write villains: "The villains of Cory’s books aren’t really people; they’re systems. They wear punchable Human faces but those tend to be avatars, mere sock-puppets operated by the institutions that comprise the real baddies."
One could read that as a critique, but coming from Peter, it's praise - and it's praise that gets to the heart of my worldview, which is that our biggest problems are *systemic*, not *individual*.
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The problem of corporate greed isn't just that CEOs are monsters who don't care who they hurt - it's that our system is designed to *let them get away with it*. Worse, system design is such that the CEOs who *aren't* monsters are generally clobbered by the ones who are.
So much of our outlook is grounded in the moral failings or virtues of individuals.
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Tim Apple will keep our data safe, so we should each individually decide to reward him by buying his phones. If Tim Apple betrays us, we should "vote with our wallets" by buying something else. If you care about the climate, you should just stop driving. If there's no public transit, well, then maybe you should, uh, dig a subway?
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This is the mindset #MattBors skewers so expertly with his iconic #MrGotcha character: "Yet you participate in society. Curious! I am very smart":
https://thenib.com/mister-gotcha/
(Which reminds me, I am halfway through Bors's unbelievably, fantastically, screamingly awesome graphic novel "Justice Warriors," which turns the neoliberal caveat-emptor/personal-responsibility brain-worm into the basis for possibly the greatest superhero comic of all time:)
https://www.mattbors.com/books
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Watts finishes his review with:
> I’ve never fully come to terms with the general decency of Cory’s characters. Doctorow the activist lives in the trenches, fighting those who make their billions trading the details of our private lives, telling us that they own what we’ve bought, surveilling us for the greater good and even greater profits. He’s spent more time facing off against the world’s powerful assholes than I ever will. He knows how ruthless they are.
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> He knows, first-hand, how much of the world is clenched in their fists. By rights, his stories should make mine look like Broadway musicals.
> And yet, Doctorow the Author is—hopeful. The little guys win against overwhelming odds. Dystopias are held at bay. Even the bad guys, in defeat, are less likely to scorch the earth than simply resign with a show of grudging respect for a worthy opponent.
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I often get asked by readers - especially Pluralistic readers, which is heavy on scandals and corruption - how I keep going. Watts has the answer:
> Maybe it’s a fundamental difference in outlook. I’ve always regarded humans as self-glorified mammals, fighting endless and ineffective rearguard against their own brain stems; Cory seems to see us as more influenced by the angels of our better natures. Or maybe—maybe it’s not just his plots that are meant to be instructional.
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Maybe he’s deliberately showing us how we could behave as a species, in the same way he shows us how to fuck with DRM or foil face-recognition tech. Maybe it’s not that he subscribes to some Pollyanna vision of what we are; maybe he’s showing us what we could be.
Got it in one, Peter.
And...
It's also about what happens if we don't get better.
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Writing on his "Economics From the Top Down" blog, @blair_fix - a heterodox economist and sharp critic of oligarchy - publishes a *Red Team Blues* review that nails the "or else" in my books, and does it with *graphs*:
https://economicsfromthetopdown.com/2023/05/13/red-team-blues-cory-doctorows-anti-finance-thriller/
Fix surfaces the latent point in my work that inequality is destabilizing - that spectacular violence is downstream of making a society that has nothing to offer for the majority of us.
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How do you tell the story of plutocratic crime? If you're Cory Doctorow, you write a detective novel about a forensic accountant. It's a must-read book that sheds light on the often-ignored world of elite finance.
As Marty Hench, the 67 year old forensic accountant protagonist of *Red Team Blues* says,
> Finance crime is a necessary component of violent crime. Even the most devoted sadist needs a business model, or he will have to get a real job.
Fix agrees, and shows us that murders go up with inequality.
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How do you tell the story of plutocratic crime? If you're Cory Doctorow, you write a detective novel about a forensic accountant. It's a must-read book that sheds light on the often-ignored world of elite finance.
Which is why, while the average private eye is a kind of "cop who gets to bend the rules of policing"; Hench is "a kind of uber IRS agent who gets to work in 'sneaky ways that aren’t available to the taxman.'"
This observation segues into a fascinating, data-informed look at the way that science fiction reflects our fears and aspirations about wider social phenomenon - for example, the popularity of the word "#cyberpunk" closely tracks rising incarceration rates.
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(It's not a coincidence that the next Marty Hench book, "The Bezzle," is about prisons and prison-tech; it's out in Feb 2024:)
https://us.macmillan.com/books/9781250865878/thebezzle
I'm out on tour with *Red Team Blues* right now, with upcoming stops in the #DC area, #Toronto, the UK, and then #Berlin:
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I've just added another Berlin stop, on June 8, at #Otherland, Berlin's amazing sf/f bookstore:
https://twitter.com/otherlandberlin/status/1657082021011701761
I hope you'll come along! I've been meeting a lot of people on this tour who confess that while they've read my blogs and essays for years, they've never picked up one of my books. If you're one of those readers, let me assure you, *it is not too late*!
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As you've read above, my fiction is very much a continuation of my nonfiction by other means - but it's also the place where I bring my hope as well as my dismay and anger. I'm told it makes for a very good combination.
If you're still wavering, maybe this will sway you: the blogging and essays are either free or very low-paid, and they're *heavily* subsidized by my fiction.
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If you enjoy my nonfiction, buying my novels is the best way to say thank you and to ensure a continuing supply of both.
But novels are by no means a dreary duty - fiction is a delight, and after a couple decades at it, I've come to grudgingly concede - impostor syndrome notwithstanding - that I'm pretty good at it.
I hope you'll agree.
--
Image:
Robert Miller (modified)
https://www.flickr.com/photos/12463666@N03/52721565937
CC BY 2.0
https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/2.0/
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Cory Doctorow
Max Kaehn
mariafarrell