Chickpeas at risk!

Internationally renowned plant virus researcher Dr Stephan Winter retires

After almost 30 years of service, the head of the Department of Plant Viruses at the Leibniz Institute DSMZ in Braunschweig is retiring

Viruses Of Plants And Animals

#AnimalVirus, #DiscoveryOfVirus, #PlantVirus, #TMV, #TobaccoMosaicVirus, #Virus, #VirusProperties #Virology Viruses of plant and animal differ greatly in shape. They do not have some characteristic…

Cultivation Of Plant Virus

#Cultivation, #CultivationOfVirus, #PlantVirus, #Virus #Virology Plant virus can be cultivated by direct mechanical Inoculation of virus suspension by rubbing on leaves of living plants. This…. Med…

Robust Approaches to the Quantitative Analysis of Genome Formula Variation in Multipartite and Segmented Viruses

When viruses have segmented genomes, the set of frequencies describing the abundance of segments is called the genome formula. The genome formula is often unbalanced and highly variable for both segmented and multipartite viruses. A growing number of studies are quantifying the genome formula to measure its effects on infection and to consider its ecological and evolutionary implications. Different approaches have been reported for analyzing genome formula data, including qualitative description, applying standard statistical tests such as ANOVA, and customized analyses. However, these approaches have different shortcomings, and test assumptions are often unmet, potentially leading to erroneous conclusions. Here, we address these challenges, leading to a threefold contribution. First, we propose a simple metric for analyzing genome formula variation: the genome formula distance. We describe the properties of this metric and provide a framework for understanding metric values. Second, we explain how this metric can be applied for different purposes, including testing for genome-formula differences and comparing observations to a reference genome formula value. Third, we re-analyze published data to illustrate the applications and weigh the evidence for previous conclusions. Our re-analysis of published datasets confirms many previous results but also provides evidence that the genome formula can be carried over from the inoculum to the virus population in a host. The simple procedures we propose contribute to the robust and accessible analysis of genome-formula data.

The Dicer-like Protein 4 and RNA-dependent RNA Polymerase 6 are Involved in Tomato Torrado Virus Pathogenesis in Nicotiana benthamiana

Abstract. Tomato torrado virus (ToTV) is a type member of the Torradovirus genus in the Secoviridae family known to cause severe necrosis in susceptible tomato