Subject: Autistic ‘black and white’ thinking.

It's framed as a deficit often seen in autism, but... is it that simple?  

Autistic people are traditionally criticized for our inflexibility, or cognitive rigidity.

But I think this isn’t the whole picture.

To start with what we know, here are ten things we autistic people generally have in common (refs at the end of the thread):

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#Autism #Neurodivergent #ActuallyAutistic #AuDHD #Neurodiversity

1. Autistic people like to base our positions and decisions on data.

2. We’re into justice, and fairness.

3. And logic (which is, I feel, a good strategy for bringing about more fairness).

4. We're not comfortable trusting reassurances without evidence.

5. We like clarity. Lack of clarity can make us anxious.

6. We think probabilistically / statistically.

⬇️

7. We can be a bit like pattern-seeking missiles.

8. When new evidence comes to light, we’re generally adaptable – even if it takes a minute.

9. That said, we may dig in our heels about things (like change) when we’re anxious or scared.

10. We like gathering data, and interactions that are a true exchange of information.

But none of this amounts to cognitive rigidity or ‘black and white’ thinking 🤔

⬇️

Probability patterns (based upon data) are many shades of grey.

Not black or white.

I’m starting to think the ‘rigidity’ thing may be down to a misunderstanding?

I’m sometimes told I’m being ‘black and white’ when I point at a logical inconsistency in someone’s reasoning.

I don’t want to be annoying, but I like clarity in parameters and definitions… or else (stands to reason) we’ll never see each other’s points of view!

And, sometimes, people don’t like this 🤨

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Ok, I can see why school management doesn’t like it – e.g. in a public consultation when they’re pushing through a policy that goes against the kids and parents, while justifying it with arguments that are a) logically inconsistent, and b) funnily, involve them taking no responsibility.

I’m also told I’m bad at ‘just trusting’ – that I’m suspicious.

“But,” I protest, “it’s just that I like evidence. Um – where’s the data, please?”

⬇️

#Data #Clarity #ActuallyAutistic

Zooming in here…

And dividing this into 4 strands (I know: very autistic 😊 ):

1. Clarity vs rigidity;
2. Probabilistic vs local thinking;
3. Cognitive vs social uncertainty;
4. Are we right not to ‘just trust’?

And addressing them one by one:

⬇️

1: Clarity vs rigidity.

Clarity is about:
- Explicit parameters
- Defined variables
- Stated assumptions
- Predictable processes

Rigidity is about:
- Refusal to update
- Low tolerance for model revision
- Over-attachment to a rule regardless of new evidence

A probabilistic thinker can be extremely non-rigid, while still demanding clarity.

In fact, probability thinking requires flexibility.

You constantly update priors when new data arrives. That’s Bayesian, not rigid 🥰

⬇️

2: Probability thinking and autism.

There’s growing discussion in cognitive science that many autistic people:
- Prefer system-level pattern detection
- Track contingencies more explicitly
- Think in conditional structures (“if X, then Y”)
- Notice statistical irregularities

That isn’t black-and-white thinking.
That’s model-based reasoning.

If anything, it can tolerate uncertainty better, because uncertainty is explicitly modeled rather than socially smoothed over.

⬇️

3: Conceptual vs social uncertainty.

Many autistic people seem to tolerate:
- Conceptual ambiguity
- Abstract uncertainty
- Complex models
- Open-ended questions

But we do struggle with:
- Unstated social rules
- Hidden expectations
- Implicit hierarchy shifts
- Unpredictable human behavior

So the discomfort isn’t with uncertainty per se. It’s with unmodeled variables.

Which ties in with discomfort with social reassurance, e.g. with trusting “everything will be fine.”

⬇️

4: Are we right not to ‘just trust’?

Many neurotypical social systems run on:
- Emotional smoothing
- Implicit trust
- Status-based reassurance
- Norm enforcement through vibe rather than data

If you’ve repeatedly experienced (and many autistic people have; refs at the end):
- Broken promises
- Social insecurity and unpredictability
- Rule inconsistencies and injustices

Then vague reassurance doesn’t reduce uncertainty – it increases it!

⬇️

So the demand for clarity isn’t rigidity.
It’s risk management.

Even if sometimes, due to habituation and chronic distress, I think we may ‘bunker in’ and be quite frustratingly intransigent, e.g. in human interactions.

But that may be more a question of ‘once bitten, twice shy’ rather than anything intrinsic to us.

⬇️

#Autism #Anxiety #RiskManagement

I think we autistics might know all this in our bones. In our hearts. Somewhere, anyway… but usually on an instinctive level.

Even if we’re not aware of our reasons or motivations, and instead struggle with shame and self-doubt (just as we’re encouraged and socialized to do).

But… clarity is the enemy of oppression!

It replaces confusion with transparency. It throws light on the landscape 🔦

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#PowerDynamics #SocialHierarchies #EpistemicInjustice

I think our bones are right.

In fact, I think embracing a reasoning style based on data, patterns, and probability could be a huge bonus for everyone.

As – objectively speaking – it could pave the road for authenticity, equity, and justice to replace former murkiness, power plays, and empty promises.

End of 🧵

References below 👇

Refs:
Arendt, H. Truth and Politics
https://german.yale.edu/sites/default/files/arendt.truth_and_politicslying_in_politics.pdf
- Explores why factual truth is politically fragile, and how organised lying distorts shared reality.

Beasant, L. et al. (2023) autistic adults’ views on RCT randomisation and blinding (open access, PMC)
https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC11134970/
- Here, autistic adults emphasised the need for clear explanations of how decisions are made.

more below👇

Bloom, P. Against Empathy: The Case for Rational Compassion
- Argues empathy can be biased and spotlight-driven, and defends rational compassion as a better moral guide.

Demetriou, E.A. et al. (2018) executive function meta-analysis (Molecular Psychiatry)
https://www.nature.com/articles/mp201775
- Meta-analysis showing executive-function differences in autism relating to flexibility.

more below 👇

Autism spectrum disorders: a meta-analysis of executive function - Molecular Psychiatry

Evidence of executive dysfunction in autism spectrum disorders (ASD) across development remains mixed and establishing its role is critical for guiding diagnosis and intervention. The primary objectives of this meta-analysis is to analyse executive function (EF) performance in ASD, the fractionation across EF subdomains, the clinical utility of EF measures and the influence of multiple moderators (for example, age, gender, diagnosis, measure characteristics). The Embase, Medline and PsychINFO databases were searched to identify peer-reviewed studies published since the inclusion of Autism in DSM-III (1980) up to end of June 2016 that compared EF in ASD with neurotypical controls. A random-effects model was used and moderators were tested using subgroup analysis. The primary outcome measure was Hedges’ g effect size for EF and moderator factors. Clinical sensitivity was determined by the overlap percentage statistic (OL%). Results were reported according to the PRISMA (Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses) guidelines. A total of 235 studies comprising 14 081 participants were included (N, ASD=6816, Control=7265). A moderate overall effect size for reduced EF (Hedges’ g=0.48, 95% confidence interval (CI) 0.43–0.53) was found with similar effect sizes across each domain. The majority of moderator comparisons were not significant although the overall effect of executive dysfunction has gradually reduced since the introduction of ASD. Only a small number of EF measures achieved clinical sensitivity. This study confirms a broad executive dysfunction in ASD that is relatively stable across development. The fractionation of executive dysfunction into individual subdomains was not supported, nor was diagnostic sensitivity. Development of feasible EF measures focussing on clinical sensitivity for diagnosis and treatment studies should be a priority.

Nature

Farmer at el. (2017) consistent decision-making in autism (open PDF copy)
https://docs.autismresearchcentre.com/papers/2017_Farmer_People-with-ASCs-make-more-consistent-decisions.pdf
- Finds autistic people to make more consistent choices in a decoy-effect decision task.

Farmer, P. Pathologies of Power: Health, Human Rights, and the New War on the Poor
- How ‘structural violence’ produces suffering & why naming power works towards real-world change.

Freire, P. Pedagogy of the Oppressed
- Connects oppression & liberation to social, learning, & language frameworks

more below 👇

Fricker, M. Epistemic Injustice: Power and the Ethics of Knowing
- Defines how power wrongs people, incl. how society lacks concepts to describe harms.

Hollocks et al. (2025). Cognitive flexibility mediates the associations between perceived stress, social camouflaging and mental health challenges in autistic adults. Autism Research, 18(8), 1595–1607. https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/full/10.1002/aur.70061
- Higher stress in autistic people was linked to worse anxiety/depression & more rigid thinking.

more below 👇

Jameel, L. et al. (2015) clear-cut vs ambiguous social rules (UCL PDF)
https://discovery.ucl.ac.uk/1469956/1/Jameel%20et%20al.%20Great%20Expectations.pdf
- Looks at whether social rules are clear-cut or ambiguous and measures responses as a direct test of rule clarity.

Jin, P. et al. (2020) fairness games in autism (open access, PMC)
https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC7137314/
- Uses economic fairness tasks to compare fairness-related choices in autistic and non-autistic groups.

more below 👇

Karvelis, P. et al. (2018) Bayesian visual integration and autistic traits (open access, PMC)
https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC5966274/
- Tests autistic traits in Bayesian integration and links traits to stronger perception via more precise sensory information.

Li, J. et al. (2014) moral judgement and cooperation in autism (open access, PMC)
https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC3945921/
- Relates moral judgements in autism to cooperation behaviour in a game context.

more below 👇

Autistic traits, but not schizotypy, predict increased weighting of sensory information in Bayesian visual integration

Recent theories propose that schizophrenia/schizotypy and autistic spectrum disorder are related to impairments in Bayesian inference that is, how the brain integrates sensory information (likelihoods) with prior knowledge. However existing accounts ...

PubMed Central (PMC)

Orwell, G. (1946) “Politics and the English Language”
https://www.orwellfoundation.com/the-orwell-foundation/orwell/essays-and-other-works/politics-and-the-english-language/
- Shows how vague language protects cruelty & frames clarity as resistance to manipulation.

Pellicano, E. & Burr, D. (2012) Bayesian explanation of autistic perception (UCL record)
https://discovery.ucl.ac.uk/id/eprint/1476122/
- A Bayesian framing of autistic perception showing how priors and uncertainty differ in shaping experience.

End of refs.

Politics and the English Language | The Orwell Foundation

"Political language... is designed to make lies sound truthful and murder respectable, and to give an appearance of solidity to pure wind."

The Orwell Foundation
@KatyElphinstone Amazing, couldn't agree more. And beyond autistic people I think it applies to most highly sensitive, deep thinking people. Because to us it's logic, which is needed to reason. Also why insensitive people don't like us a lot of times I think, as we reinforce their cognitive dissonance.
@simondassow @KatyElphinstone ADHD person here, and the whole thread is giving me good feelings. I can relate, probably bcs I'm ticking that way, too, at least to an extent.
Thanks a lot!
@KatyElphinstone Thank you so much for this thread!

@KatyElphinstone

THANK YOU FOR THIS THREAD. SO MUCH.

I am often accused of being inflexible or overly stubborn, and it's not either of those things. I just want clarity. I want information. I want to KNOW. I want to UNDERSTAND.

And frankly if having strong morals and actually sticking to them makes me rigid to the assholes trying to make me go against them, then fuck 'em. I know what's right and what's wrong, dammit, and I'm constantly working on improving myself and undoing the unconscious biases society drilled into me.

My fellow autistic people are the best. I know where I am with them, and I know that if we have different beliefs we can talk about them safely without shouting or intimidation.

@KatyElphinstone

I do wonder how different cultural contexts come into play here.

An autistic friend of mine from South Africa who immigrated to Germany says she appreciates how people here generally mean what they say and are much more explicit with their chains of reasoning.

Currently she is back in South Africa due to a family emergency, and already a lot of people are getting on her nerves in how vague they are with everything.

@juergen_hubert @KatyElphinstone personally I really enjoy working with Germans for this reason.

"Good Morning, I have a problem"
"Good Morning, let me help you with your problem"

It seems they got the software update missing in most people. The perfect amount of small talk for most situations.

@naturepunk @KatyElphinstone

German business culture also encourages addressing problems directly and frankly, even in front of your superiors, in a way that would be considered deeply offensive or insubordinate in other cultures.

The general attitude is that if you are the expert on something, and you see a problem, then it's your responsibility to notify your superiors that there is a problem. Then it is _their_ responsibility to choose whether or not to act on it. They might still overrule you - and might in fact have good reasons for doing so - but they need to have all the information to make a good decision.

@juergen_hubert @naturepunk @KatyElphinstone I’ve long wondered about the role neurodiversity plays into cultural norms. After all, if genetics play a strong role, a localised group could reinforce traits over generations…
@juergen_hubert @KatyElphinstone I (British) had a singing teacher originally from Germany who has had similar feelings about the vague indirect communication here, and enjoyed that when teaching me we could both say exactly what we meant.
@juergen_hubert @KatyElphinstone it also works the other way around, in my experience. I grew up in Germany and moved to Ireland and out of sudden every social misstep was interpreted as "ah, she's just German and still adapting to the Irish ways" and every autistic thing I did was interpreted as "Germanness" and as such readily accepted, rather than called out and criticised. I really enjoyed my personal freedom in Ireland as a foreigner haha.

@tizlit

I think I loved living in Italy so much, for the same reason.
I was just weird and British 😂

@juergen_hubert

@KatyElphinstone Awesome thread. It resonated so much. I am at heart a scientific reasoner but I have been socially programmed to calculate risk vs. reward in every social interaction. *Every* social interaction.

Anyway, thank you for making me feel seen and understood by at least one other person in this world.

What @qwyrdo said! Thank you @KatyElphinstone your threads always help me reframe or articulate things that I kind of know but are *waggles fingers* nebulous in my brain.

@peatbogfaery @qwyrdo

Really happy to hear that, thank you 😊

@KatyElphinstone
Thanks for your elaborate thread. I have three points to address if it doesn't bother:
a. Could you perhaps combine your thread in a paper, complete with all the references?
b. I tend to think we don't have a personality disorder, we're just experiencing the next level of human brain-evolution.
c. I've experienced painful disappointments where my loyalty dictated to go along with the 'just trust'-tendency disregarding all the warning signs from my autistic self.

@apenkop

I am so sorry but I've just seen your post - so much has been happening that I think I've missed a few things!

Yes, I've saved the link to this thread and I will make it into an article. With complete references.

Perhaps not immediately as there is a lot going on at the moment.

Thank you 🙏😊

@KatyElphinstone That’s great! Looking forward to it. Meanwhile jumping for joy. 😁
@KatyElphinstone Karvelis et al is excellent, the first time I've ever seen research backing this specific trait, thank you!

@gra

Yes, I also found that study super interesting.

@KatyElphinstone If I may sum up:

(1) Neurotypicals are the ones who are rigid, not #autistics! They have a hardwired set of assumptions and mental reflexes that facilitate efficient interaction with common environments (especially social environments) but can fail very badly outside their native domain. What I call the #EnvironmentalYoke.

(2) Autistics appear to pay a heavy price for our disconnect from the hardwired social interactions at which neurotypicals are so facile, but it is a FIXED price, paid up front. In return we get a potentially unlimited income stream of principled insights into how the world — the WHOLE world, not just the socially relevant part — REALLY works.

(3) Given (1) and (2), no wonder evolution keeps inflicting our kind on a bewildered neurotypical social world that sees nothing in us but weirdness and inefficiency.

(4) Your references appear to be a gold mine of resources for giving detail and concreteness to the very general concept of an #EnvironmentalYoke.

@autistics

@dedicto

Thank you.
Lovely summary!

@autistics

@KatyElphinstone @autistics Between "theory of mind deficits", "restricted interests", and now "rigid thinking", it's starting to look as though neurotypicals commenting on autistics is a case of "Every accusation is a confession".
@dedicto @KatyElphinstone @autistics
Projection. Yes, I've suspected this for a while, right down to the origin of the word "autistic" being "a person's retreat from reality into their own subjective world".

@dedicto

Well yes!!

This is a series of threads I'm doing on "is it really a deficit?"

So.... There will be more to come 😊

@autistics

@dedicto @KatyElphinstone @autistics everything I've heard about autistic people from neurotypicals is something more true of them. E.g. once someone around me said autism is just when someone thinks they're always right, or something like that. I, as an autistic person who's very frustrated with that behavior from neurotypicals, suggested that that's true of most people who are not autistic. Everyone laughed at me as if they had just discovered that I'm autistic and I was still in the dark 🙃

@raphaelmorgan

Yes, it looks like classic (collective) projection!

@dedicto @autistics

@KatyElphinstone Collective is the operative word. The 'hive' mind, versus independent thought. To step out of the comfort zone of conventional thinking, is to separate from the herd.
But I find their 'comfort' uncomfortably claustrophobic. I prefer to know where I am going.
@raphaelmorgan @dedicto @autistics
@KatyElphinstone I am glad to hear I am not the only autistic person who thinks this way. I thought that all autistic people did, until recently I picked up a book of Greta Thunberg speeches, and I was confused when the second speech said, "I have Asperger's syndrome, and to me, almost everything is black or white." I thought back to when I was living with my parents, and they would get annoyed at me for saying things like, "I think its important to acknowledge that while that's effectively true in this case, it isn't technically the truth, and would lead to the wrong decision in some cases." Like, what could be more grey lol.

@jessica

I've also wondered about Greta Thunberg saying that.

I think what she maybe means is that there's clarity on things, for her. Which would make what she's saying pretty similar to what's laid out here. She's probably been accused many times of being "black and white" because of it.

@KatyElphinstone @jessica Maybe she meant "all or nothing"?

Sentences like "Yes, the planet is dying, but think of the share holders", or "Yes, we should save the environment, but actually doing anything is inconvenient, so maybe not?" just don't sit right for anyone thinking this through.

Hell, yes, we do need to do whatever it takes to save the environment. Seeing that as non-negotiable and not wanting to tone it down for the sake of profit or convenience would be perceived as "inflexible black and white thinking" by anyone who has a "more flexible" view of the situation and weighs profit or convenience against long term survivability.

Weighing the pros and cons of saving the environment and deciding that nothing is worth causing even more destruction seems reasonable to me, but is of course as "black and white" as it can get.

@everythingalsocan @KatyElphinstone @jessica

I was thinking on these lines as well. I can probably be described as "black-and-white" when I have taken an ethical stand that shows high congruence with my moral principles (emphasis on "high congruence"... I will have likely evaluated it across multiple fronts), or if it is logically sound, with high consistency across multiple "models" of understanding the world.

I do change my mind if I'm shown some effort to demonstrate that a different opinion would have higher congruence with observations of reality and moral stands. Then I will need time to think (i.e. "run the new opinion through a couple of models").

If people wants a quick change of mind just to appease, or with no clear reason, no, sorry, I've put a lot of energy and thought into this. I expect the same in return.

@marsiposa @everythingalsocan @KatyElphinstone @jessica reminded of an argument with library management last year where they asked how would I feel if another party said that I should organize all the books by color and I immediately said well I would discuss about some of the reasons we have it organized the way that it is, point out that color as indicator is not accessible, etc. etc. and the manager kinda harrumphed, conceded that I had a point, but that I was still wrong to voice an opinion
@instantiatethis what. No voicing your opinion on a practical matter that affects you directly? 😅 that way of thinking is so foreign to me.
@marsiposa something something about the job needing to be welcoming and developing partnerships and I am a poor communicator if I don't do that. Its been a whole stressful thing where my normally flying at least a little under the neurospice radar has become sooooo obvious because I just cannot with them

@instantiatethis well, no use to argue but imho it's better to communicate from the start where you stand, so that no confusion is amplified down the road. I'm sorry it's been stressful  

This conversation made me think that a good answer to implement in those cases could be what (I've read somewhere) Inuit parents tell their children: "we'll see what we can do". Which is basically a way to say: not right now, but I'll think about it. By the next day, the kid / coworker may have forgotten, or you may have found a way to bridge their demands, or you can always repeat the same thing until you can say "no".

@KatyElphinstone @jessica

While I have nothing but respect for Greta Thunberg and her multiple causes, we must not forget she is primarily a public and political figure. What we see, what she says, is carefully crafted to serve those causes. While I don't doubt for a second she is Autistic, she could very well uses this as a way to say and do things she otherwise could not.

Masking is a form of protection, but it can also be a tool, or even a weapon. I'm convinced the Greta we see is a persona. Very close to the real her, but some things hidden and some exaggerated. That "black and white" thing might be more a communication tool than a real trait of her.

@KatyElphinstone @jessica I tend to think I get black and white around principles, specifically, where allistics are happy to compromise / turn a blind eye.
@KatyElphinstone @jessica I think the distinction there is that it wasn't grey. It was "no, it's black and white, in a specific arrangement. If you look at it properly they're clearly separated."