*#DEhistory The Rise of #Fascism in #Germany*
[My amended translation of the text by Germany’s Federal Agency for Political Education (#BPB) a 🧵 ]
👉 *#Hindenburg appoints #Hitler as Reich Chancellor
Editorial*
[How the first German Democracy was lost in the #WeimarRepublic]👈
On January 30, 1933, Reich President #PaulVonHindenburg appointed the then leader (“#Führer”) of the #NSDAP, #AdolfHitler as Reich Chancellor...
(#Reichskanzler) of the #DeutscheReich–a decision with a long history + far-reaching consequences.
(The photo shows #AdolfHitler as the new Reich Chancellor on January 30, 1933, after the first meeting of the Reich Cabinet in the Reich Chancellery in #Berlin. (© German Federal Archives))
👉 When #AdolfHitler was appointed Reich Chancellor of the #WeimarRepublic [bei President #Hindenburg] in January 1933, the young republic had already endured almost four years of economic, political +...
...social crisis.👈 A key driver of this phase was the 1929 global economic crisis.
Rapidly rising unemployment in particular posed a challenge to democratic systems worldwide. The crisis also destabilized the #WeimarRepublic, which was already burdened by high reparations obligations [for WWI] under the #TreatyOfVersailles, and a lack of support in large parts of society.
In 1930, the grand coalition of the #SPD (the Social-Democratic Party of Germany), the German Democratic Party (#DDP),...
...the Bavarian People's Party (#BVP), the German People's Party (#DVP) and the German Centre Party (#Zentrum) 👉 collapsed over the question of whether unemployment insurance contributions should be increased or unemployment benefits reduced.👈 [aka #SocialSecurity insurance]
Following the resignation of the government, Reich President #PaulVonHindenburg appointed [several successive politicians as #PresidentialCabinets.
At first, he appointed] the #Zentrum politician #HeinrichBrüning as
...Reich Chancellor just a few days later and tasked him with forming a new cabinet. #Brüning's government, which was formed w/o negotiations between the parties, was the 1st of the so-called 5 #PresidentialCabinets of the #WeimarRepublic. This term was used to describe the governments between 1930 and 1933, which ruled with the support of the Reich President, but without and in some cases against the parliamentary majority, 👉by means of emergency decrees.👈
This made the presidential...
...cabinets unstable – 👉 the period up to 1933 was therefore marked by a back-and-forth between emergency decrees, their repeal by parliament, multiple dissolutions of the #Reichstag, + subsequent new elections.👈
(Source text: #Weimar Constitution + presidential cabinets)
The so-called presidential cabinets of the #WeimarRepublic were made possible by the role of the Reich President in the #WeimarRepublic.
The Office of the #ReichPresident, who was directly elected by the people, was...
...established in the #Weimar Constitution as a counterweight to parliament – and was endowed with extensive powers.👈 Among other things, he could...
• dissolve the #Reichstag (Art. 25) almost at will. A new election had to take place no later than 60 days after the dissolution.
• 👉 appoint and dismiss the Reich Chancellor and, on his recommendation, the Reich Ministers [Secretaries of the Chancellor’s Cabinet] (Art. 53). There was no provision for the #Reichstag to elect the...
...Chancellor.👈 All cabinet members required the confidence of the #Reichstag. However, this was assumed as long as parliament did not pass a vote of no confidence.
• 👉 declare a #StateOfEmergency and take the “necessary measures” if “public safety and order in the #DeutscheReich are significantly disturbed” (Art. 48, para. 2), i.e., deploy the military domestically and even “temporarily” suspend certain fundamental rights.👈
The #Reichstag could demand the repeal of these...
... measures by a simple majority (Article 48, para. 3) An implementing 👉 law under Article 48, para. 5, which would have eliminated the danger of abuse of these powers by the Reich President, was never enacted.👈
The National Socialist German Workers' Party (#NSDAP) won more and more votes in these #Reichstag elections. The #Reichstag election on September 14, 1930, brought the #NSDAP major gains: after receiving just 2.6 percent of the vote in 1928, it now won 18.3 percent of the vote..
...and, with 107 members of parliament, 👉 became the second strongest faction in the #Reichstag after the #SPD.👈
*The two #Reichstag elections of 1932*
👉 In the election on July 31, 1932, 37.4 percent of voters voted for the #NSDAP. This made it the strongest force in the new #Reichstag.👈 However, #Hindenburg did not appoint #Hitler, the #NSDAP party leader and parliamentary group leader, as chancellor. On the basis of emergency decree law, Reich Chancellor #FranzVonPapen (#Zentrum)..
...remained in office for the time being. After a vote of no confidence in #VonPapen by parliament, new #Reichstag elections were held on November 6, 1932.
👉 [#Hitler’s] #NationalSocialists lost around two million votes, but with a lower turnout, they were once again the strongest faction in parliament with 33.1 percent of the vote.👈 After the election, #Hindenburg offered #Hitler the opportunity to form a parliamentary majority government.
However, the #NSDAP chairman demanded the...
...leadership of a presidential cabinet – #Hindenburg refused + subsequently appointed the independent #KurtVonSchleicher as Reich Chancellor. But his chancellorship was also short-lived: on January 28, 1933, #VonSchleicher resigned, having lost the support of Reich 👉 President #Hindenburg; his plans to maintain authoritarian power + split the #NDSAP had not worked out.👈
*Hitler becomes Reich Chancellor*
👉 On January 30, 1933, #Hitler achieved his goal: #Hindenburg appointed him
...Reich Chancellor + dissolved the #Reichstag again.👈
👉#Hitler's calculation that he would win an absolute majority in the subsequent elections on March 5 did not work out, but the gains for the #NSDAP were enormous: 43.9 percent of the votes cast went to the NSDAP. 👈 Although it was initially dependent on a coalition with the German National People's Party (#DNVP), it was now unstoppable on its path to the final erosion of the #Weimar democracy. 👉The separation of powers, the rule...
*#DEhistory The Rise of #Fascism in #Germany*
a 🧵
...of law, and parliamentary democracy were gradually abolished.👈
👉 Just one and a half years later, the #Nazi #Dictatorship was cemented👈 by, among other things,
• the banning of political parties,
• the dissolution of state parliaments,
• the destruction of trade unions,
•the #Gleichschaltung [#Alignment; enforced conformity] of associations,
• and the abolition of fundamental rights...
...In August of 1934, #Hitler officially had himself confirmed as "Führer and Reich Chancellor," 👉thereby dictatorially combining the offices of head of state, head of government, commander-in-chief, and supreme judge /sole chief justice.👈
More detailed information and descriptions of the transition from the
#WeimarRepublic to the #NationalSocialist #Dictatorship can be found here:
#ReinhardSturm: Destruction of #Democracy 1930-1933
#HansUlrichThamer: The...
...Beginning of #NationalSocialist Rule
Current background: Internal link: Reichstag Passes Enabling Act
Hans-Ulrich Thamer: Internal link: Abolition of the #RuleOfLaw
Hans-Ulrich Thamer: Internal link: Causes of #NationalSocialism...
...
//
Source of main text's translation from #German:
https://www.bpb.de/kurz-knapp/hintergrund-aktuell/263635/hindenburg-ernennt-hitler-zum-reichskanzler/ @bpb
ce n'est pas la seule république allemande qui "avait connue 4 années difficile", mais le monde, à cause de la crise #BOURSIÈRE de #1929
Donc c'est un contexte qui démontre que l'Oligarchie occidentale préféra Hilter au front populaire
*La Crise économique mondiale de 1929*
C'est vrai, c'etait une crise global, mais le texte ne la réduit a l'Allemagne:
"La hausse rapide du chômage, en particulier, a posé un défi 👉aux systèmes démocratiques du monde entier.👈 La crise a également déstabilisé la République de Weimar, déjà👉 accablée par les lourdes obligations de réparation [pour la Première Guerre mondiale] imposées par le traité de Versailles👈 et par👉 le manque...
... de soutien d'une grande partie de la société.👈"
Alors, il faut souligner plusieurs choses:
1) La Crise économique mondiale n'était seulement une crise boursière, mais de toute la économie.
2) Elle n'a même pas commencé par une crise boursière, mais par une bulle immobilière en #Floride : due à un surinvestissement dans les maisons de vacances (d'après mes souvenirs d'un livre d'histoire économique).
3) La grande majorité des Allemands sentait que "la pace de...: @InternetDev @bpb
... #Versailles" avait été injuste, aleurs de la #revanchisme.
"#JohnMaynardKeynes a fait valoir que les réparations imposées à l'Allemagne après la Première Guerre mondiale étaient excessivement sévères et conduiraient à la ruine économique, comme il l'a expliqué en détail dans son ouvrage « Les conséquences économiques de la paix ». Il estimait qu'une approche plus clémente était nécessaire pour garantir la stabilité en Europe et prévenir de futurs conflits.
4) Une partie @InternetDev @bpb
les principaux accusés. Dans le langage nazi, ils étaient dénigrés et qualifiés de « bolcheviks juifs », de « compagnons sans patrie » ou de « criminels de novembre »." (Wiki)
5) Finalment, il n'avait eu une Révolution #française ou une la guerre d'indépendance #américaine. La "révolution de 1848 était sens grandes conséquences: le sentiment démocratique était assez fort dans une grande partie de la population.
Dans cette environ explosif tombait le chômage,...
... l'#hyperinflation * en 1923 et la crise boursière.
L'hyperinflation était le résultat des costes de la première guerre mondiale et de des réparations exorbitantes.
//
Oui mais ça, il ne pouvaient s'en prendre qu'à eux mêmes
Tandis que 29, j'imagine mal que les infos de l'époque aient bien informé les gens que c'était la bourse Casino qui les avaient niquée
Qu'un cynique connard comme Hitter retourne sa population contre les juifs, c''est ce qu'on voit aussi en France, où pour cacher les saloperies (enrichissement des milliardaires) de Sarkozy Macron Hollande, Medias et putains politiciennes préfèrent faire diversion sur des bouc-émissaires
HistoPol (#HP) 🏴 🇺🇸 🏴
InternetDev-Anti-Communicant🍉