Theravada Buddhism
Theravada is Buddhism’s oldest existing “school.” Theravada Buddhism emerged from the Sthavira Nikaya. One of the early schools that formed after the 1st schisms in the Buddhist community (the Sangha) roughly 200-300 years after THE Buddha’s death.
The “school’s” followers, called Theravadins (Anglicized from Pali theravadi) have presented their version of the Buddha’s teaching or Dhammain the Pali Canon for over 2 millennia. As of 2010, Theravada with 36% Buddhists belonging to Theravada, compared to 53% of Mahayana Buddhism.
In the 3rd century BCE, the Indian Emperor Ashoka converted to Buddhism. He sent his son, Mahinda, to Sri Lanka. From Sri Lanka, Theravada spread across Southeast Asia. Today, it’s dominant religion in Sri Lanka, Thailand, Myanmar (Burma), Cambodia, & Laos.
Unlike Mahayana Buddhism (which often used Sanskrit), Theravada preserved its scriptures in Pali, a Middle Indo-Aryan language closely related to what THE Buddha likely spoke.
The Pali Canon is the most complete Buddhist canon surviving in a classical Indian language, Pali, which serves as the school’s sacred language & lingua franca. Lingua franca is a language systematically used to make communication possible between groups of people who don’t share a native language or dialect, particularly when it’s a 3rd language that’s distinct from both of the speakers’ native language.
In contrast to Mahayana & Vajrayana, Theravada tends to be conservative in matters of doctrine (pariyatti) & monastic discipline (vinaya). One element of this conservatism is the fact that Theravada rejects the authenticity of the Mahayana sutras (which showed up circa 1st century BCE onwards).
Therefore, Theravada, generally, doesn’t recognize the existence of many Buddhas & bodhisattva believed by the Mahayana “school,” because they aren’t found in their scriptures. The Theravada path is often described as analytical (Vibhajjavada). It focuses on the individual’s effort to gain liberation without the aid of gods or divine intervention.
Theravada is the official religion of Sri Lanka, Myanmar, & Cambodia. It’s the main dominant Buddhist sect in Laos & Thailand. There are pockets of followers around the world.
In Theravada, the ultimate spiritual goal is to become an Arahant. An Arahant is a “perfected person” who has attained Nirvana & will not be reborn. This differs from the Mahayana “Bodhisattva” idea, which focuses on delaying one’s own Nirvana to save all sentient beings.
Theravada meditation focuses, intensely on realizing these 3 truths:
The 4 Noble Truths serve as the “medical diagnosis” of the human condition:
One of the most distinct features of Theravada culture is the symbiotic relationship between the Sangha (monks) & the Laity (laypeople). Monks are the “field of merit.” They live by the Vinaya (227 rules of discipline), renouncing money, sex, & evening meals to focus entirely on meditation & study.
Laypeople provide food, robes, & medicine to the monks. In return, they receive spiritual guidance & “make merit” (punna), which ensures a better rebirth in the next life.
In Theravada, Buddhaghosa is the “school’s” greatest scholar. If the Buddha provided the medicine, then Buddhaghosa wrote the 1,000-page Manuel on how to use it. Buddhaghosa was a Brahmin from India. He traveled to Sri Lanka to translate the Sinhalese commentaries back into Pali.
The Visuddhimagga (Path of Purification) is Buddhaghosa’s magnum opus. It’s categorized meditation into 40 different “objects” (such as breath, loving-kindness, or even the decomposition of bodies) to suit different personality types.
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Angkor Wat
This is a Theravada Buddhist temple complex & the largest religious complex in the world. It means “Temple City” or “City of Temples” in the Khmer language. It is located on a site measuring 162.6 hectares (401.8 acres; 1.6 km squared) within the ancient capital of Angkor. It was built between 1113 & 1150 during the reign of the Khmer King Suryavarman II. It originally was dedicated to the Hindu god, Vishnu.
From the late 13th century forward, the complex was/is a Buddhist temple & has remained an active center of Buddhist worship for centuries, specifically Theravada Buddhism. It’s a national symbol of Cambodia & shows up on the Cambodian flag. It’s also a UNESCO World Heritage Site, in 1992.
The temple’s architecture is a literal map of the Hindu universe. It’s commonly interpreted as a symbolic representation of Mount Meru. The 5 central towers represent the peaks of Mount Meru, the home of gods. While the massive moat represents the cosmic ocean surrounding the world.
Most Khmer temples face east. Angkor Wat faces the opposite way: west. In Hindu iconography, west is the direction associated with Vishnu. But it’s also the direction of the setting sun & death.
By the end of the 12th century, King Jayavarman VII was at the helm. Angkor Wat was then dedicated to Buddhism. Because the queen, Indradevi, was a devout Mahayana Buddhist. She encouraged the king to convert.
In the 20th century, a considerable effort was launched to clear the plant overgrowth & restore the Temple following centuries of disrepair. Conservation d’Angkor (Angkor Conservancy) was established by the Ecole Francaise d’Extreme-Orient (EFEO) in 1908. This organization was disbanded in 1975.
The Conservation d’Angkor was responsible for the research, conservation, & restoration carried out at Angkor until the early 1970s. Major restoration works were undertaken in the 1960s.
Cambodia gained independence from France on November 9, 1853 & has controlled the Angkor Wat site ever since.
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