Inonotus radiatus

https://www.mushroomexpert.com/Inonotus_radiatus.html

Ecology: Saprobic on the deadwood of hardwoods; causing a soft white rot; annual; growing alone, gregariously, or in shelving clusters; summer and fall (or over winter in warm climates); originally described from England; fairly widely distributed in North America from the Great Plains to the maritime provinces and through Mexico—and rare to occasional in the Pacific Northwest (primarily on alders); common in Europe. The illustrated and described collections are from Illinois and Missouri.

Cap: 3-8 cm across and 2-6 cm deep; semicircular to kidney-shaped in outline; often arranged in shelves and sometimes fused laterally with other caps; usually convex to planoconvex; very finely velvety when young, becoming bald with age; yellowish to orangish at first, becoming yellowish brown to tan and eventually darkening to dark brown or black; often zoned; the margin thin and often wrinkled.

Pore Surface: Grayish to yellowish brown when young, becoming darker brown; bruising brown when young and gray; with 3-4 angular pores per mm; tubes to 3 mm deep; with age becoming somewhat ragged and appearing "toothed."

Stem: Absent.

Flesh: Yellowish brown to rusty brown; tough and stringy; faintly zoned.

Odor: Not distinctive.

Chemical Reactions: KOH black on flesh and cap surface.

Microscopic Features: Spores 5.5-7 x 3.5-4.5 m; smooth; ellipsoid; hyaline to brownish in KOH; inamyloid or faintly dextrinoid. Hymenial setae scattered; 25-40 x 6-10 m; fusoid; often with a swollen base. Setal hyphae absent. Hyphal system monomitic; hyphae thin- to thick-walled, 2-7 m wide, smooth; hyaline to brown-walled; clamp connections not found.

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Steccherinum ochraceum

https://www.mushroomexpert.com/Steccherinum_ochraceum.html

Ecology: Saprobic on the deadwood of hardwoods and, rarely, conifers; growing alone or gregariously on sticks, logs, or stumps; causing a white rot; late spring through fall (or over winter in warmer climates); widely distributed in North America, but more common east of the Rocky Mountains.

Fruiting Body: Variable; usually a patch of densely packed spines up to about 3 cm across, with folded-over edges (especially when growing on logs and sticks)--but sometimes with a well defined cap and even, at times, a stem (especially when growing on stumps).

Upper Surface: When present grooved and hairy to velvety; with more or less concentric zones of color and texture; grayish to brownish or whitish; margin white, scalloped.

Undersurface: Composed of densely packed spines up to 3 mm long; orange, fading to yellowish or brownish when old; drying to dull salmon in herbarium specimens.

Stem: When present up to 8 mm long and 2 mm wide; colored like the upper surface.

Flesh: Tough; leathery; whitish.

Odor and Taste: Not distinctive.

Chemical Reactions: KOH negative on all surfaces.

Spore Print: Undocumented, but probably white.

Microscopic Features: Spores 3.5-5 x 2-2.5 ; smooth; ellipsoid; inamyloid; hyaline in KOH. Skeletocystidia cylindric to subfusiform; 4-10 wide; arising from the spine trama and usually projecting beyond the basidia; thick-walled; usually substantially encrusted. Context dimitic.

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Ganoderma tsugae

https://www.mushroomexpert.com/Ganoderma_tsugae.html

Ecology: Parasitic and saprobic on the wood of eastern hemlock and perhaps other conifers; causing a white rot (usually a butt rot) of the heartwood; growing alone, scattered, or gregariously; annual; spring through fall; distributed in the northern Midwest, northeastern North America, and the Appalachian Mountains (where eastern hemlocks occur). The illustrated and described collections are from Michigan and Ohio.

Cap: 4-16 cm; at first irregularly knobby or elongated, but by maturity more or less fan- or kidney-shaped; with a shiny, varnished surface often roughly arranged into lumpy "zones"; bald; dark red to orangish red or reddish brown when mature; when young often with zones of bright yellow and white toward the margin.

Pore Surface: Whitish, becoming dingy reddish brown in age; usually bruising brown; with 4-6 tiny (nearly invisible to the naked eye) circular pores per mm; tubes to 1 cm deep.

Stem: Sometimes absent, but more commonly present; 3-14 cm long; up to 3 cm thick; equal or irregular; varnished and colored like the cap; often distinctively angled away from one side of the cap.

Flesh: Whitish when fresh; fairly soft when young, but soon tougher; concentric growth zones and melanoid bands (see discussion) absent.

Chemical Reactions: KOH instantly black on flesh and tubes.

Spore Print: Brown.

Microscopic Features: Spores 8-12 x 5-7 m; including the hyaline vesicular appendix; more or less ellipsoid, with a truncated end; appearing double-walled, with a series of "pillars" between the walls; finely stippled; inamyloid; brown in KOH. Cystidia and setae not found. Hyphal system trimitic. Clamp connections present. Terminal cells on cap surface clavate; 7.5-12.5 m wide; thick-walled; golden in KOH.

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Hygrocybe singeri

https://www.mushroomexpert.com/Hygrocybe_singeri.html

Ecology: Precise ecological role uncertain (see Lodge and collaborators, 2013); appearing under conifers; usually growing scattered; spring through fall, or over winter in warmer climates; recorded from California, the Pacific Northwest, Michigan, and Mexico. The illustrated and described collections, from northern California, were made under coast redwood.

Cap: 1-3 cm; conic, becoming broadly conic; thickly slimy when fresh; bald; reddish orange to orange or deep orangish yellow; blackening with age or when bruised; very finely lined near the margin when mature.

Gills: Narrowly attached to the stem; close or nearly distant; whitish to pale orangish yellow; slowly blackening when bruised.

Stem: 5-14 cm long; up to 1 cm thick; equal; slimy; finely grooved lengthwise; orangish yellow to yellow; blackening with age or when bruised; white at the base.

Flesh: Thin; yellowish; watery; blackening.

Odor and Taste: Not distinctive.

Spore Print: White.

Microscopic Features: Spores 8-11.5 x 5-6.5 ; smooth; ellipsoid, or occasionally slightly constricted and irregular; hyaline in KOH; inamyloid. Basidia 4-sterigmate; 40-60 long. Hymenial cystidia absent. Lamellaer trama parallel. Pileipellis a thick gelatinous layer. Clamp connections present.

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Hypholoma tuberosum

https://www.mushroomexpert.com/Hypholoma_tuberosum.html

Ecology: Saprobic; growing alone, gregariously, or in loose troops on woodchips; summer and fall; originally described from British Columbia (Redhead & Kroeger 1987); recorded from Europe, Australia, Japan, and North America (the Pacific Northwest and the lower Great Lakes states); The illustrated and described collection is from Ohio.

Cap: 2-4 cm across; broadly conic at first, becoming convex to broadly convex, often with a central bump; bald or slightly fibrillose; moist when fresh but soon dry; orange to brownish orange or reddish brown; the margin incurved when young, not becoming lined.

Gills: Narrowly attached to the stem; close; short-gills frequent; pale grayish brown, with whitish edges.

Stem: 2-4 cm long above ground; 4-8 mm thick; narrowing to apex; fibrillose; dry; pale yellow to orangish; with a fragile, fibrillose ring or ring zone that becomes blackish as spores mature; basal mycelium white; with a long "root" extending under the substrate.

Flesh: Whitish; not changing when sliced.

Odor and Taste: Odor reminiscent of green corn, or not distinctive; taste bitter.

Chemical Reactions: KOH red on cap surface.

Spore Print: Purple-brown.

Microscopic Features: Spores: 9-11 x 4-6 m; ellipsoid, with one end slightly truncated for a small pore; apiculate; smooth; thick-walled; yellow-brown in KOH; inamyloid (dull golden in Melzer's reagent). Basidia 18-22 x 4-6 m; cylindric; mostly 4-sterigmate. Pleurocystidia as chrysocystidia; 25-40 x 7.5-15 m; lageniform to subutriform or, after collapsing, saccate to irregularly cylindric; smooth; thin-walled; hyaline with golden globular contents in KOH. Cheilocystidia 20-28 x 4-6 m; lageniform to subutriform or irregular; smooth; thin-walled; hyaline (but yellow en masse) in KOH. Pileipellis a thin ixocutis; elements 3-5 m wide, smooth or encrusted, orange-brown in KOH, with clamp connections. Subpellis cellular; elements 10-30 m wide, subglobose to ellipsoid, smooth, orange-brown in KOH.

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Russula puellaris

https://www.mushroomexpert.com/Russula_puellaris.html

Ecology: Mycorrhizal; found under hardwoods or conifers (especially spruces), often in moss; growing alone or scattered; summer and fall; apparently widely distributed in North America.

Cap: 2-6 cm; convex when young, becoming broadly convex to flat, sometimes with a shallow depression and an arched margin; sticky when wet; fairly smooth; purple to rose purple with an almost blackish center at first, becoming pinkish to reddish and eventually brown as the underlying flesh yellows; the margin widely and strongly lined; the skin peeling easily, often more than halfway to the center.

Gills: Attached to the stem; close or nearly distant; creamy, becoming yellow with maturity.

Stem: 2.5-7 cm long; .5-1.5 cm thick; white at first, but eventually discoloring dull yellow over the entire surface; dry, but with a water-soaked appearance; fairly smooth; hollowing.

Flesh: Thin; white, becoming dull yellow.

Odor and Taste: Odor not distinctive; taste mild.

Spore Print: Pale yellow.

Chemical Reactions: KOH on cap surface yellowish to orangish; iron salts on stem surface negative to pinkish.

Microscopic Features: Spores 6.5-9 x 5.5-7 (but reported by Roberts [2008] as 8-11 x 7-9 in the Pacific Northwest); with mostly isolated warts extending <NOBR>.5-1.2 </NOBR> high; connectors scattered, not usually creating reticulated areas--but occasionally forming broken reticula. Pileipellis a cutis embedded in a gelatinous matrix; pileocystidia abundant, subclavate to clavate, to about 150 x 10 , with 1-4 septa, ochraceous-refractive in KOH and positive in sulphovanillin; mature specimens with areas of golden yellow hyphal ends and pileocystidia.

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Russula tenuiceps

https://www.mushroomexpert.com/Russula_tenuiceps.html

Ecology: Mycorrhizal with oaks--especially northern red oak--and perhaps with other hardwoods; growing alone, scattered, or gregariously; summer and fall; widely distributed in eastern North America.

Cap: 7-12 cm; convex when young, becoming broadly convex to flat, sometimes with a shallow depression; sticky when fresh or wet; fairly smooth, or with low wrinkles; bright red but sometimes fading in age; the margin lined at maturity; the skin peeling fairly easily, often over halfway to the center.

Gills: Attached to the stem or running slightly down it; close or crowded; white when young but dull yellow with maturity.

Stem: 5-9 cm long; 2-2.5 cm thick; fragile and soon hollowing; flushed red over a white base color; dry; fairly smooth.

Flesh: Fragile; white; unchanging when sliced.

Odor and Taste: Odor not distinctive; taste strongly acrid (sometimes slowly so).

Spore Print: Yellowish to orangish yellow.

Chemical Reactions: KOH on cap surface negative to yellowish or orangish; iron salts on stem surface negative to slowly pinkish.

Microscopic Features: Spores 6-9 x 5-7 ; with warts <NOBR>.5-1 </NOBR> high; connectors scattered, or occasionally forming partially reticulated areas. Pileipellis a cutis of hyaline elements embedded in a gelatinous matrix. Pileocystidia cylindric to subclavate or sometimes subfusoid to subcapitate; to about 100 x 10 ; positive in sulphovanillin and ochraceous-refractive in KOH.

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Agaricus moronii

https://www.mushroomexpert.com/Agaricus_moronii.html

Ecology: Saprobic; growing gregariously under spruces and firs; late summer; probably distributed throughout the western North American mountains. The illustrated and described collections are from Colorado.

Cap: 6-10 cm; convex, becoming broadly convex or nearly flat; dry; bald; whitish, becoming streaked with brassy orangish, or dull yellowish overall with age; bruising bright yellow when rubbed, especially near the margin.

Gills: Free from the stem; nearly crowded; short-gills frequent; whitish when very young, becoming dark brown at maturity; when in the button stage covered with a whitish partial veil.

Stem: 7-10 cm long; 2-2.5 cm thick; more or less equal above a somewhat abruptly terminating, squarish base; more or less bald; with a thick, whitish, skirtlike ring that may stain yellow; whitish, bruising yellow, especially at the base.

Flesh: White; changing to yellow in the stem base when sliced.

Odor and Taste: Odor strong, reminiscent of almonds, becoming foul with age; taste similar.

Dried Specimens: Cap and stem dull orangish yellow.

Chemical Reactions: KOH yellow on cap surface.

Spore Print: Dark brown.

Microscopic Features: Spores: 6-8 x 4-5 m; ellipsoid; smooth; thick-walled; brown in KOH; brown in Melzer's. Basidia 4-sterigmate. Cheilocystidia 15-25 x 7-9 m; clavate to subclavate; catenulate; smooth; thin-walled; hyaline in KOH. Pleurocystidia not found. Pileipellis a cutis.

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Lysurus cruciatus

https://www.mushroomexpert.com/Lysurus_cruciatus.html

Ecology: Saprobic; growing alone or gregariously, usually in urban habitats (lawns, landscaping, gardens, and so on); widely distributed in North America; also known from South America, Africa, Asia, and Australia; summer, or, in warm climates, year round. The illustrated and described collections are from Colorado, Washington, and New South Wales, Australia.

Fruiting Body: Initially a whitish "egg" up to 2 cm wide and 3 cm high; emerging to form a mushroom with a stem and a head. Stem 3-6 cm long; 0.5-1 cm thick; whitish to pale orange; round in cross-section; more or less equal; pocketed; spongy and soft; hollow; base encased in a white volva that is attached to white rhizoids. Head consisting of 4-7 short arms 1-2 cm long, initially folded inward with tips touching, but with age separating and standing individually; arms tightly wrinkled in concentric accordion-like folds; narrowed to a point at their tips; hollow; dark to pale orange; at first with a longitudinal "seam" on the outer edge&mdash;but with development the seam opens up to form a flat, sterile surface; elsewhere the young, fresh arms are coated with malodorous, dark brown spore slime.

Microscopic Features: Spores 2.5-4 x 1.5-2 m; elongated-ellipsoid to subcylindric; smooth; hyaline to yellowish in KOH; inamyloid; not cyanophilic. Context sphaerocysts 10-60 m; subglobose to irregular; walls 1 m thick; hyaline in KOH. Volval tissue composed of parallel hyphae 2-6 m wide, frequently septate, clamped at septa, smooth, thin-walled, hyaline in KOH.

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Helvella corium

https://www.mushroomexpert.com/Helvella_corium.html

Ecology: Probably mycorrhizal; growing in woods, in sandy soil, or in debris areas, often near willows or aspens; May to August; widely distributed in boreal and montane North America north of roughly the 42nd parallel.

Cap: 1-7 cm across; cup shaped, saucer shaped, or nearly flat; upper surface smooth, or roughened near the center, bald; undersurface black, sometimes whitish at the margin, very finely hairy.

Stem: 1-4 cm long; 2-15 mm thick; black or very dark brown; sometimes grayish near the base; bald or finely hairy; sometimes with shallow ribs when mature.

Microscopic Features: Spores 16.5-21 x 9-15 ; elliptical; smooth; usually with one large oil droplet. Paraphyses cylindric with clavate apices; brown; 3.5-9 wide. Asci 8-spored. Elements on excipular surface in chains; swollen but constricted at septa; terminal cell clavate to subglobose, up to 25 across; brown in KOH.

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