Russula puellaris

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Ecology: Mycorrhizal; found under hardwoods or conifers (especially spruces), often in moss; growing alone or scattered; summer and fall; apparently widely distributed in North America.

Cap: 2-6 cm; convex when young, becoming broadly convex to flat, sometimes with a shallow depression and an arched margin; sticky when wet; fairly smooth; purple to rose purple with an almost blackish center at first, becoming pinkish to reddish and eventually brown as the underlying flesh yellows; the margin widely and strongly lined; the skin peeling easily, often more than halfway to the center.

Gills: Attached to the stem; close or nearly distant; creamy, becoming yellow with maturity.

Stem: 2.5-7 cm long; .5-1.5 cm thick; white at first, but eventually discoloring dull yellow over the entire surface; dry, but with a water-soaked appearance; fairly smooth; hollowing.

Flesh: Thin; white, becoming dull yellow.

Odor and Taste: Odor not distinctive; taste mild.

Spore Print: Pale yellow.

Chemical Reactions: KOH on cap surface yellowish to orangish; iron salts on stem surface negative to pinkish.

Microscopic Features: Spores 6.5-9 x 5.5-7 (but reported by Roberts [2008] as 8-11 x 7-9 in the Pacific Northwest); with mostly isolated warts extending <NOBR>.5-1.2 </NOBR> high; connectors scattered, not usually creating reticulated areas--but occasionally forming broken reticula. Pileipellis a cutis embedded in a gelatinous matrix; pileocystidia abundant, subclavate to clavate, to about 150 x 10 , with 1-4 septa, ochraceous-refractive in KOH and positive in sulphovanillin; mature specimens with areas of golden yellow hyphal ends and pileocystidia.

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Calostoma cinnabarinum

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Ecology: Mycorrhizal with oaks; growing alone or gregariously, often in moss beds or in low-lying, wet areas; spring through fall; eastern North America, Texas, and perhaps in the Southwest; also Central America and South America, and reported from Asia; apparently more common at higher elevations within its range. The illustrated and described collections are from North Carolina.

Fruiting Body: A spore case sitting atop a stem structure; at first covered with a thick, gelatinous covering that sloughs away, slides down the stem, and then surrounds the stem base until drying up and disappearing. Spore case 11-25 mm wide; 11-25 mm high; subglobose; cinnabar red when young and fresh, fading to reddish orange; apex developing a bright red, ridged peristome that looks a bit like a stitched scar; at first covered with gelatin but dry and finely dusted after the gelatin sloughs away; interior filled with whitish to yellowish spore dust. Stem structure 2-5 cm high; 1-2.5 cm wide; composed of tightly wound cords; soft; dull orangish.

Microscopic Features: Spores 10-19 x 6-10 m; ellipsoid; finely punctate; walls about 0.5 m thick; uniguttulate (occasionally biguttulate) and hyaline in KOH. Capillitial threads 4-6 m wide; walls to 1 m thick; hyaline in KOH; clamped.

REFERENCES: Corda, 1809. (Saccardo, 1888; Reed, 1910; Coker & Couch, 1928; Smith, Smith & Weber, 1981; Castro-Mendoza et al., 1983; Weber & Smith, 1985; Arora, 1986; Phillips, 1991/2005; Lincoff, 1992; Metzler & Metzler, 1992; Hughey et al., 2000; Roody, 2003; Calonge at al., 2005; Miller & Miller, 2006; Basaeia et al., 2007; Wilson et al., 2007; Kuo & Methven, 2010; Trierveiler-Pereira et al., 2013; Baroni, 2017; Woehrel & Light, 2017; Elliott & Stephenson, 2018.) Herb. Kuo 08091912, 08091913.

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Pseudohydnum gelatinosum

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Ecology: Saprobic on the wood or woody debris of conifers, causing a white rot; sometimes growing from standing trees; growing alone, scattered, or gregariously; late summer and fall, or fall and winter in warmer climates; originally described from Slovenia; widely distributed in Europe, North America, Central America, the Caribbean, South America, Asia, and Oceania. The illustrated and described collections are from California and Michigan.

Cap: 2.5-5.5 cm across; tongue-shaped or kidney-shaped; broadly convex or flat; gelatinous but not slimy to the touch; smooth or finely fuzzy; translucent white to grayish, brown, or fairly dark brown; the margin tucked under when young.

Undersurface: Running down the stem; spines to 2 mm long; translucent white or pale grayish.

Stem: To 3 cm long; either lateral and stubby (when specimens are growing from the sides of logs) or well-developed and vertical (when specimens are growing from the tops of logs or from terrestrial woody debris); gelatinous; smooth; colored like the cap or paler.

Flesh: Translucent; gelatinous.

Odor: Not distinctive.

Spore Print: White.

Microscopic Features: Spores 6-7 x 5-7 m; subglobose to very broadly ellipsoid; smooth; hyaline in KOH; germinating by repetition. Probasidia 25 x 6 m; clavate. Basidia 10-12 x 10-20 m; subglobose/clavate; cruciate-septate; with 2 or 4 sterigmata 5-12 m long. Hyphae 2-3 m wide; smooth; hyaline in KOH; clamped at septa.

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Helvella macropus

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Ecology: Probably mycorrhizal; growing alone or gregariously on the ground or in moss under hardwoods (especially oaks) or conifers, or on rotting wood; summer and fall--or over winter in warm climates; widely distributed in North America.

Cap: 1-6 cm across; cup-shaped or disc-shaped--or occasionally nearly flat; upper surface medium to dark grayish brown, bald; undersurface light to medium grayish brown, finely to prominently pustulate-hairy (especially near the margin).

Flesh: Insubstantial.

Stem: 1-7 cm long (but usually longer, at maturity, than the cap is wide); 1-5 mm thick; more or less equal; sometimes with clefts near the base; medium brown (usually colored like the undersurface of the cap); whitish near the base; finely hairy or nearly bald with age.

Microscopic Features: Spores 18-25 x 10-12.5 ; fusoid to subfusoid (but occasional ellipsoid spores are often present, especially when still in asci); smooth or roughened; when fresh triguttulate with one large central oil droplet and another, smaller oil droplet at each end, but when revived usually with one large oil droplet and varying smaller droplets. Paraphyses hyaline to ochraceous; apices subclavate, clavate, or subcapitate, 5-10 wide. Excipular surface elements hyaline to brownish; often arranged in short to long fascicles; frequently septate; terminal cells subglobose.

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Tricholomopsis decora

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Ecology: Saprobic on the wood of conifers, especially (but not exclusively) that of hemlocks; growing alone, scattered or gregariously; summer and fall; widely distributed in North America; also known from Europe and Australasia. The illustrated and described collections are from Colorado, Kentucky, and Ohio.

Cap: 2-5 cm; convex at first, becoming broadly convex, flat, or shallowly depressed with an uplifted margin; moist when young but soon dry; yellow to brownish yellow; covered, at least over the center, with small brownish to grayish scales and fibrils.

Gills: Broadly attached to the stem; close or crowded; yellow to brownish yellow; short-gills frequent.

Stem: 2-5 cm long; 3-6 mm thick; more or less equal; bald; hollow; pale yellow; basal mycelium white.

Flesh: Yellowish; not changing when sliced.

Odor and Taste: Odor not distinctive; taste bitter.

Chemical Reactions: KOH red to pink or orange on cap surface.

Spore Print: White.

Microscopic Features: Spores 4-8 x 4-6 m; broadly ellipsoid to subglobose; smooth; hyaline in KOH; inamyloid. Lamellar trama parallel. Basidia 4-sterigmate. Pleurocystidia not found. Cheilocystidia 50-62.5 x 10-15 m; cylindric to subclavate; smooth; thin-walled; hyaline in KOH. Pileipellis a cutis; elements sometimes agglutinated, 3-10 m wide, smooth, golden in KOH en masse (individually yellowish)&mdash;interspersed with bundles of uplifted brown elements (the scales); clamps present.

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Calocybe carnea

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Ecology: Saprobic; growing alone, scattered, gregariously, or in small clusters in grassy areas; usually found in cultivated or disturbed-ground areas, but occasionally found in woods; summer and fall; originally described from France (Bulliard 1792); widespread in Europe and in North America, north of Mexico; also reported from Oceania. The illustrated and described collection is from Michigan.

Cap: 2-4 cm across; convex, becoming broadly convex, flat, or shallowly depressed; the margin inrolled at first, but becoming wavy with age, or sometimes splitting into lobes; dry; bald; rose pink.

Gills: Attached to the stem, sometimes by means of a notch; close or crowded; short-gills frequent; white.

Stem: 2-5 cm long; 0.5-1 cm thick; becoming hollow with age; bald or with white hairs and fuzz, especially basally; colored like the cap.

Flesh: Whitish; not changing when sliced.

Odor & Taste: Not distinctive, or sometimes faintly mealy.

Chemical Reactions: KOH on cap surface negative.

Spore Print: White.

Microscopic Features: Spores 3-5 x 1.5-2.5 m; subellipsoid, subcylindric, or irregularly elongated-amygdaliform; smooth; hyaline in KOH; inamyloid. Basidia 18-22 x 4-5 m; 4-sterigmate. Hymenial cystidia not found. Lamellar trama parallel. Pileipellis a thin, partially gelatinized cutis; elements 2-7.5 m wide, smooth, hyaline in KOH. Clamp connections present.

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Disciotis venosa

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Ecology: Uncertain; possibly saprobic and/or at least facultatively mycorrhizal; found primarily under hardwoods; growing alone, scattered, or gregariously; spring (usually during morel season); originally described from Austria (Persoon 1801); widely distributed in Europe and North America, though less common or absent in the southern areas of both continents; also documented from India. The illustrated and described collections are from Illinois, Michigan, and Ohio.

Fruiting Body: 2-10 cm across; shaped more or less like a cup when young, often with a curled-in edge; in age flattening and becoming irregularly saucer-shaped.

Upper Surface: Yellowish brown to brown or grayish brown; bald; often becoming pocked, wrinkled, or veined, especially over the center; the margin sometimes darkening to dark brown or even black.

Excipular Surface: Whitish to pale tan, often dotted with tiny brown fibrils or scales&mdash;or appearing bald to the naked eye.

Stem: Absent, but the cup is pinched together in the center where it meets the ground.

Flesh: Brittle and pale brownish to whitish.

Chemical Reactions: Ammonia, KOH, and iron salts all negative on upper surface and excipular surface.

Odor and Taste: Not distinctive. European collections are often reported as having a bleachlike odor, but none of my North American collections has had any distinctive odor at all.

Microscopic Features: Spores 19-25 x 10-15 m; ellipsoid; smooth; with homogeneous contents; hyaline in KOH. Asci 8-spored. Paraphyses 5-12 m wide at apex; cylindric with rounded, subclavate, clavate, or subcapitate apices; septate; hyaline or with brownish to brown contents in KOH.

REFERENCES: (C. H. Persoon, 1801) L. Arnould, 1893. (Batra & Batra, 1963; Smith, Smith & Weber, 1981; Breitenbach & Kr&auml;nzlin, 1984; Arora, 1986; Phillips, 1991/2005; Lincoff, 1992; Weber, 1995; O'Donnell et al., 1997; Roody, 2003; Kuo, 2005; O'Donnell et al., 2011; Buczacki et al., 2012; Beug et al., 2014; Kuo & Methven, 2014; Carris et al., 2015; Baroni, 2017; Gminder & B&ouml;hning, 2017; L&aelig;ss&oslash;e & Petersen, 2019; McKnight et al., 2012.) Herb. Kuo 05299507, 04170501, 05090601, 05090603, 04270801, 05061302, 04192501. Herb. ILLS 00105085 (ASM 13701).

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Peziza arvernensis

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Ecology: Saprobic, growing alone or in clusters on the ground in hardwood and conifer forests, usually in areas that have accumulated woody debris; spring through fall--or in winter in coastal California; widely distributed in North America.

Fruiting Body: Cup-shaped when young, often flattening with age or becoming irregularly shaped due to the clustered growth habit; reaching a width of about 8 cm across; upper surface brown and fairly smooth, sometimes becoming slightly wrinkled; under surface minutely velvety with whitish fuzz, at least when young; without a stem; attached to the substrate at a central location. Odor none. Flesh fragile and brittle.

Microscopic Features: Spores 15-20 x 9-10 ; smooth when immature, sometimes becoming finely warted with maturity; elliptical; without oil droplets. Asci eight-spored; with blue tips in Melzer's Reagent; up to 235 x 15 . Paraphyses slender, with swollen tips.

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Ganoderma oregonense

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Ecology: Saprobic and sometimes parasitic; growing alone or in groups on decaying conifer logs and stumps, or from the wounds of injured, living trees; causing a white rot; annual; fall through spring; distributed in the Pacific Northwest and California. The illustrated and described collection is from Oregon.

Cap: 10-50+ cm across; 5-15+ cm deep; more or less semicircular in outline, or irregularly kidney-shaped; surface with a lacquered-looking outer crust; brownish red or reddish brown overall, with or without a few paler zones; bald.

Pore Surface: Whitish to pale brownish when young, becoming medium brown with age; bruising darker brown; with 2-4 circular pores per mm; tubes 1-3 cm deep.

Stem: Usually absent; when present lateral and stubby, lacquered, brownish red to reddish brown.

Flesh: Tough but not woody; whitish to creamy; without melanoid bands or concentric growth zones (see discussion).

Odor and Taste: Not distinctive.

Chemical Reactions: KOH instantly black on flesh.

Spore Print: Reddish brown.

Microscopic Features: Spores 11-16 6-8 m including the hyaline vesicular appendix; more or less ellipsoid, with a truncated end; appearing double-walled, with a series of "pillars" between the walls; finely stippled; inamyloid; brown in KOH. Cystidia and setae not found. Hyphal system trimitic. Clamp connections present. Terminal cells on cap surface clavate; 7.5-12.5 m wide; thick-walled; golden in KOH.

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Dacrymyces stillatus

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Ecology: Saprobic; growing gregariously on the wood of hardwoods (especially oaks) or conifers; spring through fall, or over winter in warm climates; originally described from Europe; widely distributed throughout Europe, Asia, and Oceania; in North America widely distributed from Alaska to Mexico, Florida, and the Maritime Provinces. The illustrated and described collections are from Illinois.

Fruiting Body: 2-8 mm across; usually blob-like or cushion shaped, but occasionally with brain-like wrinkles; surface bald and shiny, moist or sticky when fresh; sometimes with a vaguely stem-like basal portion; yellow to orange-yellow or yellow-orange; flesh gelatinous.

Odor: Not distinctive.

Microscopic Features: Spores 12-15 x 6-8 m; allantoid or elongated-ellipsoid; thick-walled; apiculate; smooth; hyaline in KOH, with many oil droplets; tardily becoming septate with 1-3 thick septa; developing knoblike projections with germination. Probasidia 45 x 4-5 m; subclavate to clavate; developing 2 short, stubby apical protrusions that eventually extend to become sterigmata on mature basidia. Basidia Y-shaped; to 60 x 5 m, with sterigmata 12-20 m long. Contextual hyphae 1.5-3 m wide; smooth or a little roughened; hyaline in KOH; clamp connections not found. Arthrospores often present, disarticulating from chained structures; 3-5 x 2-3.5 m; subglobose to broadly ellipsoid; smooth; thick-walled; hyaline in KOH.

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