Strobilomyces confusus

https://www.mushroomexpert.com/Strobilomyces_confusus.html

Ecology: Mycorrhizal with oaks; common; summer and fall; widely distributed east of the Rocky Mountains. The illustrated and described collections are from Illinois.

Cap: 3-10 cm; convex, becoming broadly convex; dry; covered with small, erect, fibrillose, black scales over a whitish to grayish ground color; the scales 1-3 mm wide at the base; the margin hung with remnants of a whitish to grayish partial veil.

Pore Surface: Whitish, becoming gray; bruising reddish gray, then dark brown to black; pores circular to angular, 1-3 per mm; tubes to 2 cm deep.

Stem: 4-10 cm long; 0.5-2 cm thick; more or less equal; whitish to grayish and reticulate near the apex; dark gray to black and shaggy below; at first covered with a sheathing, grayish partial veil, but soon with merely an ephemeral ring or ring zone; solid; base covered with dense, gray mycelium.

Flesh: Whitish throughout, turning reddish when sliced, then slowly red to dark red and eventually nearly black.

Odor and Taste: Not distinctive.

Chemical Reactions: Ammonia negative to slightly bluish on cap; negative to yellowish on flesh. KOH dark red on cap; orangish on flesh. Iron salts negative to bluish on cap; dark bluish on flesh.

Spore Print: Black.

Microscopic Features: Spores 9-12 x 7-12 (including ornamentation); globose to subglobose; with ornamentation of spines and occasional short ridges; not reticulate; brown in KOH. Pleurocystidia clavate to fusoid-ventricose; to about 60 x 25 ; with brown contents in KOH. Pileipellis a trichoderm with cylindric to clavate terminal elements.

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Cortinarius trivialis

https://www.mushroomexpert.com/Cortinarius_trivialis.html

Ecology: Mycorrhizal with quaking aspen and other hardwoods; growing scattered or gregariously; summer and fall (or over winter in coastal California); northern and western North America.

Cap: 3-11 cm; bell-shaped or convex, becoming broadly bell-shaped; thickly slimy; bald; orangish brown to yellowish brown.

Gills: Attached to the stem; close; pale clay or faintly lilac colored at first, becoming brownish or rusty brown.

Stem: 5-12 cm long; 1-2 cm thick; equal or tapering a little to the base; covered with clear or whitish slime when fresh; shaggy and "belted" or obscurely zoned with whitish to brownish scales, especially over the lower half; whitish above, orange-brown to brownish below; sometimes with a rusty ring zone.

Flesh: White, or brownish in base of stem; sometimes bruising brownish.

Odor and Taste: Not distinctive.

Chemical Reactions: KOH negative to slightly grayish on cap surface.

Spore Print: Rusty brown.

Microscopic Features: Spores 10-15 x 5-8 ; amygdaliform or subellipsoid; moderately to weakly verrucose. Pleurocystidia absent. Cheilocystidia basidiole-like. Marginal cells present. Pileipellis an ixocutis with conspicuously clamped elements.

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Tylopilus sordidus

https://www.mushroomexpert.com/Tylopilus_sordidus.html

Ecology: Mycorrhizal with oaks and other hardwoods; usually growing alone, in pairs, or scattered; summer and fall; probably widely distributed east of the Rocky Mountains. The illustrated and described collections are from Illinois and Pennsylvania.

Cap: 3-7 cm; convex when young, becoming broadly convex or nearly flat in age; dry; finely velvety when young, becoming more or less bald and usually cracking and splitting with maturity, exposing whitish flesh that may stain pinkish or bluish; dark brown to nearly black when young, becoming medium yellowish brown or grayish brown with age; often with bluish tints by maturity, at least near the margin.

Pore Surface: Depressed around the stem; whitish to grayish at first, becoming brown to dark pinkish brown; bruising blue, then slowly reddish brown (sometimes bruising red in very young specimens); pores circular, 1-2 per mm; tubes to 13 mm deep.

Stem: 3-7 cm long; up to 1.5 cm thick; more or less equal above a slightly enlarged base; dry; bald or finely silky to dotted; brownish; not reticulate; sometimes longitudinally ridged; basal mycelium white; base bruising red.

Flesh: Pale yellowish in cap; white in stem; staining blue and/or pinkish to purple when sliced.

Odor and Taste: Not distinctive.

Chemical Reactions: Ammonia dark purple to black on cap (sometimes with a red stage); yellowish to orangish on flesh. KOH red to reddish on cap; orangish on flesh. Iron salts negative on cap; blue-green on flesh.

Spore Print: Brown to reddish brown.

Microscopic Features: Spores 10-16 x 4-6 m; subfusoid to ellipsoid; smooth; brownish yellow in KOH; brownish and "punched" in Melzer's. Cheilocystidia 35-50 x 10-20 m; abruptly clavate to sphaeropedunculate; thin-walled; hyaline; smooth. Pleurocystidia 35-50 x 10-20 m; fusiform to fusoid-ventricose, often developing a long neck; smooth; thin-walled; filled with globular brown inclusions. Pileipellis a palisadoderm; elements 10-15 m wide, smooth, hyaline to yellow-brown in KOH; slightly constricted at septa; terminal cells short-cylindric with rounded, narrowed, or subfusiform apices.

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Helvella acetabulum

https://www.mushroomexpert.com/Helvella_acetabulum.html

Ecology: Probably mycorrhizal; growing alone or gregariously, under hardwoods or conifers, often in the vicinity of stumps or decaying wood; spring and early summer--or late summer in the Rocky Mountains, or winter and spring in coastal California; widely distributed in North America.

Cap: 2-12 cm across; cup-shaped, sometimes becoming more or less flat in age; upper surface yellow-brown to brown, bald, and smooth; undersurface brown to yellow-brown, sometimes paler near the stem, finely fuzzy near the margin, with forked whitish to brownish ribs that extend from the stem, sometimes almost to the margin.

Flesh: Thin; brittle; brownish; whitish and chambered in the stem.

Stem: 2-9 cm long; up to 5 cm thick; becoming broader near the cap; deeply pocketed and ribbed with sharp-edged (occasionally blunt) forking ribs that extend onto the undersurface of the cap; whitish to brownish; finely hairy.

Odor and Taste: Not distinctive.

Chemical Reactions: KOH negative on all surfaces and flesh.

Microscopic Features: Spores 16-20 x 11-14 ; elliptical; smooth; with one central oil droplet. Asci 8-spored. Paraphyses cylindric with clavate or merely rounded apices; 4-6 wide; hyaline to brownish.

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Mutinus ravenelii

https://www.mushroomexpert.com/Mutinus_ravenelii.html

Ecology: Saprobic; growing alone or gregariously in gardens and cultivated areas, or in woods; summer and fall; originally described from South Carolina, "near the Santee River"; in North America distributed from the southern Appalachians northward and westward, to the Maritime Provinces, Washington, and Alaska—but also found in Mexico; fairly widely distributed in Europe; apparently also found in New Zealand. The illustrated and described collections are from Alaska, North Carolina, Vermont, and Washington.

Immature Fruiting Body: A whitish to faintly yellowish "egg" 1.5-2 cm high and 1-1.5 cm wide; surface smooth; when sliced revealing the stinkhorn-to-be encased in a gelatinous substance.

Mature Fruiting Body: 4-8 cm high; 1-1.5 cm thick at widest point; cylindric, often with a fairly abruptly rounded-off apex, but also frequently with a conic apex; hollow; spongy; finely to moderately pocked; pink to nearly red when fresh (paler toward the base); fading to pale pink or whitish; apex usually becoming perforated at maturity; when fresh covered with brown spore slime in a narrow apical zone that is sometimes well defined, or even constricted, at the lower edge; apical portion, under the spore slime, usually darker red; base encased in a whitish, sacklike volva; attached to thin white rhizomorphs.

Odor: Foul while the spore slime is present.

Microscopic Features: Spores 3-5 x 1.5-2 m; cylindric or subcylindric; smooth; often with two tiny polar droplets; hyaline in KOH. Sphaerocysts of the pseudostipe 19-54 m across; irregularly subglobose; walls 0.5-1 m thick; smooth; hyaline in KOH. Hyphae of the volva 3-8 m wide; smooth; septate; hyaline in KOH. Clamp connections not found.

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Amanita gemmata

https://www.mushroomexpert.com/Amanita_gemmata.html

Ecology: Mycorrhizal with various hardwoods and conifers (Largent & collaborators [1980] document mycorrhizal association of Amanita gemmata with manzanita and lodgepole pine, while others report it under various hardwoods and conifers); growing alone, scattered, or gregariously; summer, fall, and winter; California and the Pacific Northwest.

Cap: 3-11 cm; convex to planoconvex or flat; dull yellow, fading to nearly whitish; sticky when fresh; when young covered with white warts that are easily lost as the mushroom matures; bald; the margin often lined by maturity.

Gills: Free from the stem; close or nearly distant; whitish; with frequent short-gills.

Stem: 4-14 cm long; 1-2 cm thick; tapering slightly to the apex; with a small basal bulb; bald or finely hairy; white; with a fragile white ring that is easily lost; with a white volva that typically clings tightly to the bulb and extends to form a free rim on the upper edge of the bulb, but may fragment into soft patches or warts at the top of the bulb.

Flesh: White; unchanging when sliced.

Odor: Not distinctive.

Chemical Reactions: KOH negative on cap surface.

Spore Print: White.

Microscopic Features: Spores 8-13 x 6.5-9 ; broadly elliptical; smooth; inamyloid. Basidia 4-spored; without clamps. Pileipellis an ixocutis of hyphae 2-8 wide. Lamellar trama bilateral; subhymenium ramose or with slightly inflated cells.

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Pachyella clypeata

https://www.mushroomexpert.com/Pachyella_clypeata.html

Ecology: Saprobic; growing alone or in small groups on rotting wood (primarily the wood of hardwoods) that is usually water-soaked; spring, summer, and fall; apparently limited to eastern North America, but possibly widely distributed.

Fruiting Body: To 8 cm across but usually 2-4 cm across; cushion-shaped when young, soon becoming saucer-shaped or shaped like a flattened cup; broadly attached to the wood so that only the edges can be lifted away from the substrate; upper surface sticky when fresh, medium to dark brown, sometimes with a hint of red or purple, smooth or wrinkled, fading with age to tan; without a stem; flesh somewhat rubbery or gelatinous when fresh, sometimes becoming yellowish when torn.

Microscopic Features: Spores 18-25+ x 13-16 ; smooth; elliptical; usually with 2 oil droplets. Asci with bluish tips (at least when young) in Melzer's reagent or IKI; 400-500 x 20-25 . Paraphyses cylindric with clavate or merely rounded apices; to about 10 wide; brownish in KOH, reddish purple (when fresh) in Melzer's reagent. Excipular surface with many thread-like elements embedded in a gel, creating a palisade.

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Boletus variipes

https://www.mushroomexpert.com/Boletus_variipes.html

Ecology: Mycorrhizal with hardwoods, especially oaks (occasionally reported, perhaps erroneously, with conifers); growing alone, scattered, or gregariously; late summer and fall; fairly widely distributed in eastern North America.

Cap: 6-20 cm; convex, becoming broadly convex or almost flat; dry; finely velvety at first; often becoming minutely cracked in age; tan to brownish or pale grayish brown.

Pore Surface: White when young, becoming yellowish or olive; not bruising; pores "stuffed" when young; 1-2 pores per mm at maturity; tubes 1-3 cm deep.

Stem: 8-15 cm long; 1-3.5 cm thick; swollen in the middle, more or less equal, or enlarging to base; dry; solid; whitish or grayish brown; usually fairly prominently reticulate with whitish or brownish reticulation--or at times only finely reticulate.

Flesh: White; not staining on exposure.

Odor and Taste: Not distinctive.

Chemical Reactions: Ammonia dark yellow with a purplish ring on cap surface; negative to grayish on flesh. KOH similar to ammonia on cap surface; grayish on flesh. Iron salts negative to pale olive on cap surface; gray to yellowish on flesh.

Spore Print: Olive brown.

Microscopic Features: Spores 9-16 (-18) x 4-6 ; smooth; subfusiform.

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Boletus rubroflammeus

https://www.mushroomexpert.com/Boletus_rubroflammeus.html

Ecology: Mycorrhizal with hardwoods; usually growing alone or scattered; summer; possibly widely distributed east of the Rocky Mountains. The illustrated and described collections are from Illinois and Indiana.

Cap: 6-12 cm; convex, becoming broadly convex; dry; finely velvety when very young, but soon bald; purplish red to pinkish red, hardly fading; when young often matted with a grayish material that is sometimes visible along the margin in mature caps.

Pore Surface: Dark red at first, but fading somewhat; bruising promptly blue; with 2-3 circular to angular pores per mm; tubes 1-2 cm deep.

Stem: 6-8 cm long; 1-3 cm thick; more or less equal; orange-yellow at the apex and the base, especially when young; colored like the cap overall; dry; reticulate with a fine red reticulum over the upper half; bald underneath the reticulum; basal mycelium pale yellow.

Flesh: Pale yellow in cap; sometimes with reddish streaks in stem; staining promptly blue when sliced.

Odor and Taste: Not distinctive.

Chemical Reactions: Ammonia quickly bluish purple, then negative on cap surface; negative to grayish on flesh. KOH flashing blue, then dull orange or yellow on cap surface; dull orange on flesh. Iron salts negative to gray on cap surface; negative on flesh.

Microscopic Features: Spores 10-14 x 5-6 m; boletoid-fusiform; smooth; yellow to dull golden in KOH. Basidia 25-28 x 6-9 m; clavate; 4-sterigmate. Hymenial cystidia 40-45 x 5-7 m; narrowly lageniform or fusiform; smooth; thin-walled; hyaline in KOH. Pileipellis a collapsing trichoderm of elements 4-7.5 m wide, smooth, hyaline to orangish brown in KOH; terminal cells cylindric with rounded (or, rarely, subacute) apices.

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Bondarzewia berkeleyi

https://www.mushroomexpert.com/Bondarzewia_berkeleyi.html

Ecology: Parasitic on hardwoods (especially oaks), causing a white, stringy butt rot; also saprobic on the deadwood of hardwoods; growing alone or gregariously at the bases of trees; summer and fall; originally described from North Carolina; widely distributed in North America east of the Great Plains; occasionally reported from Mexico. The illustrated and described collections are from Illinois, Indiana, and North Carolina.

Fruiting Body: 20-50 or more cm across; consisting of one to several spiraling caps arising from a single, gnarled stem-like structure.

Individual Caps: 6-25 cm across; kidney-shaped or irregular in outline; loosely convex, flat, or with a central depression; dry; velvety or leathery; sometimes radially wrinkled (but never scaly) or with vague, semi-concentric zones of texture or color; white when young, becoming cream colored to dull yellowish and eventually sometimes brownish; not bruising, or occasionally bruising yellowish on the growing margin.

Pore Surface: Running down the stem; whitish; not bruising, or bruising very faintly yellowish to brownish; pores circular when young, 1-2 per mm—becoming angular and wider with age; tubes shallow, often much less than 1 cm deep.

Stem: 4-10 cm long; 3-5 cm wide; usually somewhat off-center and poorly defined; whitish to dull yellowish; dry; tough.

Flesh: White; thick; not discoloring or bruising.

Odor and Taste: Not distinctive.

Chemical Reactions: KOH negative to orangish on cap surface; negative to dirty yellow on flesh.

Spore Print: White.

Microscopic Features: Spores 6-7.5 m without ornamentation; globose to subglobose; ornamented with densely packed, amyloid, blunt-tipped spines 1-2 m long. Basidia 40-50 x 7.5-12 m; clavate; 4-sterigmate. Cystidia not found. Setae not found. Hyphal system dimitic, with thick-walled and aseptate skeletal hyphae, and thin-walled generative hyphae; clamp connections not found.

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