Lycoperdon curtisii

https://www.mushroomexpert.com/Lycoperdon_curtisii.html

Ecology: Saprobic; usually growing in tight clusters; found in grass, often in disturbed-ground areas like ditches—but also sometimes appearing on woodchips in landscaping areas; late summer and fall; widely distributed in North America. The illustrated and described collections are from Illinois.

Fruiting Body: Shaped like a small ball, 1-3 cm across, but frequently contorted as a result of clustered growth; densely spiny when young; spines 1-2 mm long, often joined at their tips, easily rubbing off; in maturity often fairly smooth, with a powdery coating; white becoming pale brownish; developing a small hole at the top, through which spore dust escapes; appearing pinched together at the bottom; with a white, fleshy interior at first; later with yellowish to olive granular flesh and eventually filled with brownish or purplish brown spore dust; base attached to white rhizoids.

Microscopic Features: Spores 2-3 m; globose; minutely echinulate; hyaline in KOH; occasionally featuring a 1-2 m pedical. Capillitial threads 3-5 &#181m; wide; branching; mostly thin-walled and hyaline in KOH.

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Chlorencoelia torta

https://www.mushroomexpert.com/Chlorencoelia_torta.html

Ecology: Saprobic on well-decayed, barkless hardwood logs; growing gregariously or in loose clusters in late summer and fall; apparently widely distributed in eastern North America. The illustrated and described collections are from Illinois.

Fruiting Body: Cup-shaped at first, becoming flattened or disc-shaped; with a rudimentary, central stem; cups 3-15 mm across, bald, moist, dirty orange at first, becoming olive stained and eventually dark brown; undersurface bald, radially wrinkled, colored like the upper surface; stem 2-5 mm high, 1-2 mm wide, tapered to base, bald, colored like the cap, smooth or becoming elaborately wrinkled; flesh cinnamon brown to brownish, unchanging when sliced.

Chemical Reactions: KOH negative to blackish on all surfaces.

Microscopic Features: Spores 8-12 x 2.5-3.5 ; long-ellipsoid or nearly cylindric; smooth; hyaline and biguttulate in KOH; hyaline and 1-septate in Melzer's. Asci 125-150 long; 8-spored; cylindric; hyaline in KOH; in Melzer's reagent blue to bluish overall when immature, but when approaching maturity hyaline, with a tiny apical blue pore. Paraphyses filiform with subacute or merely rounded apices; 120-150 x 2-4 . Medullary excipulum elements dark brown in KOH; dark reddish brown in Melzer's. Terminal cells on excipular surface clavate to subglobose.

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Boletus rubriceps

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Ecology: Mycorrhizal with Engelmann spruce, and perhaps with other spruces and with firs; growing alone, scattered, or gregariously; summer and fall, in monsoon season; southern Rocky Mountains. The illustrated and described collections are from Colorado.

Cap: 8-22 cm at maturity; convex in the button stage, becoming broadly convex to nearly flat; greasy to tacky; bald; often shallowly wrinkled in places; brownish red to reddish brown; sometimes with a whitish bloom when young.

Pore Surface: White to whitish at first, becoming yellowish to brownish yellow and eventually olive; not bruising; pores "stuffed" at first; with 2-4 circular pores per mm at maturity; tubes to 2 cm deep.

Stem: 8-18 cm long; 3-8 cm thick; swollen and club-shaped when young, becoming club-shaped or equal; finely whitish-<A HREf="glossary.html#reticulation">reticulate over at least the upper portion; whitish or pale brownish; basal mycelium white.

Flesh: White; solid; unchanging when sliced, or staining slightly pinkish.

Odor and Taste: Taste nutty; odor not distinctive.

Chemical Reactions: KOH red to orange or orangish on cap; negative on flesh. Ammonia black to dark red on cap; negative on flesh.

Spore Print: Olive to brownish.

Microscopic Features: Spores 12-20 x 4-5.5 m; fusiform to subfusiform; smooth; yellowish in KOH. Basidia 4-sterigmate. Hymenial cystidia to about 30 x 5 m; lageniform; smooth; thin-walled; hyaline in KOH; rare and scarcely projecting. Pileipellis a collapsing trichoderm; golden in KOH; elements 5-7.5 m wide, smooth, frequently septate; terminal cells subclavate, cylindric with rounded apices, or occasionally slightly constricted.

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Lactarius croceus

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Ecology: Mycorrhizal with oaks and other hardwoods; growing alone or gregariously; summer and fall; fairly widely distributed in eastern North America, but more common in the Appalachian Mountains. The illustrated and described collections are from Ohio and West Virginia.

Cap: 6-11 cm; convex with an inrolled margin when young; becoming centrally depressed, with an uplifted margin, or shallowly vase-shaped; sticky to tacky when fresh; bald, but finely rugged; pale to dark orange or brownish orange; with or without faint to moderate concentric zones of color.

Gills: Broadly attached to the stem or just beginning to run down it; close; short-gills frequent; orangish cream when young, becoming orangish with maturity; when fresh staining orangish yellow where damaged, then slowly brownish.

Stem: 3-5 cm long; 1-2 cm thick; more or less equal; bald; without potholes; dry; orangish cream to orange.

Flesh: Whitish; fairly firm; when fresh staining very slowly yellow to pale orange when sliced.

Milk: Scant; whitish; staining surfaces slowly yellow to pale orange; staining white paper yellow overnight.

Odor and Taste: Odor sharp and fragrant; taste quickly moderately acrid.

Chemical Reactions: KOH dull olive on cap surface.

Spore Print: Reported as yellowish by Hesler & Smith (1979).

Microscopic Features: Spores 7-10 x 5-7 m; ellipsoid; ornamentation consisting of amyloid warts and ridges extending about 0.5 m high, forming partially reticulated areas; apiculus long and inamyloid. Conspicuous hymenial macrocystidia not found. Pileipellis a thick ixocutis; hyaline in KOH; elements cylindric, 2.5-5 m wide.

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Coprinellus disseminatus

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Ecology: Saprobic, growing in clusters, often by the hundreds; on decaying wood, especially near the bases of stumps; spring, summer, and fall; widely distributed in North America.

Cap: Minute to 2 cm; oval when young, expanding to broadly convex or bell-shaped; when young almost white, with a brownish center--or grayish--darkening to grayish or grayish brown with a brownish center, paler towards the margin; smooth, or very finely granular/hairy when young; lined or grooved from the margin nearly to the center.

Gills: Attached to the stem or free from it; white at first, but soon gray, then blackish; not deliquescing (turning to black "ink"); close or almost distant.

Stem: 1.5-4 cm long; 1-2 mm thick; equal; smooth; often curved; white; hollow.

Flesh: Very thin; fragile.

Odor and Taste: Not distinctive.

Spore Print: Black or blackish brown.

Microscopic Features: Spores 6.5-10 x 4-6 ; elliptical; smooth; with a central pore. Basidia 4-sterigmate, surrounded by 4-6 brachybasidia. Cheilocystidia cylindric, to 70 x 15 &#171;. Pleurocystidia absent. Pileipellis an epithelium with lageniform to subcapitate, thin-walled pileocystidia up to 200 long. Veil elements as more or less globose sphaerocysts up to 40 across. Clamp connections absent.

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Russula laurocerasi

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Ecology: Mycorrhizal with hardwoods; growing alone, scattered, or gregariously; summer and fall; apparently distributed east of the Great Plains.

Cap: 3.5-13 cm; convex or cushion-shaped when young, becoming broadly convex to flat, with or without a shallow depression; slimy when wet and fresh; dull yellow to yellowish or brownish yellow; the margin lined at maturity; the skin peeling away easily at the margin, sometimes beyond halfway to the center.

Gills: Attached to the stem; close or nearly distant; sometimes forked near the stem; whitish to creamy or orangish; often discoloring yellowish brown to brownish, but not bruising.

Stem: 2.5-11 cm long; 1-3 cm thick; white, discoloring brownish to yellowish or reddish near the base; dry; often becoming cavernous; more or less smooth.

Flesh: White; unchanging when sliced.

Odor and Taste: Odor fragrant, reminiscent of maraschino cherries, almonds, or benzaldehyde; taste acrid.

Spore Print: Creamy.

Chemical Reactions: KOH on cap surface pinkish to orangish. Iron salts on stem surface negative to pinkish or orangish.

Microscopic Features: Spores 7.5-11 x 7.5-9 ; broadly elliptical or nearly round; with warts and ridges from 1-2.5 high; with connecting lines that may form a partial or nearly complete reticulum. Pleurocystidia positive in sulphovanillin. Pileipellis a cutis embedded in a gelatinous matrix; pileocystidia clavate to fusiform or subcapitate, ochraceous-refractive in KOH and positive in sulphovanillin.

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cheers

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Hygrophorus pudorinus

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Ecology: Mycorrhizal with spruces and other conifers; growing scattered to gregariously; late summer and fall; fairly widely distributed in western North America from Colorado to the West Coast, and found in central and northeastern North America from about the Great Lakes northward. The illustrated and described collections are from Engelmann spruce forests in Colorado, and from Qu&#233bec.

Cap: 3-10 cm; convex, becoming broadly convex or broadly bell-shaped; sticky when fresh, but soon dry and shiny; bald or, in age, developing fine scales and cracks; pale pinkish orange (very similar to the color of Albatrellus confluens) or pinkish tan; the margin at first inrolled and cottony.

Gills: Broadly attached to the stem or beginning to run down it; close or nearly distant; white, unchanging or becoming yellowish to pinkish with age; short-gills frequent.

Stem: 3-8 cm long; up to 3 cm thick; more or less equal above a tapered base that is often underground; dry; finely dotted with tiny white tufts of fibers toward the apex that turn reddish brown when specimens are dried (illustrated); whitish, often turning yellowish where handled or near the base; thick.

Flesh: Firm; white, or slightly pinkish to yellowish or orangish in the stem base; unchanging or turning slightly yellowish.

Odor and Taste: Odor often soapy and fragrant or slightly unpleasant--or not distinctive; taste mild.

Spore Print: White.

Chemical Reactions: KOH golden orange on cap and stem surface.

Microscopic Features: Spores 7-10 x 4-5.5 ; smooth; ellipsoid; hyaline in KOH; inamyloid. Basidia 4-sterigmate; to about 55 long. Hymenial cystidia absent. Lamellar trama divergent. Pileipellis an ixocutis or an ixotrichoderm.

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Hygrocybe cantharellus

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Ecology: Precise ecological role uncertain (see Lodge and collaborators, 2013); appearing in woods under hardwoods; growing gregariously or in loose troops; summer and fall; widely distributed east of the Great Plains. The illustrated and described collections are from Michigan, Pennsylvania, and Qu&#233;bec.

Cap: 6-20 mm across; broadly convex, with an inrolled and finely scalloped margin; dry or slightly tacky, but not slimy; bald or very finely fibrillose at first; when young scarlet to reddish orange, with a yellowish margin; fading to orange or pale orange.

Gills: Running down the stem; nearly distant; thick; pale yellow; short-gills present.

Stem: 30-70 mm long; 2-4 mm thick; equal; dry or slightly tacky; bald; scarlet to reddish orange, with a yellowish base.

Flesh: Yellowish to orangish; firm.

Odor and Taste: Not distinctive.

Chemical Reactions: KOH negative on cap surface.

Spore Print: White.

Microscopic Features: Spores 9-12 x 5-6 ; smooth; ellipsoid or subcylindric, but only occasionally constricted; hyaline in KOH; inamyloid. Basidia 4-sterigmate; 35-45 long. Hymenial cystidia absent. Lamellar trama parallel. Pileipellis a trichoderm of hyaline elements; terminal elements cylindric to subfusiform.

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Akanthomyces aculeatus

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Ecology: Parasitic on adult moths; summer and fall, or over winter in warm climates; apparently fairly rare; distribution uncertain, but in North America fairly widely distributed east of the Rocky Mountains. The illustrated and described collections are from Maryland and Minnesota.

Fruiting Body: At first a mat of dull yellow material, covering the body of a moth (often binding it to the substrate below it), with a bald surface; bumpy projections emerging and extending into cylindric or club-shaped, individual extensions (synnema) that then extend further, becoming spear-shaped and measuring 8-15 mm x 0.5-1 mm; surface dull, pale yellow, bald at first but becoming dusted with powder with maturity.

Microscopic Features: Conidia 2.5-3 x 2 m; broadly ellipsoid before germination; smooth; hyaline in KOH. Tramal hyphae 1.5-3 m wide, smooth, moderately thick-walled (walls to 0.5 m); hyaline to golden yellow in KOH. Phialides arising in a palisade, perpendicular to tramal hyphae; up to about 15 x 5 m; septate; cylindric to clavate or subfusiform; 1-sterigmate; smooth; hyaline in KOH.

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