Amanita brunnescens

https://www.mushroomexpert.com/Amanita_brunnescens.html

Ecology: Mycorrhizal with various hardwoods and conifers; growing alone, scattered, or gregariously; summer and fall; widely distributed and common east of the Rocky Mountains.

Cap: 3-11 cm, convex, becoming broadly convex with a shallow central bump, or nearly flat; tacky at first or when wet; varying in color from grayish brown to whitish, often with a darker center; sometimes developing reddish brown stains; often somewhat streaked or mottled in appearance; usually featuring a few scattered, randomly distributed white to grayish or tan warts; the margin often becoming faintly lined for a few mm.

Gills: Free from the stem; white; close or crowded; not discoloring, or sometimes discoloring brownish.

Stem: 6-12 cm long; 0.5-1.5 cm thick above the bulb; tapering to apex; bald or silky; with a relatively persistent, skirtlike, white ring that sometimes develops a reddish brown edge and often collapses against the stem; usually ending in an abrupt, rimmed basal bulb that is "chiseled" or split vertically in one or more places; discoloring and bruising reddish brown, especially near the base; volval remnants usually absent but occasionally present as a few patches along the upper rim of the bulb.

Flesh: White throughout; firm; not discoloring, or sometimes discoloring or bruising reddish brown, especially around worm channels.

Odor: Not distinctive.

Chemical Reactions: KOH on cap surface negative; on flesh in stem base slowly slightly yellowish.

Spore Print: White.

Microscopic Features: Spores 6.5-10 ; smooth; globose or subglobose; amyloid. Basidia without basal clamps; 4-spored. Pileipellis a cutis or ixocutis of hyphae 2-6 wide. Lamellar trama bilateral; subhymenium ramose or with inflated cells.

REFERENCES: Atkinson, 1918. (Smith, 1949; Smith, Smith & Weber, 1979; Arora, 1986; Jenkins, 1986; Phillips, 1991/2005; Lincoff, 1992; Metzler & Metzler, 1992; Barron, 1999; Roody, 2003; McNeil, 2006; Miller & Miller, 2006; Binion et al., 2008; Tulloss, cont. upd.) Herb. Kuo 06229501, 07200203, 07200204, 07200205, 06120301, 07160703, 07100802, 10170904, 06221010.

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Boletus variipes

https://www.mushroomexpert.com/Boletus_variipes.html

Ecology: Mycorrhizal with hardwoods, especially oaks (occasionally reported, perhaps erroneously, with conifers); growing alone, scattered, or gregariously; late summer and fall; fairly widely distributed in eastern North America.

Cap: 6-20 cm; convex, becoming broadly convex or almost flat; dry; finely velvety at first; often becoming minutely cracked in age; tan to brownish or pale grayish brown.

Pore Surface: White when young, becoming yellowish or olive; not bruising; pores "stuffed" when young; 1-2 pores per mm at maturity; tubes 1-3 cm deep.

Stem: 8-15 cm long; 1-3.5 cm thick; swollen in the middle, more or less equal, or enlarging to base; dry; solid; whitish or grayish brown; usually fairly prominently reticulate with whitish or brownish reticulation--or at times only finely reticulate.

Flesh: White; not staining on exposure.

Odor and Taste: Not distinctive.

Chemical Reactions: Ammonia dark yellow with a purplish ring on cap surface; negative to grayish on flesh. KOH similar to ammonia on cap surface; grayish on flesh. Iron salts negative to pale olive on cap surface; gray to yellowish on flesh.

Spore Print: Olive brown.

Microscopic Features: Spores 9-16 (-18) x 4-6 ; smooth; subfusiform.

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Lactarius argillaceifolius

https://www.mushroomexpert.com/Lactarius_argillaceifolius.html

Ecology: Mycorrhizal with oaks; growing alone or gregariously; spring (it is often one of the first mycorrhizal mushrooms to appear in oak-hickory forests), summer and fall; widely distributed east of the Rocky Mountains.

Cap: 3-18 cm; convex becoming flat or shallowly vase-shaped; drab cinnamon to drab lilac brown; without zones; bald or minutely pocked and rugged; sticky when fresh.

Gills: Beginning to run down the stem; close or crowded; cream colored when young, becoming dingy cinnamon with age; stained slowly brown (or rarely olive to greenish) by the latex where damaged.

Stem: 3-9 cm long; 1-3.5 cm thick; tapering to base; pale or brownish in age; dry or slightly sticky; smooth; without potholes.

Flesh: White; unchanging, or discoloring faintly tan.

Milk: Off-white; unchanging when exposed; staining tissues brown to brownish, or rarely olive to greenish; over time staining white paper yellow.

Odor and Taste: Odor not distinctive to mildly fragrant; taste mild to slowly slightly acrid.

Spore Print: Pale yellowish.

Chemical Reactions: KOH on cap surface erasing pigments to pale orange or tan.

Microscopic Features: Spores 8-10 x 7-8 ; broadly ellipsoid or subglobose; ornamentation 0.5-1 high, composed of fairly isolated warts and ridges that sometimes form broken reticula. Pleuromacrocystidia fusoid-ventricose; to 100+ long. Cheilomacrocystidia similar but usually shorter. Pileipellis an ixolattice.

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Tricholomopsis sulphureoides

https://www.mushroomexpert.com/Tricholomopsis_sulphureoides.html

Ecology: Saprobic on the wood of conifers, especially hemlocks—or on the wood of hardwoods undergoing a brown rot; usually growing gregariously or in clusters; summer and fall; more common in the Great Lakes region and northeastern North America than elsewhere, but occasionally reported in the Rocky Mountains, the southeastern United States, and on the West Coast. The illustrated and described collections are from Illinois.

Cap: 2-6 cm; at first convex with an incurved margin, becoming broadly convex or flat; dry; subtomentose when young, becoming finely scaly to stretched-fibrillose overall, with a subtomentose marginal zone; bright yellow when fresh, but soon fading to dull yellow and developing whitish spots and streaks; bruising slightly brownish in places.

Gills: Broadly attached to the stem; close; short-gills frequent; yellow to yellowish orange.

Stem: 4-8 cm long; 0.5-1 cm thick; equal; dry; slightly fibrillose in places; pale yellow, staining orangish where handled; basal mycelium pale yellow.

Flesh: Yellow to pale yellow; turning slightly brownish in places when sliced.

Odor and Taste: Odor fragrant; taste not distinctive.

Chemical Reactions: KOH instantly dark brownish red on cap surface.

Spore Print: White.

Microscopic Features: Spores 5-6 x 4-5.5 m; subglobose to sublacrymoid, with a tiny apiculus; smooth; hyaline in KOH; inamyloid. Cheilocystidia 40-75 x 5-7.5 m; cylindric with rounded to subclavate apices; smooth or occasionally finely encrusted; thin-walled; hyaline to orangish in KOH. Pleurocystidia not found. Lamellar trama parallel. Pileipellis a cutis with aggregated upright tufts; orange-brown in KOH; elements smooth, 2.5-5 m wide; terminal cells cylindric with rounded apices. Clamp connections present in lamellar trama and pileipellis.

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Suillus tomentosus

https://www.mushroomexpert.com/Suillus_tomentosus.html

Ecology: Mycorrhizal with two-needle pines, especially lodgepole pine and jack pine; growing scattered or gregariously; summer and fall (also in winter in coastal California); originally described from Colorado; widely distributed in western North America, the northern Midwest, and montane Mexico; also reported from Central America. The illustrated and described collections are from Colorado.

Cap: 6-10 cm across; convex becoming broadly convex or nearly flat; sticky or fairly dry; at first covered with a fine, grayish, felty covering, but often becoming more bald with age; yellow to orangish yellow; with maturity usually becoming finely areolate with a mosaic-like pattern of tufts and cracks; sometimes developing reddish spots and stains; the margin at first inrolled.

Pore Surface: Brownish to orangish when young, becoming brownish yellow to brown, and eventually dark brown; bruising blue; with 2-3 angular pores per mm; tubes to 1 cm deep.

Stem: 6-9 cm long; 1.5-2.5 cm thick; equal or tapering to base; yellowish orange; covered with fine brownish glandular dots; often staining blue, then slowly brown on handling; without a ring.

Flesh: Whitish to yellowish in the cap; yellow in the stem; orange in the stem base; bluing on exposure, at least over the tubes and in the stem.

Odor and Taste: Not distinctive.

Chemical Reactions: Ammonia negative on cap surface; negative on flesh. KOH pinkish, then purple on cap surface; purplish on flesh. Iron salts bluish gray on cap surface and flesh.

Microscopic Features: Spores 7-10 x 2.5-3.5 m; boletoid-fusiform; smooth; yellowish in KOH. Basidia 20-25 x 4-5 m; subcylindric; 4-sterigmate. Cystidia in bundles; often poorly defined individually; 30-70 x 6-12 m; clavate, subclavate, or fusiform; smooth; thin-walled; golden brown in KOH. Pileipellis a cutis or ixocutis; elements 4-10 m wide, smooth, hyaline to yellowish in KOH.

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Ganoderma tsugae

https://www.mushroomexpert.com/Ganoderma_tsugae.html

Ecology: Parasitic and saprobic on the wood of eastern hemlock and perhaps other conifers; causing a white rot (usually a butt rot) of the heartwood; growing alone, scattered, or gregariously; annual; spring through fall; distributed in the northern Midwest, northeastern North America, and the Appalachian Mountains (where eastern hemlocks occur). The illustrated and described collections are from Michigan and Ohio.

Cap: 4-16 cm; at first irregularly knobby or elongated, but by maturity more or less fan- or kidney-shaped; with a shiny, varnished surface often roughly arranged into lumpy "zones"; bald; dark red to orangish red or reddish brown when mature; when young often with zones of bright yellow and white toward the margin.

Pore Surface: Whitish, becoming dingy reddish brown in age; usually bruising brown; with 4-6 tiny (nearly invisible to the naked eye) circular pores per mm; tubes to 1 cm deep.

Stem: Sometimes absent, but more commonly present; 3-14 cm long; up to 3 cm thick; equal or irregular; varnished and colored like the cap; often distinctively angled away from one side of the cap.

Flesh: Whitish when fresh; fairly soft when young, but soon tougher; concentric growth zones and melanoid bands (see discussion) absent.

Chemical Reactions: KOH instantly black on flesh and tubes.

Spore Print: Brown.

Microscopic Features: Spores 8-12 x 5-7 m; including the hyaline vesicular appendix; more or less ellipsoid, with a truncated end; appearing double-walled, with a series of "pillars" between the walls; finely stippled; inamyloid; brown in KOH. Cystidia and setae not found. Hyphal system trimitic. Clamp connections present. Terminal cells on cap surface clavate; 7.5-12.5 m wide; thick-walled; golden in KOH.

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Paraisaria pseudoheteropoda

https://www.mushroomexpert.com/Paraisaria_pseudoheteropoda.html

Ecology: Parasitic on buried cicada nymphs under oaks and other hardwoods, or under conifers; growing alone or in pairs; summer and fall; originally described from Arkansas (Tehan & Spatafora, 2023); spring; widely distributed east of the Great Plains and south of the Great Lakes. The illustrated and described collection is from Virginia.

Fruiting Body: 2-3.5 cm high; with a well-defined head structure atop a stem.

Head: 5-8 mm across; 5-7 mm high; more or less round, or cushion-shaped; brownish orange, with tiny, darker bumps (the tops of the embedded perithecia); dry.

Stem: 2-3 cm long; 3-5 mm wide; more or less equal; bald; whitish, discoloring brownish.

Interior: Flesh in head and stem firm and white, unchanging when sliced; head with a palisade of embedded perithecia just below the surface, with perithecia extending about 1 mm deep.

Microscopic Features: Perithecia amygdaliform; embedded; up to 700 x 350 m;. Asci 75-250 x 4-6 m; narrowly cylindric, with swollen subglobose caps; smooth; hyaline in KOH. Spores about 1 m wide; narrowly cylindric; septate and breaking up into cylindric spore segments 6-7 m long, smooth, hyaline in KOH.

REFERENCES: R. M. Tehan & J. W. Spatafora, 2023. (Kobayasi, 1982; Li et al., 2006; Sung et al., 2007; Sung et al., 2011; Sato et al., 2012; Mongkolsamrit et al., 2019; Tehan et al., 2023.) Herb. Kuo 05202401.

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Rhodofomes cajanderi

https://www.mushroomexpert.com/Rhodofomes_cajanderi.html

Ecology: Saprobic on the deadwood of conifers (and, rarely, hardwoods); also sometimes parasitic on living trees; causing a brown cubical rot; growing alone or gregariously; perennial; originally described from Finland; distributed in northern Europe, Russia, China, and Japan; widespread in North America and the Caribbean. The illustrated and described collections are from California and Georgia.

Cap: Individual at times, but more often fused laterally with other caps, or arranged in shelves; up to about 20 cm across and 10 cm deep; flat or broadly convex; finely velvety or hairy, or bald when older; often wrinkled; fairly soft at first, but tougher with age; pinkish brown to pinkish purple when fresh and young, darkening and developing vague zones of pinkish gray, pinkish brown, dark brown, or nearly black; usually paler on the margin.

Pore Surface: Pink; bruising darker pink, then slowly brownish; with 3-5 round pores per mm; annual tube layers usually fairly distinct, up to 1 cm deep.

Stem: Absent.

Flesh: Pinkish; unchanging when sliced; faintly zoned; leathery to woody.

Odor: Strong and fragrant when fresh.

Chemical Reactions: KOH instantly black on flesh.

Microscopic Features: Spores 4-8 x 2-3 m; allantoid; smooth; hyaline in KOH; inamyloid. Basidia 10-12 x 3-4 m; clavate; 4-sterigmate. Cystidioles 8-14 x 2-4 m; subfusiform or irregular; smooth; thin-walled; hyaline in KOH. Hyphal system trimitic, with thin-walled clamped generative hyphae; thick-walled non-septate skeletal hyphae, and branching, thick-walled, non-septate binding hyphae.

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Pseudocolus fusiformis

https://www.mushroomexpert.com/Pseudocolus_fusiformis.html

Ecology: Saprobic; growing alone or gregariously; often found in urban settings but sometimes appearing in woods as well; year-round, depending on climate; Australasia, Japan, Africa, South America, and, in North America, from Maine through Mexico to Central America. The illustrated and described collections are from Indiana, Massachusetts, and Ohio.

Immature Fruiting Body: Initially a whitish to slightly brownish "egg," partially submerged in the substrate, from which the stinkhorn emerges with development.

Mature Fruiting Body: 3-6 cm high, consisting of a short stem dividing into 3-4 vertical arms that are joined at their tips. Stem about 1-1.5 cm long and 1 cm thick; whitish to pale orange; hollow; surface spongy and finely pocketed; encased in a white to brownish, sack-like volva; attached to numerous white rhizomorphs. Arms with flattened or concave outer sides and convex inner sides; 0.5-1 cm thick; tapering to apex; spongy and pocketed; hollow; orange to reddish orange; inner, convex surfaces covered with dark brown spore slime when fresh.

Odor: Strong and unpleasant.

Microscopic Features: Spores 3-5.5 x 1-2 m; cylindric; smooth; hyaline to ochraceous in KOH. Sphaerocysts of the arms 11-29 m across; subglobose to irregular; smooth; hyaline to orangish in KOH; walls 0.5-1 m thick. Hyphae of the volva 2-10 m wide; smooth; hyaline in KOH; thin-walled; occasionally branching. Clamp connections not found.

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Pogonoloma spinulosum

https://www.mushroomexpert.com/Pogonoloma_spinulosum.html

Ecology: Saprobic; growing alone, scattered, or gregariously in hardwood forests or in urban grassy areas; fall; rare in northern and temperate Europe; very rare in North America. The illustrated and described collections are from Illinois.

Cap: 5-8 cm across; at first convex, becoming broadly convex to nearly flat; dry; bald over the center, but finely radially fibrillose toward the margin; the margin slightly tucked under, becoming shallowly, widely lined; dull orangish cream to pale tan.

Gills: Attached to the stem by a notch; close; short-gills frequent; whitish.

Stem: 2.5-6.5 cm long; 1-2 cm thick; equal; bald or finely silky; dry; whitish to pale tan or dull orangish, staining orangish to orange-brown with handling or in age, especially toward the base; basal mycelium white.

Flesh: White; unchanging when sliced.

Odor and Taste: Odor strong and a little unpleasant (hard to describe; not mealy, but sub-spermatic and fragrant). Taste similar.

Chemical Reactions: KOH negative to orangish on cap surface.

Spore Print: White.

Microscopic Features: Spores 3.5-5 x 3-4 m; widely ellipsoid or nearly subglobose; smooth; hyaline in KOH; amyloid. Lamellar trama parallel. Basidia 4-sterigmate. Cystidia not found. Pileipellis a cutis; elements 4-12 m wide, smooth, hyaline in KOH. Clamp connections present.

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