Lactarius rubriviridis

https://www.mushroomexpert.com/Lactarius_rubriviridis.html

Ecology: Mycorrhizal with conifers; summer and fall; northern California and central Oregon.

Fruiting Body: 2-6 cm; egg-shaped, ellipsoid, or nearly round; outer surface pitted and ridged, reddish brown, bruising and discoloring greenish to green; interior chambered and pocketed, with white flesh that stains red when sliced; usually with a central column-like structure (the illustrated collection is apparently aberrant, with its large central fleshy area).

Milk: Scant; red.

Odor and Taste: Odor sweet or not distinctive; taste mild.

Spore Print: Creamy or orangish.

Microscopic Features: Spores 8.5-11 x 7.5-8.5 ; broadly ellipsoid; ornamentation with prominences 0.5-1 high; connecting lines forming well developed reticula.

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Morchella brunnea

https://www.mushroomexpert.com/Morchella_brunnea.html

Ecology: Possibly saprobic and mycorrhizal at different points in its life cycle; appearing under hardwoods, including oaks and Pacific madrone--and possibly under conifers; spring; documented from Oregon but probably to be expected throughout western North America.

Cap: 3-5 cm tall and 2.5-3.5 cm wide; conical or nearly so; pitted and ridged, with the pits primarily arranged vertically; when young with bald or finely velvety, flattened, dark brown to black ridges and pale tan pits; when mature with flattened to sharpened or eroded, black ridges and brown to yellowish brown pits; attached to the stem with a small groove (2-3 mm deep); hollow.

Stem: 2-5 cm high and 1-3 cm wide; equal, or with a slightly swollen base; whitish; bald or finely mealy with granules; developing fine ridges and/or a few folds near the base; hollow.

Microscopic Features: Spores 22-36(-40) x 14-20(-25) ; smooth; elliptical; without oil droplets; contents homogeneous. Asci 8-spored. Paraphyses cylindric with variable apices; septate; hyaline in KOH. Elements on sterile ridges 75-160 x 12-28 ; septate; hyaline to brownish in KOH; terminal cell clavate (sometimes strikingly so), subcapitate, or widely subfusiform.

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Amanita pelioma

https://www.mushroomexpert.com/Amanita_pelioma.html

Ecology: Mycorrhizal with oaks (but sometimes reported under pines); usually solitary or scattered; summer and fall; distributed from eastern Texas to Illinois, North Carolina, and West Virginia.

Cap: 4-9 cm; convex, becoming broadly convex or nearly flat; moist or dry; covered with abundant, whitish, powdery material that comes off on handling; whitish to grayish or brownish buff, or with olive hues; the margin not lined, but often somewhat shaggy.

Gills: Free from the stem or nearly so; close or nearly crowded; creamy becoming brownish (the color of café au lait) or olive buff; short-gills frequent.

Stem: 6-15 cm long; up to 2 cm thick; tapering slightly to the apex; colored like the cap and covered with similar powdery material; with a large, skirtlike, fragile, whitish ring that usually disappears; terminating in a turnip-shaped basal bulb that often features a tapering "root" (up to 8 cm or more long); with powdery, indistinct volval remnants; stained bluish to greenish blue near the base.

Flesh: White; unchanging when sliced.

Odor: Not distinctive at first, becoming foul and unpleasant with age.

Chemical Reactions: KOH on cap surface at first negative, becoming faintly blue after 30 minutes.

Spore Print: White.

Microscopic Features: Spores 8-12 x 5-8 ; smooth; ellipsoid; amyloid. Basidia 4-spored; lacking basal clamps. Pileipellis an ixocutis of hyphae 2-15 wide. Lamellar trama bilateral; subhymenium ramose or with inflated elements.

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Entoloma lividoalbum

https://www.mushroomexpert.com/Entoloma_lividoalbum.html

Ecology: Saprobic; growing alone, scattered, or gregariously under hardwoods (including quaking aspen and coast live oak); summer and fall, or over winter in coastal California; fairly widely distributed west of the Great Plains; occasionally (perhaps erroneously?) reported from northeastern North America; also known from temperate Europe. The illustrated and described collections are from California and Colorado.

Cap: 5-7 cm; conico-convex to bell-shaped or convex at first, becoming broadly convex, broadly bell-shaped, or nearly flat; greasy when fresh; bald; dark grayish brown when young, quickly fading to yellow-brown or grayish tan; the margin not lined or only faintly lined at maturity.

Gills: Narrowly attached to the stem; close or nearly distant; at first white, becoming pink with maturity.

Stem: 5-8 cm long; 1-2 cm thick; more or less equal; dry; bald but finely lined longitudinally; white.

Flesh: Thin; fragile; white.

Odor and Taste: Mealy or, in forma inodoratum, not distinctive.

<A HREF=studying.html#"macrochemicals">Chemical Reactions: KOH on cap surface negative.

Spore Print: Pink.

Microscopic Features: Spores 7-10 x 6-8 m; mostly 5- and 6-sided; heterodiametric; smooth; hyaline in KOH. Basidia mostly 4-sterigmate. Hymenial cystidia not found. Pileipellis a cutis with intracellular brownish pigment; elements 5-7.5 m wide, smooth, hyaline in KOH; terminal cells cylindric with rounded or subacute apices. Clamp connections present.

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Russula earlei

https://www.mushroomexpert.com/Russula_earlei.html

Ecology: Mycorrhizal with oaks, beech, and perhaps with other hardwoods; growing alone, scattered, or gregariously; summer and fall; apparently widely distributed east of the Great Plains.

Cap: 3-11 cm; convex when young, becoming broadly convex to flat, sometimes with a shallow depression; a little sticky when wet; finely rugged, with a waxy-granular feel; the surface often cracking up with age;
straw yellow to dirty orangish yellow; the margin not lined, or faintly lined at maturity; the skin tightly adnate, not peeling easily.

Gills: Attached to the stem or beginning to run down it; distant; whitish to creamy, becoming dull yellow; often with a water-soaked appearance; sometimes spotting and discoloring reddish brown.

Stem: 2.5-7 cm long; .5-2.5 cm thick; whitish to dull yellow; dry, but with a waxy feel and a water-soaked appearance; sometimes discoloring reddish brown near the base; fairly smooth; basal mycelium white.

Flesh: White to yellowish.

Odor and Taste: Odor not distinctive; taste mild, or slightly bitter or acrid.

Spore Print: White.

Chemical Reactions: KOH on cap surface dull red to reddish brown; iron salts on stem surface negative to pinkish.

Microscopic Features: Spores 3.5-6.5 x 5.5-7 ; warts mostly isolated, extending to about <NOBR>.5 </NOBR> high; connectors scattered, not usually creating reticulated areas. Subhymenium prosenchymatous. Pileipellis a partially gelatinized cutis of mostly repent elements, hyaline to brownish in KOH, with cylindric-irregular terminal cells that feature rounded to squarish apices; pileocystidia absent.

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Amanita populiphila

https://www.mushroomexpert.com/Amanita_populiphila.html

Ecology: Mycorrhizal with aspen and cottonwoods (narrowleaf cottonwood, eastern cottonwood, and plains cottonwood) in riparian and lowland ecosystems; usually growing scattered or gregariously; spring through fall; distributed from the Great Plains to Idaho and New Mexico, and in the northern Midwest.

Cap: 3-12 cm wide; convex, becoming broadly convex or nearly flat; bald, or adorned with whitish to tan warts or small patches; sticky when fresh, but soon dry; pinkish tan to tan, yellowish, or nearly white; the margin becoming lined for 1 cm or more.

Gills: Free from the stem or narrowly attached to it; close or crowded; white to creamy; short-gills frequent.

Stem: 6-15 cm long; 0.5-2 cm wide; more or less equal; finely silky or hairy; whitish to pale tan; lacking a ring; base enclosed in an insignificant, fragile, whitish volva.

Flesh: White; unchanging when sliced.

Odor: Not distinctive, or faintly potato-like.

Spore Print: White.

Microscopic Features: Spores 9-12 ; globose or subglobose; smooth; inamyloid. Basidia 4-spored; clamped. Pileipellis an ixocutis of elements 2-5 wide. Lamellar trama bilateral; subhymenium ramose.

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Rhodotus palmatus

https://www.mushroomexpert.com/Rhodotus_palmatus.html

Ecology: Saprobic; growing alone, scattered, or in troops or loose clusters on the wet, well-decayed wood of hardwoods; late spring through fall; originally described from France; widely distributed in North America east of the Great Plains; also distributed in Europe and Asia. The illustrated and described collections are from Illinois.

Cap: 3-8 cm across; convex when young, becoming broadly convex or nearly flat; sticky when fresh; bald; netted with a reticulate pattern of whitish ridges and veins&mdash;or without veins and ridges; pinkish orange to pale peach.

Gills: Attached to the stem; close; short-gills frequent; whitish when young, becoming pale peach to pink with maturity.

Stem: 10-40 mm long; 3-10 mm thick; often off-center; equal; whitish to pinkish or pale brownish; bald; basal mycelium white.

Flesh: Whitish; unchanging when sliced; rubbery and gelatinous.

Odor and Taste: Not distinctive.

Chemical Reactions: All surfaces instantly dark gray to green with iron salts; negative with KOH.

Spore Print: Whitish in a thin print; pinkish to pale yellow in a thick print.

Microscopic Features: Spores 5-7.5 x 4-7.5 m (including ornamentaion); subglobose to broadly ellipsoid; spiny with rod-like spines 0.5-1 m long; hyaline in KOH; inamyloid. Basidia 30-37.5 x 6-7.5 m; subclavate; 4-sterigmate. Cheilocystidia 30-55 x 2.5-5 m; fusiform to narrowly lageniform; smooth; thin-walled; hyaline in KOH. Pleurocystidia not found. Pileipellis an easily disarticulating hymeniform layer of clavate elements 28-38 x 7.5-12.5 m, smooth, hyaline in KOH&mdash;interspersed with cystidioid elements 25-75 x 5-7.5 m, fusiform to lageniform or irregular, smooth, hyaline in KOH.

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Peziza michelii

https://www.mushroomexpert.com/Peziza_michelii.html

Ecology: Saprobic, or perhaps mycorrhizal; growing alone or gregariously, often near roadbanks, paths, and so on; May through September; apparently fairly widely distributed east of the Great Plains (my collections come from northern Michigan, Illinois, and Tennessee).

Fruiting Body: Goblet-shaped to cup-shaped when young, becoming saucer-shaped; 5-30 mm across; upper surface bald, lilac to purple; undersurface bald or very finely granular, nearly whitish at first, becoming yellowish, staining slowly yellow; stem absent; attached to the substrate at a central location; odor and taste not distinctive; flesh whitish to yellowish, when squeezed exuding a juice that stains surfaces slowly bright yellow to brownish yellow.

Spore Print: Not recorded.

Microscopic Features: Spores 13-17 x 7-9 ; at maturity warty; ellipsoid; biguttulate. Asci eight-spored; with blue tips in Melzer's reagent; up to 300 x 18 . Paraphyses with subclavate or merely rounded apices 3-6 wide.

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Galerina sphagnorum

https://www.mushroomexpert.com/Galerina_sphagnorum.html

Ecology: Saprobic; growing gregariously in sphagnum in marshes, bogs, and so on; summer and fall; northern and montane North America. The illustrated and described collection is from New Jersey.

Cap: 10-25 mm; conic at first, becoming broadly conic to convex with a sharp central bump; dry; bald; pale yellow to golden brownish; fading markedly as it dries out, creating a two-toned appearance; the margin lined, adorned with whitish veil fibrils when very young, but soon becoming naked.

Gills: Broadly or narrowly attached to the stem; close; short-gills frequent; whitish to yellowish at first, becoming brownish to rusty brown as the spores mature; not bruising; in very young buttons covered by a whitish partial veil.

Stem: 50-75 mm long; 1-2 mm thick; more or less equal; dry; bald or with a few tiny fibrils; whitish to yellowish; basal mycelium white.

Flesh: Insubstantial; brownish; unchanging when sliced.

Odor: Not distinctive.

Spore Print: Rusty brown.

Microscopic Features: Spores 8-10.5 x 5-6 m; subamygdaliform; practically smooth; yellowish to brownish in KOH; dextrinoid. Basidia 4-sterigmate. Pleurocystidia absent. Cheilocystidia 35-50 x 7.5-10 m; cylindric to narrowly lageniform, with a long neck and a rounded, subclavate, or subcapitate apex; smooth; thin-walled; hyaline in KOH. Pileipellis a cutis. Clamp connections present.

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Aureoboletus auriporus

https://www.mushroomexpert.com/Aureoboletus_auriporus.html

Ecology: Mycorrhizal with oaks and possibly other hardwoods; growing alone, scattered, or gregariously; summer and fall; widely distributed in eastern North America, through Texas into Mexico, Central America, and South America. The illustrated and described collections are from Illinois.

Cap: 1.5-5 cm; convex, becoming broadly convex; tacky to sticky when fresh; bald or, when young, very finely velvety; pinkish brown to reddish brown or brown, sometimes with a mottled appearance; the margin with or without a tiny overhanging, sterile portion.

Pore Surface: Bright yellow, becoming dull yellow; not bruising, but sometimes developing pinkish to reddish spots with age; 1-2 pores per mm at maturity; tubes olive yellow, to 8 mm deep.

Stem: 4-7 cm long; 5-8 mm thick; slender; tapering to apex; bald; sticky when fresh; yellowish near apex; elsewhere streaky reddish and yellowish, becoming brownish; when young sometimes covered with fine yellow flocculence; not reticulate; basal mycelium white.

Flesh: White to pale yellow; not changing on exposure.

Odor and Taste: Odor not distinctive; taste of sticky cap surface acidic and sour (like putting your tongue on a radio battery); taste of flesh not distinctive.

Chemical Reactions: Ammonia negative, green, or gray on cap; negative or bluish on flesh. KOH negative to orangish on cap; negative to yellowish on flesh. Iron salts negative to gray on cap; negative to gray on flesh; dark green to bluish on tubes.

Spore Print: Olive.

Microscopic Features: Spores 11-16 x 4-5.5 m; ellipsoid to subfusoid; smooth; yellowish in KOH. Hymenial cystidia 30-65 x 7.5-12.5 m; fusiform or lageniform; smooth; thin-walled; hyaline in KOH. Pileipellis a partially gelatinized cutis; elements 2.5-5 m wide, smooth, hyaline to golden in KOH, sometimes poorly defined; terminal cells cylindric with rounded apices.

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