Wolfina aurantiopsis

https://www.mushroomexpert.com/Wolfina_aurantiopsis.html

Ecology: Saprobic on decaying hardwood sticks (which are sometimes buried); growing scattered to gregariously; summer and fall; Connecticut to Florida, west to Ohio. The described and illustrated collections are from North Carolina and Ohio.

Fruiting Body: Cup shaped when young, becoming broadly cup shaped with age; 3-7 cm across; upper surface pale to bright yellow, bald; outer surface dark brown to nearly black, woolly to hairy, becoming more bald with age; flesh firm, yellowish to watery grayish, turning slowly purplish when sliced; odorless.

Chemical Reactions: KOH and iron salts both negative on upper surface and on flesh.

Microscopic Features: Spores 22-30 x 12-16 at maturity; very shallowly and subtly ridged lengthwise (best seen with cotton blue) but often appearing smooth or nearly so; ellipsoid; cyanophilic; hyaline, with granular contents, in KOH. Asci 8-spored; 200-300 x 10-15 ; thick-walled; hyaline in KOH; tips inamyloid. Paraphyses filiform; 250-300 x 2.5 ; septate several times; apices rounded or subacute. Excipular surface elements (hairs) 7-10 wide; often thick-walled; brownish to brown in KOH; finely warted or spiny ("prickled" in the words of Eckblad, 1968) walls near the basal portion, but smooth above.

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Lycoperdon perlatum

https://www.mushroomexpert.com/Lycoperdon_perlatum.html

Ecology: Saprobic; growing alone, scattered, gregariously, or in clusters; in woods under hardwoods or conifers, but also common along roadsides and in urban settings; late spring through fall in temperate regions, but also over winter in warm climates; widely distributed and common in North America. The illustrated and described collections are from Illinois, Colorado, and Italy.

Fruiting Body: Usually shaped like an inverted pear or a cushion, with a fairly prominent sterile base and a roundish or somewhat flattened top; 2-7 cm wide; 3-8 cm high; dry; whitish to very pale brownish when young, becoming brown with age; covered when fresh and young with cone-shaped, wide-based, firm spines about 1 mm high (often with well-spaced larger spines surrounded by smaller spines and/or granules); spine tips often becoming brownish to brown; surface, after spines have fallen off, pock-marked where the spines were attached, sometimes in a reticulate pattern; outer skin paper thin; developing a central perforation through which spore powder is liberated by rain drops and wind currents; interior flesh white and spongy at first, later olive to olive brown above and yellowish to brown in the sterile base; spore powder olive brown at maturity; base attached to thin white rhizomorphs.

Microscopic Features: Spores 4-5 m; globose; finely verrucose; greenish yellow in KOH. Basidia 5-6 c 5-6 m; subglobose; 4-sterigmate with long (about 3 m) sterigmata; smooth; hyaline to yellowish or brownish in KOH. Capillitial threads 2-5 m wide; hyaline to olive or brown in KOH; walls 0.5-1 m thick; with scattered tiny pores.

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Leucocoprinus fragilissimus

https://www.mushroomexpert.com/Leucocoprinus_fragilissimus.html

Ecology: Saprobic; growing alone or scattered, in humus; summer; distributed in the southeastern United States, from Texas to the southern Appalachians; also reported from Costa Rica. The illustrated and described collection is from Ohio.

Cap: 1.5-4.5 cm across; planoconvex, becoming nearly flat, with a small central bump; very fragile, and soon collapsing; deeply grooved from the margin to the center; dry or moist; pale greenish yellow, with a slightly darker center; fading to nearly white, with a yellowish center.

Gills: Free from the stem; distant; pale yellow; often dissolving in hot weather.

Stem: 4-9 cm long; 1-2 mm thick; equal above a small basal bulb; exceedingly fragile; bald; pale yellow, fading to nearly white; with a thin, fragile, yellow ring that sometimes disappears.

Flesh: Insubstantial; yellowish.

Odor: Not distinctive.

Chemical Reactions: KOH negative on cap surface.

Spore Print: White.

Microscopic Features: Spores 9-12 x 7-8 ; broadly ellipsoid; with a large (2 ) pore at one end, creating a sublimoniform impression; smooth; hyaline in KOH; dextrinoid. Brachybasidioles abundant in young caps. Pleurocystidia absent. Cheilocystidia clavate; soon collapsing. Pileipellis cellular/hymeniform; terminal elements subglobose, 15-25 wide, hyaline in KOH.

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Hygrocybe reidii

https://www.mushroomexpert.com/Hygrocybe_reidii.html

Ecology: Precise ecological role uncertain (see Lodge and collaborators, 2013); growing scattered or gregariously under hardwoods or conifers; summer; North American distribution uncertain (it is reported from Québec, North Carolina, and Minnesota in online records). The illustrated and described collections are from Michigan and Pennsylvania.

Cap: 2-3.5 cm; convex, becoming broadly convex to planoconvex or broadly bell-shaped; bald or, under a lens, very finely fibrillose; lubricous when fresh but not sticky; bright orange; the margin scalloped when young.

Gills: Broadly attached to the stem; nearly distant; pale orange, fading to yellow; short-gills frequent.

Stem: 3-5 cm long; 3-5 mm thick; more or less equal; dry; bald; pale orange, fading to yellowish; white at the base.

Flesh: Pale orange; unchanging when sliced.

Odor and Taste: Odor (best detected when specimens are drying or have been recently dried and packaged) strongly sweet and slightly foul, reminiscent of honey going bad; taste not distinctive.

Chemical Reactions: KOH negative on cap surface.

Spore Print: White.

Microscopic Features: Spores 6-10 x 4-5 ; smooth; ellipsoid; smooth; hyaline in KOH; inamyloid. Basidia 2- and 4-spored; to about 55 long. Hymenial cystidia absent. Lamellar trama parallel or nearly so. Pileipellis a cutis.

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Xerocomus ferrugineus

https://www.mushroomexpert.com/Xerocomus_ferrugineus.html

Ecology: Mycorrhizal with spruces and other conifers--but also occasionally reported under hardwoods (especially those occurring in mixed conifer-hardwood forests) and shrubs; growing alone, scattered, or gregariously; summer and fall; widely distributed in northern and montane North America; widely distributed in Europe. The illustrated and described collections are from Colorado and Finland.

Cap: 4-9 cm; convex, becoming broadly convex; dry; finely velvety; usually olive brown to reddish brown or yellowish brown, but occasionally entirely olive or nearly green.

Pore Surface: Yellow, becoming olive yellow with maturity; not bruising, or bruising slowly bluish; pores xerocomoid, 1-2 mm wide; tubes to 10 mm deep.

Stem: 3-7 cm long; 1-2 cm thick; equal to slightly club-shaped, with a pinched off base; dry; solid and tough; widely and coarsely ribbed, over the apex or overall; whitish to yellowish or yellow; basal mycelium yellow.

Flesh: Whitish to pale yellowish; not staining when sliced, or turning pinkish in the cap.

Odor and Taste: Not distinctive.

Chemical Reactions: Ammonia flashing blue-green on cap, then resolving to reddish brown; negative on flesh. KOH dark red to black on cap; orangish on flesh. Iron salts negative to gray on cap; negative on flesh.

Spore Print: Olive to olive brown.

Microscopic Features: Spores 10-13 x 3-4.5 m; fusiform; smooth; yellowish in KOH. Hymenial cystidia 35-50 x 5-7.5 m; lageniform; thin-walled; smooth; hyaline in KOH; inconspicuous. Pileipellis a collapsing trichoderm; yellow in KOH; elements 5-7.5 m wide, smooth; terminal cells cylindric with rounded apices.

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Chroogomphus ochraceus

https://www.mushroomexpert.com/Chroogomphus_ochraceus.html

Ecology: Mycorrhizal with conifers, especially pines; growing alone, scattered, or loosely gregariously; summer and fall (over winter in coastal California); widely distributed in North America.

Cap: 2-12 cm wide; convex, occasionally with a central point; smooth; slimy when fresh and young, but often dry and shiny or silky when collected; color ranging from yellowish to orangish, reddish, purplish red, or reddish brown--usually darker with maturity.

Gills: Running down the stem; distant or nearly so; pale yellowish at first, becoming grayish cinnamon and finally blackish as the spores mature.

Stem: 3.5-18 cm long; up to 2.5 cm wide; tapering to base; yellowish to pale orangish; sometimes with scattered orangish to reddish fibers (but not densely felty-scaly); often with a wispy ring zone from the collapsed partial veil.

Flesh: Pinkish above, yellowish in the stem.

Odor and Taste: Not distinctive.

Spore Print: Dark gray to black.

Microscopic Features: Spores 14-22 x 6-7.5 ; smooth; narrowly elliptical to subfusoid. Cystidia long-cylindrical, subutriform, or narrowly clavate; up to about 180 x 20 ; with thin walls (under about 1 thick).

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Hygrophorus poetarum

https://www.mushroomexpert.com/Hygrophorus_poetarum.html

Ecology: Mycorrhizal with beech, oaks, and other hardwoods; growing alone, scattered or gregariously, often in moss; usually appearing in late spring or early summer, but occasionally found in late summer or fall; originally described from France and Switzerland; fairly widespread in Europe; North American distribution uncertain. The illustrated and described collections are from Illinois and Indiana.

Cap: 2.5-8 cm; convex when young, becoming broadly convex or nearly flat; sticky when fresh, but usually drying out very quickly; bald, or finely hairy over the center; smooth, but with maturity often developing small pock marks; the margin at first inrolled, cottony, and soft, but eventually unrolling; pale pastel orange or, when growing in direct sunlight, orangish buff.

Gills: Broadly attached to the stem or beginning to run down it; close or nearly distant; creamy white or, in age, very pale orange; short-gills frequent.

Stem: 4-10 cm long; 1-3 cm thick; usually tapering to the base, and often developing a rooting portion underground; mealy at the apex, but bald or finely silky below; whitish to pale orange, discoloring a little orangish or brownish with age or when handled; white at the base; solid.

Flesh: White; firm; unchanging when sliced.

Odor and Taste: Odor usually strongly sweet and unpleasant (sometimes reminiscent of the "coal tar" odor in some species of Tricholoma) but occasionally weak, or merely faintly mealy; taste not distinctive.

Chemical Reactions: KOH yellow to greenish yellow on cap surface; negative on stem apex but negative to yellow or greenish yellow on the stem base.

Spore Print: White.

Microscopic Features: Spores 5-7 x 3-4.5 m; ellipsoid to sublacrymoid, with a prominent apiculus; smooth; hyaline in KOH; inamyloid. Basidia <NOBR>40-55 </NOBR> long; subclavate; 4-sterigmate. Cystidia not found. Lamellar trama divergent. Pileipellis an ixocutis, only slightly gelatinized, with trichodermal areas; elements 2.5-5 m wide, smooth, hyaline in KOH. Clamp connections present.

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David Stevens 🇺🇦 (@davidst999.bsky.social)

https://bsky.app/profile/davidst999.bsky.social/post/3mijs4747uc2z

> Tongues of Fire (Gymnosporangium clavariiforme) a species of rust fungus which alternately infects Juniperus and Hawthorns. Spotted today in The Scottish Wildlife Trusts' Bawsinch and Duddingston Nature Reserve, Edinburgh. More info in ALT. #Fungi #Mushrooms #Mycology @scotwildlife.bsky.social

Leccinum quercophilum

https://www.mushroomexpert.com/Leccinum_quercophilum.html

Ecology: Mycorrhizal with oaks; growing gregariously; summer; possibly widely distributed in North America east of the Great Plains. The illustrated and described collections are from Illinois and Michigan.

Cap: 3-9 cm; convex, becoming broadly convex; dry; bald; tightly wrinkled and pitted when young; becoming cracked and mosaic-like with age; orangish brown to yellowish brown; discoloring bluish green toward the margin with age; without a sterile overhanging margin.

Pore Surface: Whitish to grayish brown when young, becoming yellowish brown to brownish with age; bruising slowly dark brown, with or without a bluish stage; with 1-3 angular pores per mm at maturity; tubes 1-2 cm deep; by maturity usually depressed at the stem.

Stem: 5-9 cm long; 8-20 mm thick; gradually tapering to apex; whitish underneath fine, tiny scabers that are whitish above and brown below, arranged in vague longitudinal lines; bruising and staining greenish to blue near the base; basal mycelium white.

Flesh: Whitish; staining grayish to gray within 30 minutes of exposure, with or without a faintly pinkish stage; sometimes bluing in the stem base.

Odor and Taste: Not distinctive.

Chemical Reactions: Ammonia negative on cap surface; negative to pinkish on flesh. KOH negative to yellowish on cap surface; gray to greenish gray on flesh. Iron salts negative on cap surface; negative or greenish on flesh.

Spore Print: Not recorded.

Microscopic Features: Spores 15-18 x 5-7.5 m; fusiform; smooth; yellowish in KOH; inamyloid. Basidia 25-30 x 9-12 m; clavate; 4-sterigmate. Pleurocystidia 25-40 x 8-12 m; lageniform; smooth; thin-walled; hyaline to yellowish or golden in KOH. Cheilocystidia 30-50 x 10-15 m; lageniform to mucronate, subclavate, or irregular; thin-walled; smooth; yellowish to brownish in KOH. Pileipellis a trichoderm of septate hyphae, hyaline to yellowish or brownish in KOH; terminaland subterminal elements subglobose to clavate or irregular, 25-50 m wide. Caulocystidia lageniform or ventricose-rostrate; smooth; 30-50 x 10-15 m; hyaline to yellowish in KOH.

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Amanita brunnescens

https://www.mushroomexpert.com/Amanita_brunnescens.html

Ecology: Mycorrhizal with various hardwoods and conifers; growing alone, scattered, or gregariously; summer and fall; widely distributed and common east of the Rocky Mountains.

Cap: 3-11 cm, convex, becoming broadly convex with a shallow central bump, or nearly flat; tacky at first or when wet; varying in color from grayish brown to whitish, often with a darker center; sometimes developing reddish brown stains; often somewhat streaked or mottled in appearance; usually featuring a few scattered, randomly distributed white to grayish or tan warts; the margin often becoming faintly lined for a few mm.

Gills: Free from the stem; white; close or crowded; not discoloring, or sometimes discoloring brownish.

Stem: 6-12 cm long; 0.5-1.5 cm thick above the bulb; tapering to apex; bald or silky; with a relatively persistent, skirtlike, white ring that sometimes develops a reddish brown edge and often collapses against the stem; usually ending in an abrupt, rimmed basal bulb that is "chiseled" or split vertically in one or more places; discoloring and bruising reddish brown, especially near the base; volval remnants usually absent but occasionally present as a few patches along the upper rim of the bulb.

Flesh: White throughout; firm; not discoloring, or sometimes discoloring or bruising reddish brown, especially around worm channels.

Odor: Not distinctive.

Chemical Reactions: KOH on cap surface negative; on flesh in stem base slowly slightly yellowish.

Spore Print: White.

Microscopic Features: Spores 6.5-10 ; smooth; globose or subglobose; amyloid. Basidia without basal clamps; 4-spored. Pileipellis a cutis or ixocutis of hyphae 2-6 wide. Lamellar trama bilateral; subhymenium ramose or with inflated cells.

REFERENCES: Atkinson, 1918. (Smith, 1949; Smith, Smith & Weber, 1979; Arora, 1986; Jenkins, 1986; Phillips, 1991/2005; Lincoff, 1992; Metzler & Metzler, 1992; Barron, 1999; Roody, 2003; McNeil, 2006; Miller & Miller, 2006; Binion et al., 2008; Tulloss, cont. upd.) Herb. Kuo 06229501, 07200203, 07200204, 07200205, 06120301, 07160703, 07100802, 10170904, 06221010.

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