Samael
Also spelled Smil, Samil, or Samiel.
Heās an archangel in Talmudic & post-Talmudic tradition. Heās a figure who is the accuser or adversary (Satan in the Book of Job), seducer, & destroying angel (in the Book of Exodus).
Although many of his functions resemble the Christian idea of Satan, to the point of being sometimes classified as a fallen angel. Heās not necessarily evil, since his functions also result in good, like destroying sinners.
In Midrashic texts, heās considered to be a member of the heavenly host, often with grim & destructive duties. 1 of Samaelās most significant roles in Jewish lore is that of the main angel of Death & the head of satans. He appears frequently in the story of the Garden of Eden & engineered the Fall of Adam (& Eve) with a snake in writings, during the Second Temple period. However, the serpent isnāt a form of Samael. But a beast he rode, like a camel.
In a single account, heās also believed to be the father of Cain. As well as the partner of Lilith.
In early Talmudic & Midrashic literature, he hasnāt yet been associated with Satan. Only in later Midrashim is he given the title āhead of satans.ā
As a guardian angel & prince of Rome, heās Israelās archenemy. By the beginning of Jewish culture in Europe, Samael had been established as a representative of Christianity due to his identification with Rome.
In some Gnostic cosmologies, Samaelās role as a source of evil became identified with the Demiurge, the creator of the material world.
Samael was 1st mentioned during the Second Temple period & immediately after its destruction. Heās 1st mentioned in the Book of Enoch, which is a part of the Jewish apocrypha, along with other rebellious angels. In 1 Enoch, heās 1 of the Watchers who descended to Earth to have adult spicy time with human women. Although heās not their leader. Samayaza is their leader. (A post about Samyaza is coming soon. Research on him is ongoing, right now.)
In the Greek Apocalypse of Baruch, heās the dominant evil figure. Samael plants the actual Tree of the Knowledge of Good & Evil. Heās then banished & cursed by God. To take revenge, he tempts Adam & Eve into sin by taking the form of the serpent.
He further appears as the embodiment of evil in the Ascension of Isaiah & is called by various names:
- Melkira, āKing of evil/wicked.ā
- Malkira/Malchira, āMessenger of evil.ā
- Belkira, āLord of the Wall.ā
- Bechira, āElect/Chosen of evil.ā
The names Belial & Satan are also applied to him. He gains control of King Manasseh to accuse Isaiah of treason.
In Talmudic & Midrash, Samaelās role as an agent of evil is relatively marginal. From the 5th or 6th century onward, he becomes 1 of the most prominent among the demonic entities. Samael hasnāt been identified with the angel of Death in the Talmud.
In the Exodus Rabbah (the Exodus Midrash), Samael is pictured as the accuser in the heavenly court & tempter to sin, while Michael defends Israelās actions. Here, Samael is identified with Satan. While āSatanā describes his function as an āaccuser,ā Samael is considered his real/proper name.
He also fulfills the role of the Angel of Death when he comes to take the body of Moses & is called the leader of Satan.
The title of āsatanā is also applied to him in the Midrash Pirkei De-Rabbi Eliezer, where he was the chief of the fallen angels, & a 12-winged seraph. According to the text, Samael opposed the creation of Adam & descended to Earth to tempt him into evil.
Riding the serpent, he convinces Eve to eat the Forbidden Fruit. His role here might be inspired by the Islamic idea of Iblis, who refused to prostrate himself before Adam because he consists of fire & Adam merely of dust. This Midrash also reveals that Samael sired Cain with Eve.
In the smaller Midrash, heās the ruler of Hell. Several sources (like Yalkut Shimoni) describe him as the guardian angel of Esau, relating him to Rome, the 1 who wrestled with Jacob, the angel who ordered Abraham to sacrifice Isaac, & a patron of Edom. Which makes sense because Esau was the āfatherā of Edom.
In Kabbalah, Samael is described as the āseverity of God.ā He is listed as 5 of the archangels of the world of Beriāah. Among his portions are Esau, the people who inherit the sword & bring war; the goats & seāirim (demons); & the destroyer angel.
Both Samael & Lilith are major demons in earlier Jewish literature traditions. They donāt appear paired together until the 2nd half of the 13th century, when theyāre introduced together. Lilith is a demon created alongside Adam. She wasnāt originally created as a demon. She morphed into a demoness down the road. She was originally created as Adamās (1st) wife. Lilith then becomes Samaelās bride. With her, Samael created a host of demon kids, including a son, the āSword of Samaelā (or of Asmodai).
In the Kabbalistic work Treatise on the Left Emanation, Samael is part of the qlippoth (Qlippoth is the representation of evil/impure spiritual forces in Jewish mysticism), prince of all demons, & husband of Lilith. The 2 are said to parallel Adam & Eve being emanated together from the Throne of Glory as a counterpart. Asmodeus is also mentioned to be subservient to Samael & married to a young (or alternate), lesser Lilith.
In the Zohar (1 of Kabbalahās principal works), Samael is described as a leader of the divine forces of destruction, part of the qlippoth. Heās mentioned again as the serpentās rider. Heās also described as having mated with Eisheth Zenunim (a princess of the qilppoth); Naāamah (She originated from & is often mixed with another Naamah, sister to Tubal-Cain); & Agrat bat Mahlat (a demoness), all being āangelsā of sacred prostitution.
Itās also said that the founder of Hasidic Judaism, Baal Shem Tov, summoned Samael to make him do his bidding.
Samael is also pictured as the angel of Death & 1 of the 7 archangels, the ruler over the 5th Heaven (This refers to 1 of the 7 firmaments, or physical layers, located above the open sky.) & commander of 2 million angels, such as the chief of all destroying angels. Think about the angel(s) who destroyed the Egyptians who didnāt have the lambās blood on their doorframes (Exodus 11).
In 3 separate Gnostic texts (found in the Nag Hammadi library), Samael is 1 of the 3 names of the Demiurge. He had 2 other names in these texts: Yaldabaoth & Saklas. After Yaldabaoth claims sole divinity for himself, the voice of Sophia (āwisdom,ā the personification of wisdom) comes forth calling him Samael, due to his ignorance.
In Hypostasis of the Archons, Samael is the 1st sinner. The First Epistle of John calls the devil a sinner from the beginning. His appearance is that of a lion-faced serpent.
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