Like gender, (popular) culture is a spectrum or complex range of possibilities:
But too much of cultural studies has continued to locate popular culture within two binary normative economies: on the one hand, the popular (as poaching, fragmented, contradictory, bodily, carnivalesque, pleasurable) versus the legitimate (as reified, hierarchical, intellectual, etc.), and, on the other hand, the popular (as stylized, artificial, disruptive, marginal, resisting) versus the mainstream (as naturalized, commonsensical, incorporated, etc.). Even Hall's often repeated warning to approach popular culture as 'the double movement of containment and resistance' has not stopped critics from distributing texts, audiences and reading practices into these dichotomous judgements.
Grossberg, L. (1998 Replacing Popular Culture', Redhead, S. (ed) The Clubcultures Reader: Readings in Popular Cultural Studies, Blackwell.
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