The #avian and #human #influenza A #virus receptors #sialic acid #SA_α2_3 and #SA_α2_6 are widely expressed in the #bovine mammary gland | #bioRxiv
https://www.biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.05.03.592326v1
#preprint

#Biology #virology #epidemiology

#Avian and #Human #Influenza A Virus #Receptors in #Bovine #Mammary #Gland, Emerg Infect Dis.: https://wwwnc.cdc.gov/eid/article/30/9/24-0696_article

An outbreak of influenza A (#H5N1) virus was detected in dairy cows in the #USA. We detected influenza A virus #sialic acid -α2,3/α2,6-galactose host receptors in bovine mammary glands by lectin histochemistry. Our results provide a rationale for the high levels of H5N1 virus in #milk from infected cows.

#Bovine #H5N1 #influenza virus binds poorly to #human-type #sialic acid #receptors, BioRxIV: https://www.biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.08.01.606177v1

Using two different methods, we found that both of the 2.3.4.4b H5s bound efficiently to glycan receptors with terminally linked a2-3 sialic acid with no detectable binding to glycan receptors with terminally linked a2-6 sialic acid.

#Cell #binding, uptake and #infection of #influenza A virus using recombinant #antibody-based #receptors. http://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2024.07.29.605726v1?rss=1

#Human and #avian influenza A viruses bind to #sialic acid (Sia) receptors on cells as their primary receptors, and this results in endocytic uptake of the virus.

#H19 #influenza A virus exhibits #species-specific #MHC class II #receptor usage, Cell Host Microbe: https://www.cell.com/cell-host-microbe/abstract/S1931-3128(24)00190-2?rss=yes

Influenza A virus H19 subtype does not bind the canonical receptor #sialic acid. H19 utilizes MHC class II #proteins from distinct species for host cell entry.
Mutating the putative canonical RBS of H19 restores sialic acid dependency. Residues in the MHC class II α chain confer species-specific entry of H19.

#Expert #reaction #study on features of #infection & #transmission of #bovine #H5N1 #influenza, Science Media Centre: https://www.sciencemediacentre.org/expert-reaction-study-on-features-of-infection-and-transmission-of-bovine-h5n1-influenza/

“There are some novel characteristics of this work compared with other studies, such as demonstrating ability of the virus to bind to both a2, 3 & a2,6 #sialic acid. This is of concern as it suggests a possible increase in potential of this virus to infect other mammals, including humans...

#Pathogenicity and #transmissibility of #bovine #H5N1 #influenza virus, Nature: https://www.nature.com/articles/s41586-024-07766-6

Importantly, bovine HPAI H5N1 virus bound to #sialic acids expressed in #human upper #airways and inefficiently transmitted to exposed ferrets (one of four exposed ferrets seroconverted without virus detection). Bovine HPAI H5N1 virus thus possesses features that may facilitate #infection and #transmission in #mammals.