Christopher MillerSingle-Celled Organism with No Brain is Capable of Pavlovian Learning...
...and yet the likes of Laurence Fox cannot grasp the most basic of concepts!
#News #Newstodon #NewsTooter #Science #Pavlov #PavlovianLearning
VictorHuh? Ciliated protozoan Stentor may be capable of associative learning with habituation. #Protozoan #ciliate #wastewater #Pavlov https://www.biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2026.02.25.708045v1
Associative learning in the protozoan Stentor coeruleus
The capacity for associative learning in protozoa has been a matter of longstanding controversy. In a series of Pavlovian conditioning experiments with the ciliate Stentor coeruleus , we show that temporally pairing weak and strong mechanical stimuli results in a transiently enhanced contraction response to the weak stimulus. Control experiments rule out several alternative explanations, such as non-associative sensitization or arousal. Parametric manipulation of the conditioning protocol’s temporal structure revealed a systematic dependence of learning on the inter-trial and inter-stimulus intervals, though not in the form classically observed in animals. A simple mathematical model, combining associative learning with habituation, can explain why enhancement is transient, and accurately fits the learning curve at the aggregate level. We conclude that Stentor coeruleus appears capable of associative learning, suggesting an ancient evolutionary origin that preceded the emergence of multicellular nervous systems. ### Competing Interest Statement The authors have declared no competing interest. Schmidt Sciences, https://ror.org/044fk6795, Polymath Award United States Air Force Office of Scientific Research, FA9550-22-1-0345
VictorHuh? Ciliated protozoan Stentor may be capable of associative learning with habituation. #Protozoan #ciliate #wastewater #Pavlov https://www.biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2026.02.25.708045v1
Associative learning in the protozoan Stentor coeruleus
The capacity for associative learning in protozoa has been a matter of longstanding controversy. In a series of Pavlovian conditioning experiments with the ciliate Stentor coeruleus , we show that temporally pairing weak and strong mechanical stimuli results in a transiently enhanced contraction response to the weak stimulus. Control experiments rule out several alternative explanations, such as non-associative sensitization or arousal. Parametric manipulation of the conditioning protocol’s temporal structure revealed a systematic dependence of learning on the inter-trial and inter-stimulus intervals, though not in the form classically observed in animals. A simple mathematical model, combining associative learning with habituation, can explain why enhancement is transient, and accurately fits the learning curve at the aggregate level. We conclude that Stentor coeruleus appears capable of associative learning, suggesting an ancient evolutionary origin that preceded the emergence of multicellular nervous systems. ### Competing Interest Statement The authors have declared no competing interest. Schmidt Sciences, https://ror.org/044fk6795, Polymath Award United States Air Force Office of Scientific Research, FA9550-22-1-0345
TROPOMI SO2On 2026-03-02 #TROPOMI has detected an enhanced SO2 signal of 4.60DU at a distance of 5.5km to #Shishaldin. Other nearby sources: #Shishaldin #Pavlof #Pavlov. #DLR_inpuls #S5p #Sentinel5p #TROPOMI #SO2LH
On 2026-02-19 #TROPOMI has detected an enhanced SO2 signal of 8.18DU at a distance of 3.3km to #Shishaldin. Other nearby sources: #Shishaldin #Pavlof #Pavlov. #DLR_inpuls #S5p #Sentinel5p #TROPOMI #SO2LH
j43147 :pentagram:How Groningen university teaches Pavlov lifelessons for their Twinflaming Nazi experiment? Voice to skull microwave weapons. #v2k #voicetoskull #microwaveweapons #twinflaming #balaam #lilith #pavlov #groningenuniversity #destructionoflight #luciferexperiment #demmink #epstein #prometheus
The Nazis like to rub it in how noone will ever care because they won the Twinflame. #pavlov #groningenuniversity #twinflaming
On 2026-02-05 #TROPOMI has detected an enhanced SO2 signal of 7.24DU at a distance of 6.3km to #Shishaldin. Other nearby sources: #Shishaldin #Pavlof #Pavlov. #DLR_inpuls #S5p #Sentinel5p #TROPOMI #SO2LH
On 2026-01-30 #TROPOMI has detected an enhanced SO2 signal of 13.09DU at a distance of 1.4km to #Shishaldin. Other nearby sources: #Shishaldin #Pavlof #Pavlov. #DLR_inpuls #S5p #Sentinel5p #TROPOMI #SO2LH
On 2026-01-29 #TROPOMI has detected an enhanced SO2 signal of 6.42DU at a distance of 76.3km to #Shishaldin. Other nearby sources: #Shishaldin #Pavlof #Pavlov. #DLR_inpuls #S5p #Sentinel5p #TROPOMI #SO2LH
