The more I learn about atmospheric chemistry, the more terrified and angry I am about satellite companies' blatant lack of consideration for how their actions will harm the atmosphere. I hope this gets a lot of press. Great work by a whole team of scientists, including @astrokiwi.bsky.social!

https://www.nature.com/articles/s41612-025-01098-6.epdf

Near-future rocket launches could slow ozone recovery | npj Climate and Atmospheric Science

Rocket emissions thin the stratospheric ozone layer. To understand if significant ozone losses could occur as the launch industry grows, we examine two scenarios. Our ‘ambitious’ scenario (2040 launches/year) yields a −0.29% depletion in annual-mean, near-global total column ozone in 2030. Antarctic springtime ozone decreases by 3.9%. Our ‘conservative’ scenario (884 launches/year) yields −0.17% annual, near-global depletion; current licensing rates suggest this scenario may be exceeded before 2030. Ozone losses are driven by the chlorine produced from solid rocket motor propellant, and black carbon which is emitted from most propellants. The ozone layer is slowly healing from the effects of CFCs, yet global-mean ozone abundances are still 2% lower than measured prior to the onset of CFC-induced ozone depletion. Our results demonstrate that ongoing and frequent rocket launches could delay ozone recovery. Action is needed now to ensure that future growth of the launch industry and ozone protection are mutually sustainable.

Co-author Michele Bannister posted a thread about this paper yesterday on bluesky: https://fed.brid.gy/r/https://bsky.app/profile/did:plc:f3jxtgz7tnwvzkpgzb6wsqqj/post/3lr7qoirmxr27
Bluesky

Bluesky Social

My takeaway: Satellite launches are undoing the recovery of the ozone layer that should be happening now that CFCs are banned. And this study doesn't even take into account metal deposition from reentries, which might be even worse!

When I teach climate change in my astro classes, I always give the recovery of the ozone layer as an example of how countries can work together to fix a giant problem (Montreal Protocol). I guess satellite companies are now destroying that too.

Coincidentally, I'm "giving" a pre-recorded talk at the American Astronomical Society meeting later today about atmospheric pollution from satellites (and I didn't even get to include this excellent paper because I recorded the talk a few days ago).

This talk is short (12 min) and directed at professional astronomers, so there's not as much background info as usual, but maybe it's a helpful summary of where things stand now?

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=kbx_O0RTJlI

AAS atm pollution june2025

YouTube

I don't travel much, and I am definitely not crossing the US border right now, so I'm glad I could give this talk via a recording. Added bonus, anyone else who wants to can watch it!

(Yes, youtube sucks, I should have shared it a different way, but for a variety of reasons, that was best)

@sundogplanets yes definitely don't come here. Hopefully we'll get it sorted out sooner rather than later.
@sundogplanets Unless the AAS forbids it for some reason, couldn't you also upload it to archive.org as secondary storage?
@sundogplanets thanks for the share, that was interesting.

@sundogplanets Only one solution: build satellites _outside_ the atmosphere!

(This is a joke, but I am almost sure that someone will make that suggestion at some point.)

@jexner VC's just gave you 17 million dollars! That's how this all works, right?

@sundogplanets Oh, thank you! So, my salary... let's see...

I also need an architect, and obv a big consultancy for all the paperwork...

Oh, money has run out, oops! Sorry!

@sundogplanets @jexner
I will create an app that detects thin ozone layers near the user and calls in a "cloud satellite" to float between them and the deathrays from sun.

Also, the app might be upgraded with a mass donation option, where you can rally people to donate for a fleet of atmospheric satellites (😬) that sew together smaller ozone holes.

Problem nearly solved.
I just need some investment for this.

@jexner @sundogplanets That is a valid thing to propose, but we lack the infrastructure in space to do this - and if we had, we would likely have more landings on earth as well to bring resources down.

Building space infrastructure needs sustainable, cheaper space travel, since we would have to do that very often (in the beginning from earth).

Tldr: Space infrastructure is not a solution to toxic rocket starts. It needs them to be built.

@jexner @sundogplanets You know, if we're brainstorming out-of-the-box solutions, why not consider a space elevator? 🚀🌍 Imagine a giant tether stretching from Earth into space, allowing us to send satellites and payloads up without the need for traditional rocket launches. It's like taking the stairs instead of the elevator—well, actually, it is the elevator!

Not only could this reduce the number of rocket launches, but it might also help protect our precious ozone layer from further harm. Plus, think of the views! 🌌
🌟 https://youtu.be/V0ju74IqW0A

Space Elevators: Strategies & Status

YouTube
@debby @sundogplanets I think that is certainly out-of-the-box, and possibly desirable, but maybe not yet entirely doable?

@jexner @sundogplanets

Sorry for the delay in replying! Let’s be clear upfront: we can’t build a fully operational space elevator with today’s technology.

But history shows us that what seems impossible today can become reality tomorrow. When President John F. Kennedy set the goal of landing a man on the Moon in 1961, many thought it was a pipe dream. Yet less than a decade later, the Apollo program succeeded, proving that with determination, innovation, and investment, the impossible can be achieved. So, while ambitious, a space elevator is a plausible future project.

Trying to be as objective as I can, here’s a more nuanced take on feasibility — starting with economics. A space elevator would be expensive; estimates vary, but it’s safe to say it would be a multi-billion-dollar project. To put that in perspective: SoFi Stadium cost $4.9 billion, and the Apollo program cost about $203 billion (adjusted to 2015 dollars). Expert analyses estimate the cost of the first space elevator between $6 billion and $100 billion depending on design and infrastructure included. So financially, it’s ambitious but plausible, especially as a long-term infrastructure investment with transformative potential for space access and sustainable resource use.

The technical challenges are immense, but so are those of every large, unprecedented undertaking. Picture a tether anchored to a mobile ocean platform, gently swaying with the waves, while robotic climbers ascend and descend, carrying cargo and passengers to the stars.

Several organizations, including the International Space Elevator Consortium, are actively developing the technologies and infrastructure needed. While we’re far from the finish line, the potential benefits—significantly reduced launch costs, increased space access, and large-scale space-based solar power—are exciting.

A key technical hurdle is finding a material with sufficient tensile strength. Though it might sound counterintuitive, a space elevator is more like a suspension bridge to space than a giant tower. The concept evolved from building “bottom-up” to a “top-down” approach, where a geostationary satellite deploys a cable down to Earth. Currently, carbon nanotubes (CNTs) and ultra-high molecular weight polyethylene (UHMWPE) are leading candidates for tether materials. For example, Shizuoka University in Japan is prototyping and testing high-tensile-strength materials in space. The key issues remain: producing suitable materials like carbon nanotubes at scale.

In conclusion, while we can’t build a fully operational space elevator today, overcoming the technical difficulties in the near future is possible. With continued advances in materials science, engineering, and technology, we may soon see the space elevator shift from futuristic fantasy to game-changing reality.

I’m no space engineering expert, so I welcome corrections and insights.
---

References & Further Reading
- Edwards, Bradley C. “The Space Elevator.” https://nss.org/wp-content/uploads/2017/07/2000-Space-Elevator-NIAC-phase1.pdf
- Gao, Tianrui. “The Feasibility Analysis of a Space Elevator.” https://ijetch.org/2024/IJET-V16N4-1290.pdf
- International Space Elevator Consortium — Annual Studies https://www.isec.org/studies/#ApexAnchor

Recommended Videos
- Space Elevators: Strategies & Status — https://youtu.be/V0ju74IqW0A
- Clean Energy From Space? — https://youtu.be/iNqCAvL1T1Y
- Asteroid Mining — https://youtu.be/3-3DjxhGaUg
- Everyone is Wrong About Asteroid Mining — https://youtu.be/p3hlnL2JN8E

CC: @cy @isecdotorg @sorceressofmathematics @goodmirek @tiotasram @Ifrauding @Elrick_Winter @tiotasram @davidtheeviloverlord

#SpaceElevator #FutureTech #SpaceExploration #Innovation #ScienceFiction #Engineering #SpaceTravel #CarbonNanotubes #UHMWPE #FeasibilityStudy #SpaceAccess #SustainableTech #SpaceResearch #SpaceEngineering
#SpaceTechnology #SpaceEconomics #SpaceInnovation #SpaceDevelopment
#megaprojects #SpaceTower #Megastructure

A space elevator that can only be used by the rich, to cover the sky in their spy satellites. Sounds like an amazing solution. Maybe we could focus on not letting rich people deploy massive amounts of satellites at all? Or on not letting people be that rich? No elevator needed!

But yeah, space elevators are cool. Completely infeasible, since there is no material that could withstand the gravitational forces. The tether would pull itself apart by its own weight like taffy. Nanotubes are like nuclear fusion, they look great on paper.

CC: @jexner@tooting.ch @sundogplanets@mastodon.social

@cy @debby @jexner @sundogplanets it's okay, as someone who has played Sid Meier's Alpha Centauri, I can inform you that we just need to spend some research points in "super-tensile solids" and then we'll be able to build the space elevator.

/s

Hey @cy

I like your revolutionary pessimism—and I really hope you like my evolutionary tech optimism too.

I understand your skepticism around space elevators, especially concerns about their accessibility and the materials needed for their construction.

Comparing Space Elevators to nuclear fusion is an interesting analogy, but it overlooks a key distinction: nuclear fusion is already completely feasible; the challenge lies in engineering a sustained fusion reaction. The feasibility of CNTs for space elevators is grounded in our current understanding of physical reality. Throughout history, many innovations have followed this pattern—from Leonardo da Vinci's observations of bird flight to the Wright brothers' first powered flight. These advancements were not just "great on paper"; they were feasible based on the physical principles knowen in their time. I see the incredible progress humanity has made and that this trend will continue into the future, with societal and technological progress working hand in hand.

The idea that a space elevator would be "only for the rich" and used primarily to deploy spy satellites is overly pessimistic. I know the world isn't perfect, but it's getting better. The device you're using to communicate here probably has superior computational power compared to the entire Apollo program. And obviously, you could afford the device—even if only half a century ago, the effort and resources of the richest nation on Earth were necessary. Don't you see the progress? I agree that the distribution of wealth should be more equitable, but from there to overlook that even if the arc of justice bends slowly, it still bends toward justice. The rich are not a universal "got you," as you seem to infer. Society is a complex system, just like the economy; complex systems are usually not understood by a single solution.

Let's consider the broader vision and potential democratizing effect of this technology. The industrial revolution brought many hardships but ultimately also made the abolition movement possible. Technological development may not be sufficient but is a necessary condition for social progress. The universe is a vast and abundant place, easily making scarcity obsolete if explored and accessed in a reasonable and ethical manner. Space elevators promise to drastically reduce the cost of sending payloads and people to orbit—potentially by factors of 50 to 100 compared to rockets. This cost reduction could make space access affordable for a much wider range of users, including researchers, educators, small businesses, NGOs, and developing nations.

Enabling large-scale infrastructure projects in space could be a big step toward a post-scarcity, utopian future for all of humanity, with abundant energy and resources. Solar power satellites that provide clean energy to Earth and abundant resources through asteroid mining would benefit all of humanity. The historical pattern of technological advancement shows that what starts as expensive and exclusive often becomes accessible over time.

We can imagine and work toward a future where technology serves the many, not just the few.

We already live in a post-scarcity society. Just give all the food we can make to the people who need to eat, easy! Post-scarcity has existed for longer than recorded history. The myth is scarcity, where they steal your shirt and proclaim "Oh no, shirts are just so scarce, you can't have any!"

And guilt-tripping me over owning a potato machine that can't even play games might work on some people, but I look at what this amazing computer can helped me do, i.e. not much.

You should be aware that a lot of progress is concealing exploitation and slave labor, where people sell you machines more powerful than the Apollo program that spy on you, because they're undercutting the price with all the workers they're screwing over to manufacture this stuff. Let me know when Intel's chip fabrication plants are nationalized, but otherwise it's less a matter of everyone is doing better and more a matter of I just happen to not be the one getting stepped on today.

I imagine a future where we work together with the people around us, and help each other directly, building strong, resilient communities, and not letting some shyster come in and go on about how great the future is in British Gas Shares until we're all in the poorhouse again. It's a future we could be living tomorrow. No advanced technology needed.

@debby @jexner @sundogplanets

Alas, my understanding is that this is still awesome science fiction, but you need to develop a material light enough and strong enough to work.

And then it would probably be hit with all the satellite debris that hasn't fallen on farmland yet.

@sundogplanets Quebec to invest $10M in company developing Canadian-made satellite launch technology? https://globalnews.ca/news/11230812/quebec-satellite-investment/
Quebec to invest $10M in company developing Canadian-made satellite launch technology

Quebec premier François Legault says the province will invest $10 million in a Montreal-area company that is developing a system to launch small satellites into space.

Global News
@sundogplanets Grrrr on the destruction of the ozone layer by Starlink et al
@sundogplanets Every once in a while a spot wears away on the callous I need to maintain over the worst of what's happening in the world to be able to function day-to-day.
When this happens, I am reminded of how shockingly quickly and with such apparent urgency we as a species are working toward the destruction of our planet and billions of unnecessary deaths.
@jik This is an amazingly good description of life right now. Thank you.
@sundogplanets @jik we (collectively, folks working on emerging technology capability development) need to be thinking *at least* as much about harm and risk mitigation, as we are about new use cases and features.
@sundogplanets
I live in Āotearoa New Zealand, and we have the second highest rate of skin cancer in the world - due in no small part to ozone depletion. I’m so angry that we’re going to be right back at square one with an extra serving of climate change, thanks to these ass-hats,
@sundogplanets Every so often I think of how Reagan of all people trusted the science, because he respected Thatcher and now I feel a little dirty.
It DOES take reentry into account and states exactly what makes sense from both chemistry and mass point of view. Glad to see a good paper lay this out.
@sundogplanets
@sundogplanets
See, this is why we can't have nice things.
@sundogplanets I am a late comer, but I must take a moment to say I am grateful for all you do and keeping eyes on on skies. I love your simple life and broad smile. -From near Saskatchewan border in N.E. AB
@sundogplanets paving paradise to put up a parking lot. the parking lot is full of dangerous uv radiation
@sundogplanets @astrokiwi.bsky.social This looks fairly terrible just on these baseline assumptions; if it turns out there are more countries launching (India?), or unexpected interactions, or feedback with increasing UV, it will probably be worse.

@sundogplanets @astrokiwi.bsky.social

Harm to the atmosphere, to the oceans, to low-earth orbits, to workers, to launch-site ecology, to climate, ...

@sundogplanets @astrokiwi.bsky.social

So Tesla customers think they’ve saved the planet while Musk wrecks its air?
Nice!

@sundogplanets @astrokiwi.bsky.social Thank you for your work and bringing this up for people to see and understand 🩷
Before reading your posts I was slightly concerned but didn’t know the scale and scope of this in the past 10 years… I was slightly concerned back in the early 2000’s but I had thought they would settle down or plateau in sending them up… (I was a kid then so naive optimism!)
Sci-fi writers aren’t fiction, they are prophetic. Unfortunately 😿

@sundogplanets @astrokiwi.bsky.social

I am also curious if this will render all Earth based telescopes useless.

@sundogplanets @astrokiwi.bsky.social this is an interesting start, great to see this! In addition I am concerned about all the other chemicals that are in a satellite. Not only the aluminum, but the gold, the tantalum, lead, tinn and other metal components of the electronics, the brominated flame retardants in the circuit boards. Fluorinated insulation. A hodgepodge of chemicals that can lead to potent catalytic chemistry... And we don't know anything about their behavior ...
We do not explicitly model that here, but you might be interested also in the reentry NOx production
There's some relevant abstracts in the recent EGU session where we also presented this work if you want to see the current approaches meetingorganizer.copernicus.org/EGU25/sessio...

Session AS3.9
Session AS3.9

@sundogplanets @astrokiwi.bsky.social Thanks for your concern for the air we need and the goats you breed.
@sundogplanets @astrokiwi.bsky.social Are satellite companies just hoping we'll all be too busy watching Netflix from space to notice our atmosphere getting a little....... extra crispy?

@sundogplanets @astrokiwi.bsky.social

Oh shit so chemtrails are real, they're just accidental and associated with space launches?

@sundogplanets @astrokiwi.bsky.social Related: While it's getting a lot of press, I have a hard time believing that launching a "dumb" satellite into orbit by flinging it with a centrifuge can actually work to achieve stable orbit?

My understanding of orbital mechanics is 99.95% grounded in Kerbal Space Program, but you have to accelerate in space to circularize an orbit, right? So if you fling a small payload out of the atmosphere ballistically, all you get is a payload that loops around and then hits the atmosphere again, right?

@sundogplanets @astrokiwi.bsky.social Important to note, as the article does (though a bit obliquely), that the re-entry and burnup of large numbers of these stupid StarLink-type satellites over the years will likely result in the deposition of large quantities of aluminium in the atmosphere, with unknown consequences. This constant re-entry of satellites (which are in low-Earth-orbit and therefore relatively short-lived because of upper atmospheric drag) necessitates replacement, which drives additional rocket launches -- far more than would be required for space operations that did not involve this astonishingly stupid concept.

@sundogplanets

The fact that space rocket launches hurt the ozone layer has been known for at least thirty years, maybe forty.

@vnikolov Well, nobody did anything about it.

@sundogplanets @astrokiwi.bsky.social

You know, I follow a lot of scientists and it's interesting how OFTEN I hear them say things like, "The more I learn about X environmental issue, the more shocked and appalled I am"

Can't seem to recall many times I heard anyone say it was the other way around, "the more I learn about X the more reassured and calm I am"...

That doesn't bode well.

@sundogplanets @astrokiwi.bsky.social

All companies have a blatant lack of taking responsibility for their damage.
I'm very sure they consider their role in damaging the world but decide, that it's ok for their goal on making money.

@sundogplanets @astrokiwi.bsky.social and the RF pollution. Beaming constantly, everywhere with zero regulation. How certain frequencies disrupt electromagnetic fields and life cycles of microorganisms etc etc.

@sundogplanets
Are you aware of the Zero Debris Technical Booklet? It was prepared by the international Zero Debris Community and also contains a chapter about adverse consequences on astronomy and atmosphere (6). The chapter lists "key enablers" to address certain challenges. Maybe, you can have a look on this.

https://blogs.esa.int/cleanspace/2025/01/15/zero-debris-technical-booklet-published/

We are happy that also a representative from IAU participating in this week's workshop on the booklet.

The booklet is a living document and can inform decision making and the development of technology/methodology.

@astrokiwi.bsky.social

Zero Debris Technical Booklet Published! – The Clean Space blog

The Right Way is the Clean Way