Novel creations

2: e, unpa (phonesthetic)
Unknown

5: nasa,[29] and the obsolete roots kapa (protuberance), iki (a pronoun), leko (block, stairs), and kan (with).

note
[29] ↑ Said to be from Tok Pisin "nasau", but this has not been confirmed. It does not appear in dictionaries and has not been recognized by Tok Pisin speakers.

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Other languages

5: esun 'store' (Akan, from edwamu [edʒum] 'at market', from dwa [dʒwa] 'market'), kulupu (Tongan kulupu, from English group), laso (Welsh glas 'sky, blue-green'), moku 'eat' (Japanese phonesthetic モグモグ(食べる) mogu mogu (taberu) 'munch'), pana 'give' (Swahili pana 'to give to each other')

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Multiple languages

4: a (A!, ah!, etc. in all the above), o (English O!, Esperanto ho!, French ô!, etc.; also the Georgian vocative case suffix -ო -o), mi (English me, Tok Pisin mi, Esperanto mi, Dutch mij, Croatian me ~ mi), mama (Georgian მამა mama 'father'; most of the other languages above mama, maman, etc. 'mother')

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Mandarin

6 (one shared): jo (有 yǒu 'to have'), kon (空气 kōngqì 'air'), pan 'grain, cereal product' (饭 fàn 'rice'; also Cantonese 飯 faahn; cf. Spanish pan 'bread'), seme (什么 shénme 'what?'), sin (新 xīn 'new'), sinpin (前边 qiánbian 'front')

Cantonese

4 (one shared): jan (人 yàhn 'person'), ko (膏 gòu 'fat, ointment'), ni (呢 nì 'this'), pan 'grain, cereal product' (飯 faahn 'rice'; also Mandarin 饭 fàn; cf. Spanish pan 'bread')

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Georgian

8: ala (არა ara 'no, not'), anu (ანუ anu 'or'), kili (ხილი xili 'fruit'), seli (ცხელი tsxeli 'hot'), sewi (ზევით zevit 'up'), sona (ცოდნა tsodna 'to know'), soweli (ცხოველი tsxoveli 'animal'), tan (დან dan 'from')

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English

These roots were taken directly from English. Their semantics, however, may differ substantially. For example, tawa comes from "toward", but can mean "to go to".

10 (two shared): jelo (yellow), jaki (yucky), mani (money), mu (moo!), mun (moon), pilin (feeling; also Tok Pisin pilim), sike (circle), supa (English/French surface), tawa (towards), tu (two), wan (one)

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Acadian French

11 (two shared): anpa (en bas 'down'; cf. English on base), kule (couleur 'colour'), kute (écouter 'listen'; cf. English 'scout, auscultate'), lete (fret/frette 'cold'; French froid), len (linge 'linens'), monsi (mon tchu/tchul 'my ass'; French mon cul), moli (mourir 'die'; cf. English mortal), pini (finis 'finished'; also Tok Pisin pinis), pipi (bibitte), supa (English/French surface 'surface'), telo (de l'eau 'some water'; cf. English gardyloo), waso (oiseau 'bird'; cf. obsolete English enoisel)

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Dutch

Most of these are cognate with their English translations.

11: akesi (hagedis 'lizard'), ale/ali (al, alle 'all'), ante (ander 'other'), awen (houden 'hold'), en (en 'and'), kepeken (gebruiken, bruiken 'use'; cf. English 'brook', as in "could brook no equal"), lape (slapen 'sleep'), loje (rooie, rood 'red'), sitelen (schilderen 'picture, paint, portray'; cf. Eng. dial. sheld 'particolored'), weka (weg 'way, path, away'), wile (willen 'want')

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Esperanto

Most of these come from English or Romance.

13 (one shared): ilo (ilo 'tool', from English/Romance suffix -il, -ile), ijo (io 'thing'), la (la 'the', from French/Italian la), li (li 'he', from French lui, Italian egli), musi (amuzi 'to amuse', French amuser), mute (multe 'many'; cf. English multitude), pali (fari 'to do, to make'; cf. Italian fare), pona (bona 'good'; cf. English bona fide), sama (sama 'same', also Finnish sama), selo (ŝelo 'skin, peel', from English shell), suno (suno 'sun', from English sun), tenpo (tempo 'time', from Italian (& English) tempo), tomo (domo 'house'; cf. English domestic, domicile)

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Croatian

The body-part words come from Croatian.

14: kalama (galáma 'fuss, noise'; cf. English clamour), lawa (glava 'head'), luka (rúka 'arm, hand'), lupa (rupa 'hole'), nasin (náčin 'manner'), noka (nòga 'leg'), oko (òko 'eye'; cf. English ocular), olin (volim 'I love'; cf. English volition), ona (ona 'she'), palisa (pàlica 'stick'; cf. English palisade), poka (bòka, genitive of bòk 'side, flank'), sijelo (tìjelo 'body, flesh'), utala (ùdarati 'beat'; cf. udara ('strike'?)), uta (ústa 'mouth'

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