India Mosquito Repellent Market, India Mosquito Repellent Industry: Ken Research

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Comparison of the standard and boosted sterile insect techniques for the suppression of <i>Aedes albopictus</i> populations under semi-field conditions <span class="so-article-trans-title" dir="auto"> Translated title: Comparaison des techniques des insectes stériles standard et renforcée pour supprimer des populations d’ <i>Aedes albopictus</i> en conditions semi-naturelles </span>

<p xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" class="first" dir="auto" id="d8076361e269">Innovative control tools are needed against <i>Aedes</i> mosquitoes. The boosted sterile insect technique (bSIT) consists of treating sterile males with a biocide prior to their release to contaminate larval habitats. We compared the efficacy of SIT and boosted SIT to prevent the emergence of adult <i>Aedes albopictus</i> in large cages. We tested two sterile-to-fertile male ratios: 5:1 (SIT5) and 1:1 (SIT1), with and without pyriproxyfen enhancement (bSIT or SIT). The eggs were collected in ovitraps and the immature stages were monitored until adult emergence or up to 15 days after hatching to estimate the relative risk ( <i>RR</i>) of adult emergence compared to the control category. The concentration of pyriproxyfen in the ovitrap water did not change when sterile males were released with females or alone ( <i>χ</i> ² = 0.99, <i>df</i> = 1, <i>p</i> = 0.547). This concentration was higher when the sterile-to-fertile male ratio was increased from 1:1 to 5:1: <i>χ</i> ² = 18.8, <i>df</i> = 1, <i>p</i> = 0.006. All four treatment categories were effective in suppressing mosquito populations. With a relative risk <i>RR</i> = 0.194 95% CI [0.128; 0.275], SIT5 was the most effective. Boosted SIT was not as effective as SIT. However, bSIT1 ( <i>RR</i> = 0.418 [0.351; 0.492]) and bSIT5 ( <i>RR</i> = 0.512 [0.431; 0.596]) were equally effective. Boosted males directly vectored pyriproxyfen to breeding sites. Boosted SIT was more effective than SIT alone with a low sterile-to-fertile male ratio. Under operational conditions, it could be initially deployed to suppress the target population and then switched to standard SIT. </p><p xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" class="first" dir="auto" id="d8076361e314">Des outils innovants sont nécessaires pour lutter contre les moustiques <i>Aedes</i>. La technique de l’insecte stérile renforcée (TIS-R) consiste à traiter les mâles stériles avec un biocide avant leur lâcher afin de contaminer les gîtes larvaires. Nous avons comparé l’efficacité de la TIS et de la TIS-R pour prévenir l’émergence d’ <i>Aedes albopictus</i> adultes dans de grandes cages. Nous avons utilisé deux ratios entre mâles stériles et fertiles : 5:1 (TIS5) ou 1:1 (TIS1), traités ou non par du pyriproxyfène (TIS-R5 et TIS-R1). Les œufs ont été collectés dans des pièges à oviposition et les stades immatures ont été surveillés jusqu’à l’émergence des adultes ou jusqu’à 15 jours après l’éclosion afin d’estimer le risque relatif ( <i>RR</i>) d’émergence des adultes par rapport à la catégorie témoin. La concentration de pyriproxyfène dans l’eau des pièges à oviposition n’a pas changé lorsque les mâles stériles étaient lâchés avec les femelles, ou seuls ( <i>χ</i> ² = 0,99, <i>df</i> = 1, <i>p</i> = 0,547). Cette concentration était plus élevée lorsque le rapport entre mâles stériles et fertiles passait de 1 à 5 : <i>χ</i> ² = 18.8, <i>df</i> = 1, <i>p</i> = 0,006. Les quatre traitements ont permis de supprimer les populations de moustiques. La TIS-R5 s'est avérée la plus efficace : <i>RR</i> = 0,194 [0,128; 0,275]. La TIS-R n’était pas aussi efficace que la TIS. Cependant, la TIS-R1 ( <i>RR</i> = 0,418 [0,351; 0,492]) et la TIS-R5 ( <i>RR</i> = 0,512 [0,431; 0,596]) étaient d’efficacité similaire. Les mâles traités ont directement transmis le pyriproxyfène aux gîtes larvaires. La TIS renforcée s’est avérée plus efficace que la TIS standard avec un ratio entre mâles stériles et fertiles peu élevé. En conditions opérationnelles, elle pourrait être utilisée en début de lutte pour supprimer la population cible, puis remplacée par la TIS standard. </p>

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Stratified sustainable vector control strategies and measures for malaria control and elimination in China: a 70 year journey

Qiyong Liu and colleagues revisit the strategies and measures adopted in China to control and eliminate malaria and discuss what can be learnt from its elimination Malaria is a mosquito-borne infectious disease that significantly threatens global health. Considerable efforts and investments have led to a steady decline in incidence and mortality over recent decades. However, 249 million cases were reported from 85 countries and areas in 2022, resulting in 608 000 deaths.1 Notably, approximately 95% of these cases and deaths occurred in the African region. China has had a heavy disease burden of malaria for more than 3000 years, evidenced by the Chinese character for malaria—疟 or nüè—discovered on oracle bone and bronze inscriptions from between 1562 and 1066 BC.2 Chinese medicine has historically been used to treat people with malaria. However, in the 1940s, before the foundation of the People’s Republic of China, the burden of malaria was still immense, with an estimated 30 million annual cases, more than 90% of the population at risk, and a fatality rate of approximately 1%.3 Amid the grave challenges posed by malaria, China adopted stratified strategies and took various measures to contain the disease. On 14 March 1952 the central government initiated a national health campaign, which called for the public to take action and “eliminate the four pests”—mosquitoes, flies, rats, and sparrows—with mosquito control being one of the core goals. The efforts against mosquitoes’ primary habitats and reproductive cycles greatly benefited public hygiene, promoted health knowledge, and played an important role in controlling infectious diseases, including malaria. Meanwhile, a series of malaria related laws and regulations were issued to guide malaria control practices. Following several decades of concerted efforts nationwide, the World Health Organization certified China as malaria-free on 30 June 2021,4 a remarkable achievement for China and …

The potential of attractive insecticide-treated nets (ITNs) in reducing malaria transmission: a modeling study

Introduction Recent studies suggest that insecticide-treated nets (ITNs) may actively attract malaria vectors, increasing their likelihood of coming into contact with the insecticide while potentially reducing personal protection. The impact of such attractive ITN on malaria transmission at the community level remains unclear. In this study, we developed a model to compare the effectiveness of attractive, inert and deterrent ITNs under varying levels of human usage and different degrees of physiological or behavioral resistance in malaria vectors. Methods We developed a model to simulate the host-seeking, feeding and mortality (HSFM) of mosquito vectors facing ITNs. This model allows mosquitoes to choose between two rooms based on the presence and remote influence (attractive, inert or deterrent) of ITNs. The HSFM model was then integrated into a malaria transmission model to compare the Plasmodium transmission potential (average number of infectious bites that a vector is expected to give during its lifetime) of mosquitoes exposed to these different type of ITNs under various scenarios of ITN coverage, physiological resistance (reduced ITN-induced mortality), quantitative resistance (increased indoor escape behaviors), and qualitative resistance (increased spatial-temporal avoidance of ITNs). Results The model predicts that attractive ITNs consistently reduce malaria transmission potential of vectors more effectively than inert or deterrent ITNs, even in the presence of resistant vector phenotypes. For instance, at intermediate use rate (50%), strongly attractive ITNs are expected to reduce transmission by up to 67% compared to deterrent ITNs. In resistant vector populations, attractive ITNs remained more effective overall, though the reduction in transmission were less pronounced. Conclusion Our findings suggest that both inert and attractive ITNs could enhance malaria control efforts, outperforming current deterrent ITNs, even in resistant vector populations. Shifting from deterrent to inert or attractive ITNs could significantly improve vector control strategies, warranting further research and product development to fully explore and optimize this approach. ### Competing Interest Statement The authors have declared no competing interest. ### Funding Statement This study did not receive any funding ### Author Declarations I confirm all relevant ethical guidelines have been followed, and any necessary IRB and/or ethics committee approvals have been obtained. Yes I confirm that all necessary patient/participant consent has been obtained and the appropriate institutional forms have been archived, and that any patient/participant/sample identifiers included were not known to anyone (e.g., hospital staff, patients or participants themselves) outside the research group so cannot be used to identify individuals. Yes I understand that all clinical trials and any other prospective interventional studies must be registered with an ICMJE-approved registry, such as ClinicalTrials.gov. I confirm that any such study reported in the manuscript has been registered and the trial registration ID is provided (note: if posting a prospective study registered retrospectively, please provide a statement in the trial ID field explaining why the study was not registered in advance). Yes I have followed all appropriate research reporting guidelines, such as any relevant EQUATOR Network research reporting checklist(s) and other pertinent material, if applicable. Yes All data produced are available online at <https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.15121769> <https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.15121769>

Register your interest in participating in the Global Culicidae Reference Genomes Project

We are seeking mosquito biologists around the world who would be interested in collecting and contributing specimens of any vector species that currently lacks a reference genome. Aim: We are aiming to complete a pilot project to build highly complete and contiguous long-read assemblies for 100 described mosquito species that currently lack reference genomes to remedy fundamental gaps in vector control. Our ultimate aim will be to complete reference genomes for all 3500+ described Culicidae species but that will require large-scale funding. We are completing this pilot project to demonstrate feasibility and value before seeking such funding. Data Generation: This pilot project will aim to construct a high quality reference genome for each species using 30x coverage PacBio HiFi data and 50x coverage Hi-C data from a single specimen. However, two specimens may be required to obtain sufficient data for some species, e.g. those with small bodies and/or large genomes. As the project progresses, we may also generate long-read data using Oxford Nanopore Technologies (ONT). Once data are generated and an assembly is completed, the assembly will go through genome curation. Upon curation completion, the raw data, the resulting assembly, and all associated collection metadata will be released to ENA for immediate use for any purpose. Each assembly will also be published as a "genome note" with the primary collector(s) listed as the first author (e.g. see https://wellcomeopenresearch.org/treeoflife ). Number and sex of mosquito specimens requested: We ask for at least 5–10 mosquitoes per species because challenges may arise with species identification and obtaining sufficient material. Either or both sexes is fine. We cannot accept DNA. How to preserve specimens: Mosquitoes need to be collected alive, and ideally snap frozen, or put into a suitable preservation solution immediately upon live collection. Desiccated or long-term stored specimens are unlikely to result in the quality and quantity of DNA needed. For species that lack RNA-sequencing data, providing additional male and female specimens in an RNA preservative (such as RNALater) is requested so that RNA-seq data can be generated and used for annotations. It is possible to ship specimens without cold-chain, and further details on how to do this will be shared with you if your species is selected for the pilot, however it is best practice to keep specimens at -80°C from collection until shipment. Target species:. Please note that as part of other projects, we have already produced high quality genomes for multiple Anopheles species (see https://www.ebi.ac.uk/ena/browser/view/PRJEB51690), Culex pipiens, and Sabethes cyaneus. We are seeking species that currently lack reference genomes and where there is a research and/or vector control community that will benefit from filling this gap. Our top priority is known vector species that are implicated in disease transmission to humans or livestock. We will also accept species closely related to known vectors if there is good scientific motivation. If there is a compelling case to generate a reference genome for a species that already has one available, please explain why this is needed. Due to regulatory burden (as explained below) we will likely prioritize contributions from participants who are able to contribute 5+ species. Next steps: If you are interested in contributing one or more Culicidae species to this pilot, please register your interest by filling in this survey as completely as you can. Please be aware that multiple steps must be completed before we will be able to receive any specimens. The process typically involves an MTA (or a donation form), the completion of ABS or Nagoya compliance (this can be a lengthy process), and training on the metadata entry required for reference genomes as well as the preservation and shipment approaches. If the species you propose are accepted into the pilot, you will need to complete these steps, and only once they are complete will we be able to accept your specimens. Once specimens have been received, it may take up to 12 months for the genome to be completed and released if everything goes smoothly. Please be aware that due to the burden of these required steps, we will likely prioritise proposals from participants who are able to contribute 5+ species and where the material is likely to be successful. Other important information: All sequencing costs will be covered by the pilot project, but unfortunately we do not have funds to support mosquito collections. We ask that you cover the cost of shipment to the UK (at room temperature) but if you are unable to do so, we may be able to cover these costs. This form asks for your email address, which we will need to get in touch with you. So please enter the email address where we can reliably reach you. We will not share it with anyone else. We will monitor responses to this survey on a weekly basis and we will be in touch with you within a couple weeks either to invite you for a brief call if your proposal meets the criteria above, or to inform you that at this stage, we are not prepared to move your proposal forward. Thank you for your interest. Mara Lawniczak - Wellcome Sanger Institute Miguel Antonio Garcia Knight - National Autonomous University of Mexico & Wellcome Sanger Institute Bernard Kim - Princeton University Lindy McBride - Princeton University

New Paper: „High-resolution Mapping of Urban Aedes Aegypti Immature Abundance Through Breeding Site Detection Based on Satellite and Street View Imagery“ | Heidelberg Institute for Geoinformation Technology

Moving Sideways

To review, we have already considered the first type of psychokinetic manipulation: the extrinsic manipulation of objects. While largely instinctive in use – unlike the extensive families of …

(Apology &) Glorious New Tractor Factory

First, the apology. As you’ve noticed, this is the first thing I’ve posted this December, for which I apologize to all my readers and especially to those kind enough to pay me for posti…