Tulostoma lloydii

https://www.mushroomexpert.com/Tulostoma_lloydii.html

Ecology: Presumably saprobic; growing alone, scattered, or gregariously in woods, or in waste places with woody debris and plant debris; summer and fall; east of the Great Plains.

Spore Case: 6-10 mm across; more or less round, with a flattened bottom when mature; outer skin dark, quickly sloughing away to reveal the paler, paper-like inner skin; underside socket-like and flattened, usually displaying the darker remains of the outer skin; developing a more or less apical, finely hairy opening that is initially surrounded by a somewhat raised area.

Spore Mass: Yellowish, becoming cinnamon brown and powdery with maturity.

Stem: 5-8 cm long and 2-4 mm thick; tough; dark brown to reddish brown; the surface breaking up into patches and zones as the stem grows; more or less equal above a bulbous base.

Microscopic Features: Spores 3.5-5 x 3.5-4 ; subglobose to broadly elliptical or sublacrymoid; smooth; ochraceous in KOH; often with a prominent apiculus. Capillitial threads hyaline to ochraceous in KOH; 3.5-11 wide; walls often thickened; often encrusted.

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Gymnopus androsaceus

https://www.mushroomexpert.com/Gymnopus_androsaceus.html

Ecology: Saprobic; growing gregariously on the litter of conifers or, more rarely, hardwoods; summer and fall, or over winter in warm climates; originally described from Sweden; widespread in Europe and western Asia; in North America widely distributed but more common in montane and northern regions; also reported from South Africa. The illustrated and described collection is from Michigan.

Cap: 4-11 mm; convex, becoming broadly convex; dry; bald; pinkish brown to orangish brown or reddish brown, often fading so that the center is darker; broadly and shallowly grooved.

Gills: Broadly attached to the stem; distant; with a few short-gills; pinkish.

Stem: 2-7 cm long; up to 1 mm thick; equal; dry; wiry; dark reddish brown to black; with abundant black rhizomorphs attached to the base.

Flesh: Insubstantial; pale brownish; unchanging when sliced.

Odor and Taste: Not distinctive.

Spore Print: White.

Microscopic Features: Spores: 5-8 x 3.5-4.5 m; subellipsoid to elongated-lacrymoid; smooth; hyaline in KOH; inamyloid. Basidia 20-30 x 4-7 m; clavate; 4-sterigmate; basidioles fusiform to widely fusiform. Cheilocystidia as broom cells 10-20 x 6-8 m; clavate to subclavate or somewhat irregular; with numerous rodlike or coralloid projections 1-3 m long; thin-walled; hyaline in KOH. Pleurocystidia not found. Pileipellis of more or less cylindric elements mixed with coralloid, broom cell projections; elements smooth or encrusted in KOH; clamp connections present.

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Gerronema strombodes

https://www.mushroomexpert.com/Gerronema_strombodes.html

Ecology: Saprobic on the deadwood of oaks and other hardwoods; growing gregariously or, more often, in clusters; late spring through fall; apparently limited to the southeastern United States and the lower Midwest, from Ohio to Florida, west to Missouri, northward to New York. The illustrated and described collections are from Illinois and Kentucky.

Cap: 2-11 cm across; planoconvex at first, becoming centrally depressed or shallowly vase-shaped; tacky at first but soon dry; with innate, brown to grayish brown pressed-down fibers that uniformly cover the surface when young, but begin to be stretched out and streaked-looking or finely scaly with age, exposing a yellow to pale yellowish surface underneath; margin not lined, often incurved, becoming wavy with age.

Gills: Running down the stem; distant; pale to dark yellow; short-gills frequent; cross-veined in mature specimens.

Stem: 3-10 cm long; 2-8 mm thick; tapered at base and flared at the apex; dry; bald; white to dull yellow.

Flesh: Thin; whitish to yellowish; unchanging when sliced.

Odor and Taste: Not distinctive.

Chemical Reactions: KOH negative to grayish on cap surface; negative on gills.

Spore Print: White.

Microscopic Features: Spores 6-10 x 4-6 m; ellipsoid, with a fairly prominent apiculus; smooth; hyaline in KOH; inamyloid. Basidia 4-sterigmate. Cheilocystidia not found. Pleurocystidia not found. Lamellar trama gelatinized and poorly defined. Pileipellis a cutis of hyaline, smooth elements 2.5-7.5 m wide, with exserted bundles of brown-pigmented, swollen, terminal cells 7.5-15 m wide, smooth, subclavate to clavate, subcapitate, or irregular. Clamp connections present.

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Cystoderma amianthinum

https://www.mushroomexpert.com/Cystoderma_amianthinum.html

Ecology: Saprobic; growing alone, scattered, or gregariously, usually in moss under conifers; late summer and fall (over winter in California); originally described from Slovenia (Scopoli 1772); widely distributed in Europe; widely distributed in North America, primarily in northern and montane (including the Appalachians) areas; also documented in Central America and Oceania. The illustrated and described collections are from Colorado.

Cap: 2-4 cm; convex or bell-shaped at first, becoming broadly convex, broadly bell-shaped, or nearly flat; dry; frequently somewhat wrinkled in radial patterns; when fresh covered with mealy granules; often yellow-brown when young, becoming golden yellow to yellowish or brownish; the margin not lined.

Gills: Attached to the stem, sometimes by means of a notch; close; short-gills frequent; whitish.

Stem: 2-5 cm long; 3-8 mm thick; more or less equal, or tapering to apex; dry; pale and fairly smooth near the apex, but sheathed with granular material and colored like the cap below, with the sheath terminating in a flimsy ring that quickly fragments or disappears.

Flesh: Whitish; thin.

Odor and Taste: Taste mild; odor usually pungent and unpleasant.

Chemical Reactions: KOH red on cap surface.

Spore Print: White.

Microscopic Features: Spores 5-7 x 3-4 m; ellipsoid; smooth; at least weakly amyloid; hyaline in KOH. Basidia 26-28 x 4-5 m; clavate; 4-sterigmate. Hymenial cystidia not found. Pileipellis a trichoderm of chained, subglobose to ellipsoid, smooth elements 10-25 m wide, with orangish brown walls in KOH. Clamp connections present.

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Mycena pura

https://www.mushroomexpert.com/Mycena_pura.html

Ecology: Saprobic on forest debris under hardwoods and conifers; growing alone, scattered, or gregariously; terrestrial; widely distributed; spring, summer and fall (also in winter in California).

Cap: 2-6 cm; convex or bell-shaped, becoming flattened; the margin lined; bald; moist or dry; typically lilac to purple when young, but often fading or developing other shades (including whitish, yellowish, pinkish brown or reddish).

Gills: Attached to the stem by a tooth; close or nearly distant; whitish or sometimes slightly pinkish to purplish; developing cross-veins with maturity.

Stem: 4-10 cm long; 2-6 mm thick; equal; hollow; smooth or with tiny hairs; whitish or flushed with the cap color.

Flesh: Insubstantial; watery grayish to whitish.

Odor and Taste: Odor radishlike or sometimes lacking; taste strongly radishlike.

Chemical Reactions: KOH negative or greenish yellow on cap surface.

Spore Print: White.

Microscopic Features: Spores 6-10 x 3-4 ; long-elliptical or nearly cylindrical; faintly to moderately amyloid, or inamyloid when mature; smooth. Basidia 4-spored. Cheilo- and pleurocystidia rare to scattered or abundant; 40-70 x 10-20 ; fusoid-ventricose, widely fusiform, or saccate.

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Cortinarius torvus

https://www.mushroomexpert.com/Cortinarius_torvus.html

Ecology: Mycorrhizal with hardwoods, including beech and both red and white oaks; growing scattered to gregariously; spring, summer, and fall; probably widely distributed in eastern North America.

Cap: 3-8 cm; convex or irregular at first, becoming broadly convex, broadly bell-shaped, or nearly flat; dry; very finely silky or, in age, nearly bald; quite variable in color but generally lilac brown when young, fading markedly as it dries out to grayish lilac (often reminiscent of Lactarius argillaceifolius) or silvery--and eventually to a wishy-washy tan; the margin inrolled well into maturity.

Gills: Attached to the stem; nearly distant; brownish purple when young, becoming rusty brown; covered by a whitish cortina when young.

Stem: 4-10 cm long; up to 1.5 cm thick at the apex; tapering to a club-shaped, swollen base; dry; pale purple above when fresh and young but later silvery to whitish or faintly brownish; sheathed or "booted" from the base with whitish to lilac gray veil material that often terminates in a folded-over, fragile ring.

Flesh: Whitish, or with purple to gray shades in the stem.

Odor: Strong and sickly sweet.

Chemical Reactions: KOH negative to gray on cap; grayish to gray on flesh.

Spore Print: Rusty brown.

Microscopic Features: Spores 8-11.5 x 4.5-6 ; ellipsoid, with a narrowed apicular end; weakly to moderately verrucose. Cheilo- and pleurocystidia absent, but subclavate, septate marginal cells present on gill edges. Pileipellis a cutis of hyaline to brownish, occasionally encrusted elements.

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Pluteus romellii

https://www.mushroomexpert.com/Pluteus_romellii.html

Ecology: Saprobic on decaying hardwood logs and debris (especially in beech-maple forests); also found in woodchips in urban areas; growing alone or gregariously; summer and fall; widely distributed in North America. The illustrated and described collections are from Illinois, Kentucky, and Québec.

Cap: 1-4 cm; more or less convex at first, becoming broadly convex or flat, often with a central bump; bald; not slimy or sticky, but with a greasy or almost waxy texture; somewhat wrinkled, especially over the center; dull brown to olive brown (often darker over the center); the margin becoming finely lined.

Gills: Free from the stem or nearly so; close or nearly distant; short-gills frequent; whitish at first, becoming pink as the spores mature.

Stem: 1.5-6 cm long; 1-3 mm thick; equal; fragile; bald, or with tiny fibers; bright yellow to greenish yellow (often brighter toward the base), at least when young; sometimes fading to whitish with a yellowish base; glossary.html#myceliumbasal mycelium white.

Flesh: Insubstantial; pale watery brownish; unchanging when sliced.

Odor and Taste: Not distinctive, or faintly radish-like.

Spore Print: Pink.

Microscopic Features: Spores 5-7 x 5-6 ; broadly ellipsoid to sublacrymoid or subglobose; smooth; hyaline in KOH; inamyloid. Hymenial cystidia 40-55 x 10-15 ; lageniform to subutriform or nearly cylindric; occasionally with a long neck; thin-walled; hyaline in KOH. Pileipellis a cystoderm; brown in KOH; elements subglobose, 20-38 across.

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Leratiomyces percevalii

https://www.mushroomexpert.com/Leratiomyces_percevalii.html

Ecology: Saprobic; growing scattered or gregariously in waste places, grassy areas, and woodchips;
summer, fall, and winter; West Coast.

Cap: 2.5-8 cm; convex, becoming broadly convex or broadly bell-shaped; sticky when fresh but soon dry; honey yellow when young, quickly becoming yellowish, whitish, or dingy olive; smooth or finely hairy in places; the margin adorned with hanging white partial veil remnants, especially when young.

Gills: Attached to the stem or beginning run down it; close; whitish at first, becoming purplish gray to purple-black.

Stem: 4-13 cm long; up to about 1 cm thick; equal or tapered to base; dry; with a ring zone that darkens with falling spores; finely hairy; whitish, developing reddish brown discolorations from the base upwards; base usually hairy, with prominent mycelial threads.

Flesh: Whitish.

Odor and Taste: Odor not distinctive, or radish-like; taste similar.

Spore Print: Dark purple-brown to blackish.

Chemical Reactions: KOH on cap surface yellow.

Microscopic Features: Spores 13-16 x 7-9 ; smooth; more or less elliptical; with a germ pore. Chrysocystidia present on gill faces but inconspicuous (more easily demonstrated in button-stage specimens than in mature specimens, where they are often absent); clavate to irregularly clavate or submucronate; scarcely projecting; to about 50 x 8 . Cheilocystidia abundant; to about 70 x 10 ; clavate to cylindric; flexuous.

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Stereum hirsutum

https://www.mushroomexpert.com/Stereum_hirsutum.html

Ecology: Saprobic on the dead wood of hardwoods, especially oaks; growing densely gregariously, often from gaps in the bark, fusing together laterally; causing a white rot of the heartwood; often serving as a host to algae; sometimes parasitized by jelly fungi; spring, summer, fall, and winter; widely distributed in North America.

Fruiting Body: Individually .5-3 cm across, but often fused together; fan-shaped, semicircular, or irregular; densely velvety, hairy, or with appressed hairs; with concentric zones of texture and color; colors variable, but generally ranging from yellow to tan, brown, reddish brown, or buff (sometimes developing greenish shades in old age as a result of algae); laterally attached, without a stem.

Undersurface: Smooth; yellowish to yellow-brown or grayish brown; sometimes bruising darker yellow.

Flesh: Insubstantial; tough.

Chemical Reactions: KOH red (or at first red, then black) on all surfaces.

Spore Print: White; difficult to obtain.

Microscopic Features: Spores 5-8 x 2-3.5 ; smooth; cylindric or narrowly elliptical; amyloid. Hyphidia with rounded to subacute apices; without projections (pseudoacanthohyphidia and acanthohyphidia absent).

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Melanoleuca graminicola

https://www.mushroomexpert.com/Melanoleuca_graminicola.html

Ecology: Probably saprobic; found in grassy areas and disturbed soil, often in urban areas; summer and fall; North American distribution unknown (see above), but possibly widespread.

Cap: 2-3 cm across; convex becoming flat, usually with a shallow central bump, even when the margin becomes arched to create a central depression; smooth; dry; the margin long remaining curved under; dark brown, fading to brownish.

Gills: Attached to the stem, usually by a notch; crowded; white, developing slightly pinkish hues.

Stem: 4-5 cm long; up to 4 mm thick; firm; more or less equal; dry; whitish to tan; with tiny whitish fibers.

Flesh: White; thin.

Odor and Taste: Odor not distinctive or pungent; taste not distinctive.

Spore Print: White.

Microscopic Features: Spores 5.5-8 x 4.5-6 ; more or less elliptical; ornamented with amyloid warts. Pleurocystidia absent; large, projecting cheilocystidia absent.

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