Fission is in the news, but few recognize that a woman physicist was behind the discovery.

Lise Meitner’s brilliance led to the discovery of nuclear fission. But her long time collaborator Otto Hahn, was awarded the Nobel Prize in Chemistry w/o her in 1944, even though she had given the first theoretical explanation.

Albert Einstein called Meitner “our Marie Curie." She also adamantly refused to work on the atomic bomb during WWII. https://www.aps.org/publications/apsnews/201502/physicshistory.cfm #women #history #science #HistoryRemix

This Month in Physics History

February 11, 1939: Meitner/Frisch paper on nuclear fission

@Sheril A personal hero of mine.

Max Planck at first refused to let her attend his lectures, because universities were men only at the time. In defending herself, Meitner impressed him so much that he changed his mind. A year later, she was working in his lab.

Also, Hahn may have been given the prize, but Meitner has an element named after her!

Thanks for sharing this @Sheril.
I quite like this 'Portrait of Lise Meitner':
https://www.mpg.de/11721986/lise-meitner

One nuance in particular: Meitner's collaboration with Hahn was initially blocked by the institute's regulations excluding women. She literally had to find a way around by entering Hahn's lab using a separated (from teaching activities) door.

Metaphorically, of course, but this describes what minorities in academia are still facing.

Portrait of Lise Meitner

Women in science: a portrait of Lise Meitner.

@Sheril
I rust read "Lise Meitner - Eine Frau geht ihren Weg", i was surprised, that i never heard about her in school
@toxo77 @Sheril For the English language, Ruth Lewin Syme's book is well worth a read.
@Sheril "She also adamantly refused to work on the atomic bomb during WWII." Almost like women are just smarter about dangers circle of violence brings.

@peteriskrisjanis @Sheril

If Poland had the atom bomb it wouldn't have been invaded.

@Sheril @the_rabid_rabbit @peteriskrisjanis The same could possibly be said of Ukraine if Russia hadn’t previously persuaded it to give up its nuclear weapons.
@peteriskrisjanis @Sheril Meanwhile Oppenheimer gets lauded for his regret.
@Sheril I read a biography of her I picked up at a used bookstore in college. It led me to explore Rutherford and many other scientists. I believe the development of QED is mankind's greatest scientific achievement.

@Sheril

Lise Meitner - really great scientist.

Would be nice if at least the majority of contemporary scientists would refuse to work on (banned!) weapons of mass destruction.

Meitner: „Das ist in meinen Augen gerade der große moralische Wert der naturwissenschaftlichen Ausbildung, dass wir lernen müssen, Ehrfurcht vor der Wahrheit zu haben, gleichgültig, ob sie mit unseren Wünschen oder vorgefassten Meinungen übereinstimmt oder nicht.“

@WolfgangFeist @Sheril
Yes! Also the reason why religion is often at odds with science. (Assuming Google translation I used is correct).

@jadarling @Sheril

You're right -

but it doesn't have to be that way - only if some people use false claims to insist on bad science.

Be aware that science does not provide ethics - but ethics certainly is above science if we are to survive as a species.

"It has been said that astronomy is a humbling and character-building experience."

(Carl Sagan)

@Sheril
Typical male behavior. Take credit for woman's work. Lie about having done the work. Hate the woman for being smarter than him thus try to harm her. The very weakness of male.

70% of valedictorians are women. We are the smarter sex (and yes, that does include math and science)

Women's insurance rates are lower because we are better drivers.

We also make better fighter pilots (less"friendly fire") & police officers.

Google it.

@Sheril. Why was Lise Meitner denied credit to her contribution? 🤔
Thanks Sheril for bringing out her contribution. 👍👏😇🌹🙂
@SKV @Sheril I had to know, too. According to her wiki page, after the Nobel deliberations were unsealed in the 1990s her biographer came to this conclusion:
@golightly @Sheril Thanks for adding to what Sheril had mentioned.👍🙂😇👏🌹
@Sheril Tip of the Cub cap to Lose.

@Sheril Some in the scientific were displeased with the way the Nobel Committee treated her. Later they named a newly discovered element after her, Meitnerium (Mt). Elements named after people is a more exclusive club than the Nobel prize.

Let's see: Lawrence, Rutherford, Seaborg, Bohr, Meitner, Roentgen, Copernicus, Curie, Einstein, Fermi, Mendeleev, and Nobel.

@zheltie @Sheril Many were and indeed still are. Also noteworthy is the fact that someone proposed another element be called Hahnium, but that name was rejected.
@Sheril France recognized the brilliance of women scientists long before the US ever integrated women into major universities.
@Sheril thank you for sharing this information. I was very happy to hear from two of the scientists, both women. As leadership on the project when the breakthrough happened. And this adds to the excitement about it all!
@Sheril what a fascinating article. I teach physics but had never heard of her.

@Sheril

For those who find the science or the people interesting, strongly recommend Richard Rhodes’s “The Making of the Atomic Bomb” which details the people and relationships behind the physics and chemistry which led to …. Meitner receives significant coverage for her scientific contributions. It’s almost a survey of early molecular physics. It’s the kind of book which one can re-read every 10 years. It won the Pulitzer Prize in ‘88 so not exactly unknown, but one of the best ever.

It’s not a war-glorifying book at all, IMHO. Also talks about the effort to deny science to Germany and those who refused to work the project.

@math_poly @Sheril the story of how she had to escape Nazi Germany on an expired Austrian passport is fairly dramatic.
@math_poly @Sheril I second the recommendation for "The Making of the Atomic Bomb"; it's the best book on the history of science that I've ever read. It explains the concepts of nuclear physics in a very understandable way, and I think captures some of the excitement of that period as physicists were beginning to grasp the inner workings of nature. It is also not horribly depressing. TBH, my own interest in open-source software reflects Bohr's "open world" as described by Rhodes.

@math_poly @Sheril Thanks for the recommendation!

Am in the midst of Robert K. Wilcox, _Japan's Secret War_, about Japan's atomic bomb project during WWII. (They detonated the bomb on August 12th, 1945, shortly before the US postwar occupation.)

@math_poly @Sheril A slight oddity is that every now and then he cites Wikipedia. He's very meticulous about citing a particular numbered box of declassified materials, or a page range from a book his translator read to him, so these Wikipedia references are jarring. Everything on Wikipedia is supposed to have citations, so preferably one would go and cite the original sources. Perhaps in these cases the sources were in Japanese, which he doesn't know.
@Sheril Not long ago, I found out about "Yours, Lise: Letters from the Exile of Lise Meitner", and they seem incredibly interesting paired with the work of her biographers.
@Sheril James Fell knew and wrote about her...

@Sheril There is a lovely postcard of Lise Meitner with this photo of hers. The caption reads: "Hähnchen, lass mich das machen, von Physik verstehst du nichts." (Hähnchen [diminutive of Hahn, Meitners nickname for Otto], let me do this, you don't know anything about physics.)

Postcard by Verlag Neue Kritik, Frankfurt/Main https://www.neuekritik.de/wiener-melange-iii.html

Photo credits: https://commons.m.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Lise_Meitner_(1878%E2%80%931968)_1953_OeNB_USIS_2955727.jpg#mw-jump-to-license

Wiener Melange III - Verlag Neue Kritik

Der Verlag Neue Kritik existiert seit 1965 und war in den ersten Jahren eng mit der aufkommenden Studentenbewegung verknüpft.

@Sheril Thank you! -- Ironically A.E. seems to have called Austrian Lise Meitner "the German Marie Curie". The link you gave clears that up to some degree, but with "public universities in Germany at the time did not admit women" conversely identifies a reason (for her private education in physics) for which actually Austrian universities have been culpable (at least culpable as well). -- Thank you again very much indeed.
@Sheril it’s time for me to re-read the fantastic book about Meitner written by Ruth Lewin Sime. Sime has also written about Hahn. References here: https://www.gf.org/fellows/all-fellows/ruth-lewin-sime/
Ruth Lewin Sime - John Simon Guggenheim Memorial Foundation

John Simon Guggenheim Memorial Foundation
@Sheril
it took the freie universität berlin (FUB), germany, a really long time to include lise meitner in the name of the building where she worked on fission. see here the official story > http://web.fu-berlin.de/chronik/b-picts/1970-1988/ottohahnbau.html
Kleine Chronik der FU Berlin: Der Otto-Hahn-Bau

Kleine Chronik der Freien Universität Berlin

@Sheril
however, we have the 'hahn-meitner-institut für kernphysik' since 1959 in berlin > https://www.helmholtz-berlin.de/zentrum/forschungszentrum/campus/historie/lise-meitner-campus/index_de.html
...and lise meitner (to the right of willy brandt) was present at the inauguration.
Vorgängereinrichtung HMI

Die Historie des Hahn-Meitner-Instituts

HZB Website
@Sheril isn’t fusion in the news? Since we try to get away from fission reactors?
@Sheril I only first learned of her a couple years ago when reading Octavia Cade’s excellent speculative fiction short story, “Otto Hahn Speaks to the Dead”. https://www.thedarkmagazine.com/otto-hahn-speaks-dead/
Otto Hahn Speaks to the Dead - The Dark Magazine

A garden is a beautiful place to die. It was the only beautiful thing about Clara’s death, which otherwise was a bullet and a broken chest, blood spilling over everything, the red scent of iron. Had he been there, he might have vomited. Only might, because the revulsion he felt for death had lessened a […]

The Dark Magazine
@Sheril Travesty that she was never awarded the Nobel. @boschbot
@Sheril what’s fission in the news for?
@Sheril There is no ghost under the atomic bomb
@Sheril Glad I followed your account!
@Sheril
Also the first to discover the "Auger" effect. (Notice a trend here) Now days usually called the Auger−Meitner effect and anyone who doesn’t should be corrected.
@Sheril - I've heard this a LOT. Women researchers make a breakthrough, theres PROOF and then a tiny-dicked MAN steals it. WEAK brothers. WEAK TEA.
@Sheril reminiscent of Rosalind Franklin
@[email protected] she was punished for her refusal to work to create a nuclear BOMB 💣 she discovered nuclear fusion . So the male run science & politics world ignored her & gave the coveted prize 🏆 to a male colleague!our history is being set right now !
@Sheril Because she was just that little bit smarter, she refused to work on the atomic bomb.
@Sheril I first learned of Lise Meitner when I studied with Patricia Rife at Sonoma State U. Rife wrote “Lise Meitner and the Dawn of the Nuclear Age”. I came to appreciate Meitner as an underrepresented, brilliant, and ethical scientist.
@Sheril who cares??? Man women working for better lives
@Sheril This is amazing! Thanks for sharing
@Sheril science faculties are still dominated by crusty old white men who were rejected by beautiful women.

@Sheril Seems like a prime example of how misogynistic the scientific community can be.

I'd like to add @jesswade who has published more than 1700 biographies of female scientists on WikiPedia, which is unfortunately known for being quite biased towards female scientists.

But read for yourself

#science #gender #bias

https://www.washingtonpost.com/lifestyle/2022/10/17/jess-wade-scientist-wikiepdia-women/

She’s made 1,750 Wikipedia bios for female scientists who haven’t gotten their due

“Not only do we not have enough women in science, but we aren’t doing enough to celebrate the ones we have,” said physicist Jess Wade.

The Washington Post
@Sheril Women are more important than the male species think they are