1926!?! USA Education, inner freedom..
> Throughout Western Europe, except in Spain and Portugal, there is less theological superstition than in America. In almost all European countries the individual is less subject to herd domination than in America: his inner freedom is greater even where his political freedom is less. In these respects, the American public schools do harm. The harm is essential to the teaching of an exclusive #AmericanPatriotism.

https://russell-j.com/beginner/OE02-080.HTM
#OnEducation #教育論
#学校教育比較 #RussellOnEducation #InnerFreedom

Cult of the Supreme Being

Also known as (in French): Culte de l’Etre supreme. This cult was a form of Deism established by Maximilien Robespierre during the French Revolution.

This was supposed to be the intended state religion of France & a replacement for its rival, the Cult of Reason & also a replacement for Roman Catholicism. It went unsupported after the fall of Robespierre. This cult, along with the Cult of Reason, was officially banned by First Consul Napoleon Bonaparte in 1802.

The French Revolution led to many radical changes in France. One of the most fundamental changes was the official rejection of religion.

The 1st new major organized school of thought came out under the umbrella term: the Cult of Reason. The Cult of Reason purified a mix of mainly atheistic views into an anthropocentric philosophy. Anthropocentric is another word for Human Supremacy or Human Exceptionism. No gods were worshipped, at all, in the Cult of Reason.

The straight-up rejection of any or all godhead horrified Robespierre. He wasn’t a fan of Catholicism, but he had a special distain for atheism. He thought that a belief in a supreme being was important for social order. He’d quote Voltaire: “If God didn’t exist, it would be necessary to invent Him.”

In late 1793, Robespierre gave a fiery denunciation of the Cult of Reason & its advocates. He then gave his own vision for a proper Revolutionary religion. As 1 does. Devised entirely, almost, by Robespierre, the Cult of the Supreme Being was authorized by the National Convention on May 7, 1794 as the civic religion of France.

France, as of 2025, doesn’t have an official state religion. This was established by a 1905 law that bans the state government from funding, or recognizing any religion.

On May 7, 1794, the National Convention established the Worship of the Supreme Being. The opening articles of the Decree Establishing the Worship of the Supreme Being of the 18th Floreal of the Year II (Floreal was the 8th month of the French Republic calendar.) declared: 1) The French People recognize the existence of the Supreme Being & the Immortality of the Soul. 2) They declare that the best service of the Supreme Being is the practice of man’s duties. 3) They set among the most important of these duties the detestation of bad faith & traitors by caring for the unfortunate, respecting the weak, defending the oppressed, doing unto others all the good one can, & not being unjust towards anyone.

Robespierre dedicated festivals to the Supreme Being, to Truth, Justice, (& the American way…we’ll show ourselves out…), Modesty, Friendship, Frugality, Fidelity, Immortality, Misfortune, etc. The Cult of the Supreme Being was based on the creed of the Savoy chaplain that Jean-Jacques Rousseau had outlined in Book IV of Emile. Emile (or On Education) is a treatise on the nature of education & on the nature of man, written by Jean-Jacques Rousseau, who considered it to be the “best & most important” of all his writings.

To start off the new state religion, Robespierre declared that 20 Prairial Year II (June 8, 1797, also the Christian holiday of Pentecost.) would be a national celebration of the Supreme Being & future republican holidays were to be held every 10th day – the days of rest (decadi) in the new French Republican Calendar.

The Cult of the Supreme Being & its festival may have contributed to the Thermidorian Reaction & the downfall of Robespierre. With Robespierre’s death at the guillotine on July 28, 1794, the cult lost all official sanctions & disappeared from public view. It was officially banned by Napoleon on April 8, 1802 with his Law on Cults of 18 Germinal, Year X.

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#1802 #18thFlorealOfTheYearIi #1905 #20PrairialYearIi #28July1794 #7May1794 #8April1802 #8June1794 #anthropocentricPhiloshsophy #atheist #catholicism #cultOfReason #cultOfTheSupremeBeing #culteDeLetreSupreme #decadi #decreeEstablishingTheWorshipOfTheSupremeBeing #deism #emile #firstConsulNapoleonBonaparte #france #french #frenchRevolution #godhead #guillotine #humanExceptionism #humanSupremacy #jeanJacquesRousseau #late1793 #lawOnCultsOf18GerminalYearX #maximilienRobespierre #napoleonBonaparte #nationalConvention #onEducation #pentecost #romanCatholicism #thermidorianReaction #voltaire

> > In education, their crime was that they were not actuated by love of their pupils, but by ulterior ends.
https://russell-j.com/beginner/ON_EDU-TEXT.HTM
> 教育における彼らの'罪'は,彼らは'生徒に対する愛'によってではなく,'それ以外の隠された目的'によって駆り立てられた（動かされた）ということである。
https://russell-j.com/beginner/OE02-060.HTM

#BertrandRussel #OnEducation #CrimeInEducation #LoveOfPupils #UlteriorEnds #Education