#NuLäll #BandyByn till final efter 3-0 i matcher mot #Sirius i semifinalserien #Elitserien #Herr #SvenskBandy.

https://www.wacoca.com/games/1325800/ 100th Brawler Reveal – Brawl Talk ##GAMING #100% #100th #BattleRoyale #BrawlStars #BrawlTalk #buffies #Dani #Drew #Game #GameNews #games #GamingNews #GamingTrending #loaded #marzio #MobileBattleRoyale #MobileGame #MobileRPG #MobileStrategyGame #najia #prestige #rework #Showdown #sirius #SupercellGame #TrendingGames #trophies #trophy #ゲーミング #ゲーム #ゲーム攻略 #ゲーム最新情報 #ドラゴンクエストV天空の花嫁

Decided to go see the #star #Sirius again. #unistellar #odysseypro #space #astronomy #amateur

🎯 #sirius 🐕 🛷 🇬🇱 ❄️

RE: https://bsky.app/profile/did:plc:r4ve5hjtfjubdwrvlxcad62e/post/3mdk2f7g5f42k

Ein mutmaßlicher Serienmörder wollte eine Frau mit allerlei Tricks in den Selbstmord treiben. Zur unglaublichen Masche des Science-Fiction-Betrügers gehörten verrückte Lügen und gefährliche Substanzen. 😲 #sfcd #sciencefiction #sirius

Vor dreißig Jahren starb ein d...

“ #SiriusXM #Sirius” / “Laufey — Lover Girl [Live @ SiriusXM]” (1 user) https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=KLW11pDV63Y

Aristoteles over de Nijl

Ergens langs de Nijl

De studenten die in de Late Middeleeuwen aan de Sorbonne filosofie studeerden, kregen een reeks teksten te lezen, waaronder een forse hoeveelheid Aristoteles. Omdat er veel studenten waren, waren er dus ook veel boeken, en zo komt het dat we ruim tachtig kopieën hebben van het traktaatje dat bekendstaat als De overstroming van de Nijl. Tachtig handschriften is heel veel.

Helaas is de Griekse tekst, op een citaat in een fragment op een papyrus uit Oxyrhynchos na, verloren gegaan, maar dat vormt niet het laatste woord. Aan de hand van enkele specifieke vertaalkeuzes is vast te stellen dat de Latijnse vertaling is gemaakt door Willem van Moerbeke (1225-1286), wiens vertaalprincipes bekend zijn: hij wilde niet alleen de inhoud weergeven, maar liefst ook de Griekse zinsopbouw, zelfs als de weergave daarvan slecht Latijn opleverde. Dat betekent dat onbegrijpelijke stukken Latijn weleens begrijpelijker worden als je bedenkt wat er gestaan zou kunnen hebben in het Grieks.

Vraag en antwoorden

De opbouw van het werkje is door-en-door aristotelisch. Aristoteles’ standaardopbouw is dat als hij een vraagstuk aansneed, hij eerst uitlegde wat eerdere geleerden erover hadden gedacht en waarom die zich hadden vergist, om vervolgens zijn eigen oplossing te presenteren. Dat is natuurlijk wat hautain: hij is in deze presentatie als het ware zelf de doeloorzaak van de wetenschappelijke ontwikkeling – alles ontstaat en groeit tot het bij Aristoteles pas werkelijk bloeit. Van de andere kant: Aristoteles’ weergaven van eerdere ideeën zijn cruciaal voor moderne reconstructies van de geschiedenis van de vroege Griekse filosofie.

De auteur van De overstroming van de Nijl volgt de standaardopbouw. Eerst is er de vraag:

Hoe valt het te verklaren dat, terwijl andere rivieren in de winter zwellen en in de zomer veel kleiner worden, de Nijl als enige rivier die in de zee uitmondt, in de zomer over een uitgestrekt gebied overstroomt en zo breed wordt dat alleen de dorpen er bovenuit steken als eilanden?noot Aristoteles, De overstroming van de Nijl 1; vert. Beullens.

En daarna komen de antwoorden, zoals de theorie van Thales van Milete dat de etesische winden (de zomerse noordwestenwind) het Nijlwater terug zouden blazen. Commentaar van Aristoteles: dan zouden we het ook bij andere rivieren moeten observeren. Hij behandelt de theorie van Anaxagoras dat de Nijl een smeltrivier was, maar zó veel sneeuw als er extra Nijlwater is, is onmogelijk. En er is de theorie van Nikagoras van Cyprus dat de bron van de Nijl op het zuidelijk halfrond ligt –maar dan zou het water over de evenaar komen, waar het zó heet is dat alle water verdampt. En zelfs als de rivier die regio kon doorkruisen, zou de afstand onmeetbaar en dus voor mensen onkenbaar zijn. Dus ook deze hypothese is onhoudbaar. QED.

De Sudd

Als hij alle hypothesen heeft weerlegd, meestal met bewijzen uit het ongerijmde, beschrijft Aristoteles zijn eigen theorie:

Men heeft waargenomen dat het veel en overvloedig regent in Ethiopië in de periode vanaf de opkomst van Sirius tot die van Arcturus, maar in de winter niet. … Daardoor komt de overstroming samen met de etesische winden. Vooral die winden voeren namelijk wolken aan naar die streek, net zoals de voorafgaande zomerwinden. Wanneer de wolken tegen de bergen stoten, stroomt het water naar de moerassen waardoor de Nijl vloeit.noot Aristoteles, De overstroming van de Nijl 12; vert. Beullens.

Dit is ruwweg correct: het zijn inderdaad regens in oostelijk Afrika die zorgen voor extra water. Maar het gaat niet om de etesische noordwestenwind die waait in de Griekse zomer, het gaat om de noordoostelijke passaat. Aristoteles meent bovendien dat het water uit het Ethiopische Hoogland via moerassen naar de Nijl stroomt, maar lijkt niet te weten dat de Sudd-moerassen liggen aan de Witte Nijl, die een bron heeft in het Victoriameer, terwijl hij zelf de regenrivier Blauwe Nijl beschrijft. Dat gezegd zijnde: hij heeft het grotendeels goed begrepen.

Waarnemingen

Wie zouden de “men” zijn die de Ethiopische regens gezien hebben? Het is een verleidelijk idee dat Alexander de Grote wetenschappers naar het zuiden heeft gestuurd. Misschien is dat wel zo, maar het staat vast dat Kallisthenes, Alexanders wetenschappelijk adviseur, zijn beschrijving van de Nijloverstroming baseerde op informatie die hij had gevonden bij Aristoteles.noot Strabon, Geografie 17.1.5. Dat betekent dat Aristoteles al informatie van ooggetuigen had ontvangen vóór Alexanders expeditie.

De al genoemde Oxyrhynchos-papyrus, met daarop een tekst van Poseidonios die Aristoteles’ De overstroming van de Nijl citeert, noemt een zekere Thrasyalkes als bron van Aristoteles’ informatie. We weten niet of dit correct is. Feit is dat er altijd Griekse huurlingen dienden in de Egyptische legers – u zou Wahibre-em-Achet kunnen kennen. Zulke mannen kunnen heel goed zelf naar het diepe zuiden hebben gereisd, of informatie uit Nubië hebben vernomen.

[Met dank aan Pieter Beullens, die werkt aan een kritische editie, die hopelijk volgend jaar zal verschijnen. Beullens’ Nederlandse vertaling is gepubliceerd in het Tijdschrift voor Filosofie 73 (2011) 513-534.]

#Anaxagoras #Arcturus #Aristoteles #etesischeWind #Kallisthenes #Nijl #NikagorasVanCyprus #Oxyrhynchos #PoseidoniosVanApameia #Sirius #Sudd #ThalesVanMilete #WahibreEmAchet #WillemVanMoerbeke #wind

The Dogon Religion

The Dogon religion is the traditional religious/spiritual beliefs of the Dogon people of Mali.

Dogons who adhere to the Dogon religion believe in 1 Supreme Creator called Amma, or Ama. They also believe in ancestral spirits known as the Nommo, also known as Water Spirits. Veneration of the dead is an important element in their spiritual beliefs.

They hold ritual mask dances immediately after the death of a person & sometimes long after they’ve passed on to the next life. Twins, “the need for duality & the doubling of individual lives” (masculine & feminine principles), is a fundamental element in the belief system. Like other traditional African religions, balance & reverence for nature are also key elements in this belief system.

Dogon cosmology & astronomy are broad & complex. Like some of the other African groups in the Upper Niger region, & other parts of the continent, they have a huge repertoire of “system of signs,” which are religious in nature.

In the Dogon religion, there’s a belief in a single omnipotent, omniscient, & omnipresent Creator deity called Amma. The Dogon religion teaches that it was through Amma’s powers which brought forth the creation of the universe, matter, & the biological processes of production.

Amma, the Sky God, is the head of the Dogon triumvirate. The others being the Water God, Nommo, & the Earth God, Lewe/Lebe.

Amma is genderless, & may be regarded as he, she, or it. It depends on which aspect of its principles one is trying to satisfy. The Deity symbolizes both the masculine & feminine principles. As such, it’s genderless, or being of dual gender, which invokes balance, duality, & the pairing of opposites. The cosmological concepts of balance, duality, & opposites are found in all aspects of Dogon spirituality & culture.

Religious sacrifice (Bulo, a word for sacrifices in their language.) & rituals are directed to Amma. Carved figurines which act as “representations of the living” are also produced. These figurines aren’t physical representations of the Divine. But merely serve as mediators, or interceders, between the living world & the Divine.

The Dogon attributes the origins of masks to beings they refer to as Andoumboulou. The 1st masks were made of fiber. Although women eventually acquired them, & later men. Their function wasn’t apparent to the Dogon until the ancestors started dying. The 1st ancestor to suffer death did so in the form of a snake.

As common in other African beliefs & cosmogonies such as in the Serer myth, a serpent death represents the process of transforming into spirit form. When people realize the negative effects of the nyama released by death, the ancestors decided to carve a mask so that it serves as a support for the nyama.

The mask was in the form of a snake, symbolizing the dead ancestors. That initial mask, called “imina na” in the Dogon languages (“great mask” or “mother of masks”) is the style of mask used in the Sigi ceremony in order to commemorate this mythic event every 60 years.

Although the face of the mask is in snake form, it’s never worn. Instead, the Dogon would display it in a stationary position or while carrying it. Every 60 years during the Sigi ceremony, each Dogon village will make a new “great mask,” other deaths followed, & soon after, the Dogon had to seek other measures to deal with the released nyama.

Initially, the Dogon erected altars for the ancestors while wood figures served as a repository for the spiritual forces. As deaths increased, this became insufficient & masks were then made for dama rituals.

The dama is a ritual where the souls of the dead are escorted out of the village & sent to the afterlife permanently. The Dogon have many rituals about death which are important elements of their mask culture.

A 4-set of masks, called bede, a carved wooden mask called sirige are usually put on for the bagu bundo ritual, which is a type of dance held 2 days after the burial of a man who had participated in a Sigi ceremony.

After several years since the passing of the deceased, the dama ritual is performed. The dama lasts for 6 days. Its purpose is to raise the prestige & reputation of the deceased & that of his descendants. A lot of time & resources goes towards the preparation of the dama.

It’s a very elaborate & costly ritual. During the dama ritual, the Mask Society (the Awa Society) performs in the village plaza, at the deceased’s house, & in the Hogon’s sacred fields.

The soul of the dead, which had been localized in the handle of his hoe & in a container of millet beer is then removed from the village- thrown into a bush. (Millet is a type of grain. It’s considered an ancient grain, like quinoa, farro, or barley.) Where the dama ritual is performed for a deceased woman, it’s not accompanied by mask dancing. Unless the deceased female was a yasigine – the sole member of the Mask Society.

There are many different types of Dogon masks. Some of the masks represent mammals, reptiles, birds, humans, objects, & abstract concepts.

The concepts of Heaven & Hell don’t exist in the Dogon religion. Ancestor veneration is an important element. Sculptures & masks are normally made by Dogon blacksmiths, who also work iron. There are 2 types of smiths in Dogon society: the jemo who lives on the plains & the iru who lives on the plateau.

Blacksmiths’ mastery of earth, air, & fire, & their expertise in making iron tools (which the Dogon people depend on for farming) grant them a privileged position within the Dogon society.

Both the jemo & iru serve as intermediaries & peacemakers between other Dogons, between the living & the ancestors, & between mankind & Amma, especially on rituals surrounding rainmaking.

The respect granted to blacksmiths comes from their role in the creation myth, in which the 1st blacksmith is said to have descended from the Empyrean Heaven in order to bring mankind fire, iron, & seeds for cultivation.

As with their rites associated with procreation during life, the image of humanity developing in its placenta is also present in their funeral rites. When a person dies, their mouth is covered with a muzzle.

This ritual symbolizes the wattles of fish. The dead’s head is covered with a white band circling the top of his skull. This symbolizes the top of the fish’s head. As they send the deceased to the next life, women & girls perform ritual dances mimicking a fish (with their arms & hands stretched out in front of them) symbolizing the swimming of fish. These movements are done very subtly.

The Nommo are ancestral spirits (sometimes referred to as deities) venerated by the Dogon. The word Nommos is derived from the Dogon language meaning “to make one drink.”

The Nommos are usually described as amphibious, hermaphroditic, fish-like creatures. The Nommos are also referred to as “Masters of the Water,” “the Monitors,” & “the Teachers.”

The Dogon’s spiritual leader is called hogon. According to Dogon cosmogony, there were 4 pairs of twins, 4 girls & 4 boys. They were ancestors of humans. In the Dogon tradition, the 7th ancestor’s gift to humankind included weaving, music, dress, & language.

All their festivals occur within precise temporal cycles & are occasions for young Dogon men to complete their initiation rites & receive knowledge from their dad, grandpa, or the head of the family (ginna bana).

Festivals:

Bulo: Like the Xooy divination ceremony of the Serer people of Senegambia, the Bulo is a New Year festival that’s celebrated between May & June. It’s an agrarian festival, marking the beginning of the rainy season & millet cultivation.

Unlike the Xooy, which is presided over by The Saltigue (the Seer priestly class), the Bulo festival is characterized by masked dances & overflowing canaries of millet beer. (Canaries are containers made for beer.)

The Bulo festival signals the start of the sowing season. It takes place during the summer/estival solstice.

Sigi: The Sigi/Sigui festival pays homage to the Dogon’s primordial time, & it’s way of atonement & transmitting secret & ancient knowledge to the younger generation.

It’s mainly about communicating the revelation of speech to men, a ceremony of atonement & initiation, & a way of demanding pardon for the death of an ancestor after the folly & forgetfulness of some young men.

It’s a long procession that starts & ends in the village of Youga Dogorou. The Sigi festival is 1 of the most well known & anticipated Dogon festivals, & perhaps the most important of all the Dogon rituals.

The Sigi occurs once every 60 years in the Dogon calendar. It’s determined by the position of the star named Sirius (also called the Dog Star) in the night sky. (Ancient astronaut theorists love to get in on this. Thinking that there’s an alien connection.)

A person may only live to see 1 Sigi festival, or 2 if they’re lucky to live long enough. The 60-year interval also corresponds to the life span of the mystic Dogon ancestor. Every 5 days, the Dogon would tie a knot on a rope. This constitutes the Dogon ancestor.

The last 4 Sigi celebrations occurred in 1787, 1848, 1907, 1967. The next 1 will be in the year 2027 (So 2 more years, when this was posted.) The Sigi ritual & rituals of its sort which occurs within precise temporal cycles are a way of transmitting knowledge of the Dogon.

The night before the 60th anniversary celebration, the male participants enter a bush in an isolated cave & go into fasting. In the morning of the ceremony, they shave their heads (symbolizing rebirth).

They then put on the Sigi costume & dressed to look like a fish. A white cap that represents the head of a catfish is put on. The black color symbolizes the waters of the womb. A wide pair of black trousers gathered at the ankles with its tail bifurcated is also put on. On their chests, they wear some type of crossbelt adorned with cowries which symbolize the fish’s eggs.

On their right hands, they hold a crooked staff. This staff, symbolizes the sexual organ of Nommo, the mythical ancestor of humans. Along with the staff, they also hold a 1/2 calabash that they’ll use to drink the Sigi beer.

The Sigi runs for several years. The last 1 ran from 1967-1973.

Dama: The Dama ceremony marks the end of bereavement.

Bado: The Bado festival is a festival of the elders, which occurs is spring.

Bago: The Bago festival is a harvest festival that takes place during fall.

Gogo: A winter festival.

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#1787 #1847 #1907 #1967 #60Years #africa #africanReligions #amma #ancestorVeneration #andoumboulou #badoFestival #bagaBundoRitual #bagoFestival #bede #bereavement #blackTrousers #blacksmiths #bulo #catfish #cowries #damaFestival #damaRituals #dogStar #dogonMasks #earthGod #elderFestival #empyreanHeaven #ginnaBana #gogoFestival #harvestFestival #hogon #idols #iru #jemo #june #lebe #lewe #mali #mastersOfTheWater #may #milletBeer #nommo #nyama #ritualMaskDances #senegambia #sererMyth #sererPeople #sigiCeremony #sigiCostume #sirius #skyGod #summerSolstice #theAwaSociety #theDogonReligion #theMaskSociety #theMonitors #theTeachers #triumvirate #upperNiger #venerationOfTheDead #waterSpirits #xooy #yasigine #yougaDogorou

Artist: Sirius Space
Title: Feel The Fire
Genre: Electronic - source: Discogs (/release/25534387-Various-Simply-The-Best-Rare-Live-Extended)
Deezer: https://www.deezer.com/track/3577203831 | YouTube: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=zVJXPiQFflU | SoundCloud: https://soundcloud.com/max-jordy-alvarado-quezada/feel-the-fire-masterboy-ft-radiodanceperu-classic-techno-remix
#Electronic #Deezer #SoundCloud #YouTube #EDM #Playlist #Sirius #Space #Feel #The

“#SiriusXM #Sirius” / “Sydney Sweeney on Portraying Christy Martin, Euphoria Season 3, Being Sexualized on Social Media” (1 user) https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=pp31-cto7ZM