“It looks as if a Man could Toot himself to Heaven upon the Whore of Babylon’s Bagpipes”

—how 18th-century English satirists used bagpipes to signify Jacobitism & Catholicism, & the threat to the Establishment

🎵 10 March is International Bagpipe Day! A 🎶🧵

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https://www.thebottleimp.org.uk/2013/05/the-scottish-bagpipe-political-and-religious-symbolism-in-english-literature-and-satire/

#Scotland #Scottish #music #history #culture #bagpipes #InternationalBagpipeDay #18thcentury #satire #Jacobites

Mackintosh of Borlum of the ‘Fifteen: the thread about a bungling adventurer’s attempt to take over the city

This thread was originally written and published in July 2019.

The year is 1715 and over in France, James Francis Edward Stuart, the Old Pretender, is plotting once again to try and regain the Stuart Crown, which would make him King James VIII of Scotland and III of England and Ireland.

In London, Scottish noble and politician John Erskine, Earl of Mar, jumps the gun. He returns to Scotland from serving the Hanoverian government and raises the Jacobite standard at Braemar on September 6th. He was nicknamed “Bobbing John” for the frequency with which he would change sides.

Drawn to Mar’s rising is one William Mackintosh( the younger) of Borlum. The Mackintoshes of Borlum were minor Scottish landowners, relations of Lachlan Mor, 16th Chief of Clan Mackintosh.

Borlum was raised and educated in Aberdeen. Not much is known of this part of his life but he does seem to have been at (or hanging around) Oxford University and he did marry an English lady there. So at the very least he was important enough to be ingratiated into society. Sometime around 1688, Borlum found himself in the service of the French Army. As a Jacobite sympathiser it was logical that he may have left his adopted home to fight for its enemy because of the Glorious Revolution which ended the Stuart line that year.

We lose track of Borlum until around 1698 when he returned to Inverness-shire as a seemingly successful career soldier; Brigadier Borlum. With this he gets himself a “commission of fire and sword” from the Privy Council and a Commission of Supply from the Scottish Parliament; fundamentally he is to enforce the law, as he sees fit, on the behalf of the crown, and collect taxes on its behalf too. We pick up his trail again in 1714 when he is acting as an agent on behalf the Old Pretender, trying to persuade Clan Mackintosh and its forces to take the Jacobite side in any future rising. And when Mar raises the standard in Braemar the following year, the Mackintoshes were there front and centre.

However the rising was handicapped by its leader, Bobbing John, who was anything but a competent military strategist. The 1715 will become characterised by his indecisiveness and poor decision making. In October, Mar and the Mackintoshes, formed into a battalion of 13 companies, were at Perth, as is Borlum. Mar wants to encourage the Jacobites in the south of Scotland and north of England to rise and join the cause, so hits on the idea of sending a raid into the Lothians to capture Edinburgh. The eager and seemingly competent Borlum is put in charge of this mission.

The forces assigned to him were 2,500 men in 6 regiments; Strathmore’s, Mar’s (including the Farquharsons), Logie Drummond’s, Nairne’s, Lord Charles Murray’s and the Mackintosh’s. All except Strathmore’s Fifers were of the Gàidhealtachd – Gaelic-speaking highlanders.

It’s not clear what the precise orders or plans given to Borlum were. He may have just been given the gist of Mar’s idea and left to get on with it. But all along the East Neuk of Fife he had fishing boats rounded up and impounded as transport for a cross-Firth raid. The 11th and 12th of October were chosen for departure; you can imagine the prospect of crossing the Forth in small, open boats; a distance of some 18-20 miles from the East Neuk; in the dark, at the start of winter. Unsurprisingly, things didn’t start well. Strathmore’s regiment ended up marooned on the Isle of May. The Excisemen of Leith, patrolling in their cutter, picked up 40 of them men and arrested them. Other boats were driven back to Fife by the weather.

But somehow or another 1,500 men, including all of Borlum’s Mackintoshes, managed to make the Lothian coast. But they were scattered miles from Edinburgh and he now had to waste time rounding up his forces between Haddington and Tranent. On the morning of October 14th, Borlum took a roll call and then marched rapidly west for Edinburgh, striking out while the iron was hot (ish) but before any of the forces he left behind in Fife could catch up and join him. He was to have been reinforced by Haddingtonshire (East Lothian) Jacobites under George Seton, the 5th Earl of Winton, but the authorities had foreseen this and “invited” Seton to appear before them in Edinburgh. When he refused and called out his men, they arrived with Dragoons and thoroughly ransacked the family seat. He had to scatter, and ended up joining with other Jacobites later on in Kelso.

By now, Borlum’s situation was as follows; at least 1/3 of his men were missing, he was days behind schedule, his reinforcements were non-existent and his arrival was forewarned. But despite all this, our hero was not to be discouraged and pressed on with the mission and towards Edinburgh. In his task of capturing the city, he is to be assisted by Major Thomas Arthur, who had a month previously with his brother tried to take the castle by surprise for the Jacobites. This raid had been something of a farce, let down by a drunk or double-crossing carpenter who had arrived late with assault ladders which were 6 feet too short and by impetuous (and drunk) youths who talked too loud in a tavern and gave the game away.

But there is a snag with Thomas Arthur’s assistance however as he happens to be stuck on the wrong side of the Forth, having been on one of the boats that turned back. So when Borlum arrives at Jock’s Lodge on the outskirts of Edinburgh, he does not have his inside man with him. This is doubly unfortunate as apparently the company of local volunteers holding the Bristo Port (the south gate to the city) were Jacobites to a man and were keeping the gates unlocked and their weapons trained the “wrong” way. Borlum could have walked right into the city, but of this intelligence he knew nothing.

Enter stage right one Alexander Malloch of Moultriehill. Moultriehill, or Multree’s Hill, is the higher ground to the north of the Old Town of Edinburgh, between the present day Picardy Place and St. Andrew Square. Malloch is a Jacobite and convinces Borlum that the town is “crowded with armed militia” and that reinforcements of regular government soldiers under John Campbell, Duke of Argyle, are expected imminently.

So instead of pressing on west into Edinburgh, which he believes on Malloch’s advice to be a trap, Borlum turns north instead for Leith. He walks into the undefended town without a shot being fired and takes the Tolbooth; the main civic building, which included jail facilities. Here he finds and liberates the 40-odd men (minus their officers) that had been captured by the Excisemen on the Isle of May.

Having freed his men, this called for a celebration and so Borlum’s forces took the Customs House too and liberate the quantities of wines and spirits located within. Devoid of any real plan, Borlum finds Cromwell’s 60-year old Citadel in better repair than anyone imagined and so holds up there behind the remains of its walls and bastions. The missing gates are barricaded shut, ships cannons are requisitioned as defensive firepower and supplies (inevitably including more drink) are gathered.

It seems that Malloch was right about Argyle’s reinforcements however; the general was indeed on his way and the next morning he arrives outside the Citadel with 2 squadrons of cavalry; 2 companies of The Earl of Forfar’s Foot; 300 volunteers of the Edinburgh Regiment; 650 other militia and for good measure; and the Edinburgh Town Guard, who had been most insistent on coming along.

Argyle too was surprised to find The Citadel to be quite such a sturdy defence, with Borlum well dug in behind its walls. This poses both sides a problem; Argyle has brought no artillery to attack the walls, but Borlum has little gunpowder. So Argyle draws his men up outside the Citadel‘s wals, well within the range of a musket shot, and challenges the Jacobites to surrender. Borlum in response laughs and taunts Argyle, but cannot fire upon his men. The sensible Argyle sees he has no reason to risk his forces and make an assault that will likely cost him heavily and so turns about for Edinburgh to summon his artillery. Borlum is also sensible – he realises that when Argyle returns with his fire support that he cannot hope to hold out and so under cover of darkness and at the low tide, his men sneak out of The Citadel, ford the Water of Leith and skirt round the north of the town along the beach. For some reason the 40 men freed from the Tolbooth are left behind (possibly because they are officer-less and can’t or won’t join one of regiments formed of the other clans). Abandoned in Leith, they make the best of a bad situation and occupy themselves with the remains of the Custom House.

Borlum’s Jacobites, probably down to 1,000-odd men by now, sneak along the coast as far as Musselburgh, at which point they encounter the militia of the Honest Toun and a brief and ineffective firefight ensues. Once again his presence has been given away, so they simply bypass Musselburgh and press on east. The encounter has made them alert to the prospect of chasing forces and when a horseman is spotted on the road somewhere near Prestonpans he is challenged by an advanced party of Borlum’s men. However the challenge is apparently issued in Gaelic and the horseman can’t understand the Highlanders (and neither they him) and so just to be sure be sure he is shot. Alas, the body is found to be Alexander Malloch of Moultrieshill, who had set out on his own initiative to find and help Borlum.

Shortly afterwards, more men are discovered on the road and just to be sure, they are given the shoot first, ask questions later treatment too. Alackady, those bodies are found to be Borlum’s own scouting party, heading back to report after checking the route ahead of the main column. Things really weren’t going well. Borlum’s flight from Leith ends at Seton House, home of the Earl of Winton. But he finds no warm welcome as the Laird had already departed and the government Dragoons have turned the place over.

A brief attempt was made by Borlum to regroup at Seton house but Argyle has dispatched General Wightman (victor at Glenshiel in the 1719 Jacobite uprising) who is on his way. Finding the position indefensible, once more Borlum melts away into the night. He marches south for Kelso where he hopes to find the other Jacobites, but finds that the Earl of Winton and the Haddingtonshire Jacobites had fallen out with their Northumbrian “allies” and had retreated to Perth to join the main body of the Earl of Mar’s forces. And so Borlum joins up with the Northumbrians and seals his fate alongside the other Scottish Jacobites who enter England to support the rising there. Like most of his kin he is captured after surrendering to vastly superior forces at Preston. He and the other leaders are spirited south to London to stand trial for high treason.

Borlum is held at Newgate to await sentencing, but he and his compatriots manage to overcome and disarm the guards, knock through a wall and fourteen others escape into the maze that is 18th century London. Escaping with Borlum is the leader of the English Jacobites, Thomas Forster. There is a theory that the escape was all too convenient and that Forster was a turncoat; his surrender at Preston betrayed his cause and was connived with the Government

Despite the £500 bounty on his head, Borlum slips out of London. Apparently the mob romanticised him as some sort of noble Highland hero, and ballads were composed in his honour. Note the last line.

Mackintosh is a soldier brave,
And did most gallantly behave,
When into Northumberland he came
With gallant men of his own name.

Then Mackintosh until Wills he came,
Saying “I have been a soldier in my time,
And ere a Scot of mine shall yield,
We’ll all lie dead upon the field.”

Mackintosh is a gallant soldier,
Whit his musket over his shoulder,
“Every true man point his rapier,
But damn you, Forster, you are a traitor”

Brigadier Mackintosh of Borlum makes it successfully to France and joins the other Jacobite exiles there. But ever true to the cause, he declines to stay on in the relative safety of France and returns instead to Scotland to take part in the even less successful rising of 1719. He is at the Battle of Glen Shiel when his old pursuer, the efficient General Wightman, snuffs out the rising by introducing the Highland army to mortar fire.

On the run yet again, Borlum heads for Caithness and hides out in the hills for a while. But he is soon apprehended and is taken to Edinburgh. Despite by now being an old man he is thrown into solitary confinement at the castle, where he lives out his days. How solitary his imprisonment actually was seems to be debatable as he is apparently engaging with Edinburgh society at this time. And so ends the tale of our unlucky adventurer; spends the last 25-odd years in captivity. Too important to let go and not important enough to be worth pardoning in exchange for loyalty. He departed this world aged 85 of decay* on the 11th January 1743 at the age of 80.

* – decay was used to records deaths due to unknown causes, usually old age.

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The Battle of Prestonpans was fought #OTD, 21 September 1745. The first major engagement in the Jacobite rebellion, Prestonpans was a stunning victory for the (mostly Highland) troops under Charles Edward Stuart. The song “Johnnie Cope”, composed very shortly afterwards, probably by Adam Skirving, exists in numerous versions & arrangements – including one by Beethoven – but it is originally a pipe tune.

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#Scottish #literature #bagpipes #music #song #Jacobites #18thcentury

Songs Of Two Rebellions - The Jacobite Wars Of 1715 And 1745 In Scotland by Ewan McColl, released on Topic and Folkways in 1960.

"During the 17th and 18th centuries, a series of wars were fought involving Scotland, England, Ireland, and even France. Essentially these were failed attempts to restore the deposed Stuart monarchy to the throne of Great Britain, and, from a Scottish perspective, to curtail the unjust domination of Scotland by England. English forces were usually pitted against those of Scotland. The final Jacobite effort was in 1745 on behalf of Bonnie Prince Charlie, who, after he was defeated at the Battle of Culloden, was forced to flee to France.

Radical English/Scottish folksinger Ewan MacColl teams with his wife Peggy Seeger, the half-sister of iconic folksinger Pete Seeger and a well-known performer in her own right, to present folk songs from the two Scottish rebellions." Folkways

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=04BBAeaRGdY&list=OLAK5uy_kZCZSevmaMaPsCW2ppxi9cuEC77XEhEqE

#ewanmcoll #peggyseeger #jacobites #folkmusic #scotland

Queerness in Scotland has always existed, hidden in medieval manuscripts, coded in Jacobite poetry, or expressed through the arts. In the first of a 3-part series, the National Galleries of Scotland explores queer artforms & artists from Scotland, past & present

#Pride #PrideDay 🏳️‍🌈🏳️‍⚧️

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=HKBCxUmPBho

#Scottish #literature #poetry #art #manuscripts #medieval #18thcentury #history #jacobites #queerhistory #queerness #Pride #PrideDay #InternationalPrideDay #LGBTQ

Death by “surfeit of figs”: the thread about the King’s Botanist and a bungling attempt to capture Edinburgh Castle

Today’s 18th century historical thread starts with a chance photo of a gravestone in South Leith Kirkyard, taken because of the touching eulogy on it. Who was Isabella? And who was Colonel Lawson? I thought I would try my hand at finding out, not realising the remarkable yarn that would be spun from this search, largely because a few errors on the stone which made me dig deeper than I probably otherwise would have in trying to resolve them.

I started my search with Isabella. Isabella Lawson (1700-1783) was the daughter of Janet Wilson and James Lawson of Cairnmuir. The Cairnmuirs were minor Borders gentry, their seat was Cairnmuir House – also known as Baddinsgill – near West Linton.

My eye had been caught at first by the eulogy. Someone else’s was caught by the phrase “Battle of Preston 1715” and whether “in the Royal Cause” meant they were on the side of the House of Stuart or that of Hanover; after all, both were Royal Causes. So I tried to find that out too out. I eventually found that our Lawson was in Colonel Preston’s Regiment of Foot later known as the 26th and better known as The Cameronians and that he was actually of the rank of Lieutenant Colonel. The Cameronians were an unusual regiment which could trace their descent directly from the Covenanting (Scottish Presbyterian) movement. They were formed by the Convention of Estates (a sister institution to the Scottish parliament) in 1689 to defend the Presbyterian settlement in the country as a result of the “Glorious Revolution” from Stuart attempts to impose Episcopalianism. As such they were explicitly anti-Jacobite and had proved loyal to the Houses of Orange and later Hanover. It was The Cameronians who, at the Battle of Dunkeld, had put down the Jacobite rebellion of 1689 and as such we can be sure that Lt. Col. Lawson fought on the side of the Hanoverians at Preston.

This is where we get to the errors on the gravestone. Firstly, and as far as I can verify, Lt. Col. Lawson did not die at Preston at all. The regimental history acknowledges he was in action at the battle and was badly wounded, but his death is actually recorded 3 years later in 1718. Whether that was from injuries which he had sustained we cannot be sure, and this may have been the case as The Cameronians took a lot of punishment. Secondly, Isabella Lawson was not his only daughter! She may be the only daughter of his wife Janet Wilson, but the Lt. Col. has at least 6 other children by another wife – Marion Reoch. The chronology of births is confusing as to which were by Marion and which by Janet. But I think we can forgive the errors here as the stone, by its own admission, was erected by Isabella’s son – Abraham Davellie Cormack (isn’t that a wonderful name?) – some 70 years after the facts and details may have gotten lost in family stories.

This is all interesting enough in its own right, but on digging around the family tree to try and resolve these questions it brings up Lt. Col. Lawson’s older brother; John Lawson of Cairnmuir, Esq. (1657-1704). It’s not John who is so interesting, it is his wife, Barbara Clerk (1679-1734). Barbara is the daughter of Sir John Clerk of Penicuik and her brother is Sir John Clerk of Penicuik (better known as “Baron Clerk” to differentiate him from his father). The Clerks are one of the most powerful and influential families in the early 18th c. Scottish establishment. Baron Clerk is the Whig’s Whig, a strong supporter of the Union of Scotland and England, a Commissioner for the Union of Parliaments, a Whig MP in the first parliament of Great Britain and later Baron of the Exchequer for Scotland.

Barbara’s first husband, John Lawson, was therefore a fitting match. From the correct class of Lowland gentry like herself, with the correct political leanings and a brother-in-law in the service of one the Government’s most loyal regiments. But when John dies in 1704, it is Barbara’s second husband where things begin to get really interesting. On the 21 February 1710, Barbara marries one William Arthur* , M.D. (* = no relation, as far as I can tell!) William was born in Elie in Fife in 1680, his father was Patrick Arthur of Ballone, a surgeon, apothecary and Commissioner of Supply for Fifeshire. The Commissioners of Supply were local bodies in Scotland responsible for certain aspects of civic administration. William’s mother is Margaret Sharp, a relative of the recently assassinated episcopalian Archbishop Sharp of St. Andrews. So, on paper, William also comes from the right sort of family for a union with a Clerk. In 1701 or therabouts, William travelled to Utrecht to study medicine under Herman Boerhaave, “the father of physiology“. This was about the best place he could of gone to study medicine in Europe at the time, so clearly the Arthur’s had high aspirations for their son and the means to pursue them.

William returned to Scotland in 1707 as Dr. Arthur and began to practice medicine with his father in Fife. It is probably through chance that he treated Baron Clerk – who was on a hunting trip in Fife – and becomes acquainted with the latter’s widowed sister, Barbara. The match was obviously approved and as a result the aspiring Doctor finds himself ingratiated into one of the best-connected families in the land. This begins to pay dividends for his career and in 1713 he was licensed to practice medicine in Edinburgh by being invited to join the Royal College of Physicians. He was made fellow by 1714. Dr. Arthur finds himself rubbing shoulders with – and treating – the great and the good of Edinburgh society. All is going well in the Arthur-Clerk household and it’s about to get even better, albeit briefly.

In 1714 the ailing Queen Anne dies and in her place comes His Most Serene Highness George Louis, Archbannerbearer of the Holy Roman Empire and Prince-Elector, Duke of Brunswick-Lüneburg; King George I to you and me. One of the new King’s more unusual initial duties is to choose a Regius (Royal) Keeper for the Royal Botanic Garden in Edinburgh, as that was a direct household appointment of the Monarch, and became vacant at the point of Queen Anne’s death. The garden at this time located in the Nor’ Loch valley, where Waverley Station is today.

The incumbent keeper since 1676 is James Sutherland, re-appointed by Queen Anne in 1699 and holder of the Chair of Botany at the university. It would therefore seem sensible that the capable, experienced, renowned and well thought of Sutherland would be re-appointed. But no, it’s not what you know but who you know. For reasons that we can only assume to be Baron Clerk’s influence, William Arthur – whose knowledge of botany would have extended only to a physician’s herbs – finds himself not just the Regius Keeper of the Botanic Garden but also the King’s Botanist, by royal appointment.

To paraphrase Bayley Balfour, biographer of the Regius Keepers, Dr. Arthur probably knew nothing about botany and certainly made little to no contribution to it or to the garden in his charge during his tenure. However he hardly had a chance to, as we are about to find out.

It is now 1715, and all is not well in the land and not everyone is that thrilled with the new king. Long story short, on 27th August that year John Erskine, Earl of Mar, took it upon himself to raise the Jacobite Standard for the exiled Pretender” James Francis Edward Stuart at Braemar and with 600 men called the Jacobite loyal to arms. Up until this point, Mar had been in the service of the Government and his nickname is “Bobbing John” on account of his reputation for dithering and it never being clear quite which side he is actually on at any given time.

Mar’s forces swell to 20,000 and quickly take control of much of Scotland north of the Forth. Much of Bobbing John’s early success may have been at the hands of subordinates taking initiative. But sites are now set on Edinburgh and its Castle. Within the Castle are government arms enough for 10,000 men and £100,000 that was paid to Scotland upon the Union with England. This plan may have been the instigation of James Drummond (later 2nd Duke of Perth); a Stuart loyalist who had been with James II when he lost his chance of the crown in Ireland.

Edinburgh Castle would be a tough nut to crack. It’s easiest to bypass it entirely and leave it isolated and relatively impotent up on its rock – but when you want what is in it that is not an option. It had been demonstrated that it could be reduced by siege and force as the English did in the Lang Seige of 1573, but the Jacobites had neither the men, resources, time or artillery for that.

No, the best and easiest way to take it was by sneak or subterfuge. Thomas Randolph had done this for Robert the Bruce. Alexander Leslie had done it for the Covenanters. Who was going to do it for King James VIII of Scotland and III of England? Step forward, for reasons known only to himself, Dr. William Arthur, Regius Keeper of the Botanic Garden and King’s Botanist.

What follows is my interpretation of events – I know others exist and you can read them elsewhere.

It is reputed that the Arthurs may have been Jacobites – after all his mother was a relative of an important episcopalian archbishop – but that may be hearsay. Whatever the reason he got involved, William at least had the perfect cover; he was married into an unimpeachable family, was in an intimate position in the depths of the pro-Hanoverian Scottish establishment and was a personal appointee of the King.

Dr. William has a brother, Major Thomas Arthur of the 3rd Regiment of Foot Guards (the Royal Scots to you and me). The brothers have a cousin (or he may be a younger brother), Lieutenant James Arthur in the Edinburgh Regiment of Foot (The King’s Own Scottish Borderers to you and me). The Arthurs got to work on a plan to take the castle by derring-do, in which the Doctor’s role seems to have been one of coordinator and fixer. Arms were to be assembled, 30 muskets with bayonets and a “great many” small arms. These were cached in the house in the Potterrow of Sir David Murray of Stanhope by his wife. Recruits were found within the Jacobite sympathisers in the city; from dispossessed Jacobite officers, lawyers, clerks, apprentices and “other youths of a class considerably above the mere vulgar“. We will come back to these latter young men later.

Lt. James promised 30 loyal, armed grenadiers from within the Edinburgh Regiment, they were just awaiting the word. Major Thomas sounds out potential sympathisers and collaborators within the castle itself. Eventually three men, a Sergeant and two Privates, are trustworthy enough to be bribed to assist. From the Duke of Perth are sent 50 loyal men of the Highlands, to be led by Alexander Drummond of Bahaldie – “a gentleman of great courage“. Drummond’s real name is Alexander Macgregor, and he is chieftain of Clan Gregor, whose name is forfeit. The last piece of the arrangements is Charles Forbes. On the face of things a down-on-his-luck local merchant, but apparently actually a Jacobite agent. Forbes is engaged to build foldable assault ladders and to have them ready for a surprise, night-time assault on the Castle walls. Things quickly begin to go wrong however; Major Thomas’ wife got word of her husband’s dealings out of him and she is able to forewarn Sir Adam Cockburn of Ormiston, the Lord Justice-Clerk and 2nd most powerful man in the Scottish legal system, of the threat. Ormiston, inexplicably, ignored the warning and so the Arthurs might still have been in with the element of surprise.

But remember those Jacobite youths of the “class considerably above the mere vulgar“?. Well they got bored with waiting around for the word and they went and got drunk in a tavern. While they were “powdering their perriwigs in preparation” they give the game loudly away to anyone with ears. Word was again sent to Adam Cockburn of Ormiston. This time he decided to do something about it and a messenger is sent to the Castle where, eventually, the deputy governor is roused. Sceptical, he gives instructions to double the guard and goes back to his bed. Yet again, the Arthurs might still be in luck. At 11 o’clock at night, on what was probably the 9th or 10th of September 1715, the raiding party assembled in the kirkyard of the West Kirk (now known as St. Cuthbert’s), below the sheer face of the Castle Rock.

Their target was the Castle on top of said rock, towering overhead. And up they went, picking their way in the dark of night up the treacherous paths scraped into the cliff face. Perhaps luck was on their side, as miraculously they made it to the top and the foot of the walls on schedule and without issue.

At the arranged time and place, they were able to make contact with the bribed Sergeant, on duty on the battlements above.But that is where the luck ran out and two problems now manifested themselves. Firstly, the Sergeant is due to be imminently relieved early as a result of the Governor changing the pattern of the guards on account of Ormiston’s warning. Secondly, Charles Forbes and his ladders are nowhere to be seen. The party have only a single rope ladder and grapnel among them. Pressed by time and circumstances, and the ever-more desperate Sergeant up above, the leader of the Highlanders – Drummond of Bahaldie – took control of matters. He threw up the rope ladder and convinces the Sergeant to make it fast and drop it back down; alas, it proves to be at least a fathom too short.

And then the Sergeant’s relief arrived and the game was up! Trying to save his own skin, he called out “enemy!” and fired his musket into the darkness. But the rope, which could only have been affixed to the walls by himself, gave his treachery away and he was quickly apprehended. An illustration made to celebrate the Hanoverians’ eventual victory in the 1715 rising describes the moment that the rumbled Jacobites fled in all directions.

One of the Jacobite party, an old officer by the name of Maclean, fell on the rocks as he fled and was apprehended. The rest of the Highlanders under Drummond of Bahaldie – with Major Thomas Arthur in company – headed north to rejoin with Mar and apparently didn’t stop until they got to Kinross. Of the local contingent, three of the indiscreet youths scatter one way, finding what they thought were friends coming the other. Only it wasn’t friends but none other than the Town Guard, turned out on the initiative of Adam Ormiston. The others worked their way around the the north bank of the Nor’ Loch, through the area known then as the Barefoot’s Park. Here, they ran into a man heading the other way encumbered under a load of folding ladders… it was the delayed, incompetent or double-crossing Charles Forbes.

Dr. William Arthur was not part of the raiding party, but eventually decided to go to the Castle Rock for himself at some point that night to find out what had become of the assault. He found only a discarded musket and the Town Guard and Castle Garrison in a state of frenetic activity. He fled to try to find some of the other conspirators, eventually crossing their path. On finding out that all was lost, he saddled his horse and fled south from the city with the others. William will later recount in a letter later, sent on his deathbed to the Earl of Mar, that he didn’t stop until he got to Polton in Midlothian and the house of a niece. Here he and a number of the gentlemen conspirators with him got provisions and fresh horses, before striking out over the Pentlands.

Back in Edinburgh, the luckless Sergeant was thrown in the brig, court-martialled, found guilty and duly hanged. The Deputy Governor of the Castle, who had gone back to bed, was relieved of his duties and imprisoned for a time. In the cold light of morning, William Arthur’s brother-in-law, Baron Clerk – accompanied by Adam Ormiston and others – came knocking at his door to enquire where he might be. The lady of the house, his sister Barbara, was none the wiser. William by this time has made it over the Pentlands to the house of his aunt’s wife. He has travelled faster than the news, so his relation has no cause to suspect him and again he is given refuge. He wrote off a quick letter to Barbara in Edinburgh and stayed long enough to receive an answer that informs him that his part in the conspiracy is known and he is a wanted man. He once again gets fresh horses and flees. Now, do you remember the Lawsons of Cairnsmuir from the gravestone, the Laird of which was his wife’s first husband? Well, as part of the settlement after his death she had come into possession of various parts of his estate. As husband of the mistress, William will be welcome there so long as he can ride faster than the news travels, so makes his way south and back across the Pentlands, and is able to acquire, supplies, money and – once again – fresh horses. And once again, he flees; so long as he keeps moving away from Edinburgh he might just be able to escape.

William would later claim to Mar that he fled into the Borders as he thought he might be “of service” to the cause there. Indeed, there was a failed attempt by a Jacobite party under Mackintosh of Borlum to organise rebellion in this area and he may have made contact with it. But whatever his intentions, Jacobite sympathisers in Teviotdale saw him smuggled over the border to somewhere in Northumberland – although from his letter it may have been that he didn’t actually know where we was! He now disappears for a while. The authorities back in Edinburgh claim that he and a cousin, William Barnes, had met up again with Mar to provide him with intelligence and had been present at the Battle of Preston in October 1715 where the Jacobites would surrender and the doomed rebellion would fail.

This takes us full circle and back rather neatly to where we started, as who else was at Preston (on the victorious side) but that name on the gravestone, Lt. Col. James Lawson of Cairnsmuir; brother-in-law to William Arthur’s wife through her first marriage. The Jacobite Pretender, James Francis Edward Stuart, would land in Scotland at Peterhead all too late in December 1715, and would be back on his way to exile at the start of February the following year. In his wake would follow various other Jacobite gentlemen and officers; including William Arthur would next surface in Rome a few months later in 1716.

Here, he set about writing a lengthy letter to the Earl of Mar – himself exiled in Paris – as to why he had failed in his task and why it wasn’t his fault. It is while drafting these excuses, that William consumed a “surfeit of figs”, caught dysentery and died as a result. Perhaps a slightly ironic way for a King’s Botanist to go out; but William was a botanist only in name and thanks only to the patronage of a King he had quickly betrayed. From his death bed, he passed his letter to a Jacobite agent, Dr. Roger Kenyon, who conveys it and news of Wiliam’s death to Mar in Paris. Arthur was clearly popular in Rome as sympathisers organised an elaborate funeral with special permission given by Filippo Gaultieri, Cardinal-Protector for Scotland, according him as a protestant the rare privilege of being buried within the walls of that city. This would become the Cimitero dei Protestant – Protestant Cemetery.

And that wasn’t even the end of the silliness of the Jacobites in their attempts to take Edinburgh, because they soon tried again! (And one again, Major Thomas Arthur was involved and once again the attempt failed due to incompetence). So if you liked this story, you’ll definitely like the The thread about Brigadier Mackintosh of Borlum; the Jacobite uprising of 1715 in Edinburgh and Leith; and the wacky tale of its military incompetence.

If you have found this useful, informative or amusing, perhaps you would like to help contribute towards the running costs of this site – including keeping it ad-free and my book-buying budget to find further stories to bring you – by supporting me on ko-fi. Or please do just share this post on social media or amongst friends.

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Soldier-turned-forger: the thread about the farcical execution of John Young

“Drawn at The Execution of John Young in the Grass Market, Edinbr., 1751” The description says “a crowd… in the foreground, beyond them the gallows officers with the condemned man on a platform“. Except that’s not quite what’s going on here… Let’s find out more!

The image is by the hand of Paul Sandby, the young English draughtsman who came to Edinburgh in the aftermath of the 1745 Jacobite Rebellion to turn the triangulations of William Roy’s survey of Scotland into the incredible illustrated map. Sandby also proved to be quite the artist and with his little gang of esteemed friends (including John Clerk of Eldin and Robert Adam) in his free time he would sketch the street scenes of the city. But this isn’t a thread about Paul Sandby, it’s a thread about the scene he drew and how not is quite what meets the eye.

John Young was an Irishman, born into a lower middle-class protestant family in Belfast. He had a good start in life, was educated and apprenticed to a linen draper. But when his master died, he ended up having to go to London for work, which he found as a clerk. But he had to abandon this position in a hurry however and fled London in disgrace after he got his master’s serving maid pregnant. On the road, with no prospects, he was easy prey for the Army’s recruiting sergeants and with liberal application of intoxicants he took the King’s Shilling

This was about 1744, the War of the Austrian Succession was raging, and the Army was in need of recruits. Being educated, intelligent and amenable, the officers liked him and the disgraced clerk actually found that military life in the ranks suited him. It was (apparently) the 4th Regiment of Foot (The King’s Own) that he joined and his manners and abilities quickly saw him promoted into the first sergeant’s vacancy that came along.

Shipped off to Flanders, John was said to be at Fontenoy when the Allied Army, the British contingent under the Duke of Cumberland, were defeated by the French under Louis XV. However most of the 4th missed the battle as they had been detached beforehand. Wherever he was, and whichever Regiment he was with, he apparently acquitted himself with bravery and was rewarded with promotion to company paymaster and with being sent back to England with a recruiting party to help replace the Army’s losses in Flanders.

It turned out that recruiting was also something John took to naturally. He signed men up on honest and frank terms and didn’t swindle them (or their families) out of their sign-on bounty. Again he was recognised by his superiors and a promotion to Sergeant Major was forthcoming. He rejoined his regiment in a hurry, as they had been shipped back to Britain along with the Duke of Cumberland to help put down the Jacobite Rebellion. (This fits with him being in the 4th). He was at the Battle of Falkirk Muir in January 1746, and apparently accounted for a few Jacobites with his Sergeant Major’s halberd. Although it was a Jacobite victory, it was a hollow one and they retreated from it.

John marched on with his Regiment after the retreating Jacobites and was at the bloody Battle of Culloden in April. Circumstances fit that he was in the 4th, the Grenadiers of whom are prominent in David Morier’s well known painting of that battle. The 4th were hit hardest of the Government units by the Highland charge, taking 25% losses.

But John, and the 4th, survived the Jacobites and survived the battle. As a result of its performance and losses, the regiment remained in Scotland for “mopping up” duties, before being sent to garrison Edinburgh castle. John was sent off recruiting, reaching as far south as Bristol. Coming back to Edinburgh with plenty of recruits, he was sent off again, this time to Yorkshire. But it wasn’t just recruits who followed him back to Edinburgh on this occassion, he also had an innkeeper’s wife, with whom he had fallen in “criminal intercourse” with.

That might have been that, except the woman had cleared out her husband before fleeing. It wasn’t long before an aggrieved Yorkshire innkeeper pitched up in Edinburgh on the hunt for his wife, his money and a licentious recruiting Sergeant He didn’t take long to find all three; but John was saved from punishment on account of his having been ignorant of the wife’s theft and having not conspired with her, and the fact his officers liked him; he was a good soldier, and the army needed such men.

The 4th were shipping out anyway, so John was sent off with them to Inverness and (the first) Fort George, garrisoning the remains of it while preparations were made to build the bigger replacement at Ardersier. Coincidentally, Paul Sandby made a reconstruction illustration of it as it would have looked before the retreating Jacobites blew much of it up .

It was in Inverness that John became familiar with one of his new recruits, a man by the name of Parker who had served some time as a printer. John was company paymaster, and when assisting him one day, Parker mentioned how easy it would be to copy the bank notes if you knew how. John knew better than to continue the discussion in public, but managed to get Parker aside in a tavern and pick his brains. It would be easy, said he, if you could just get a note to copy, somewhere safe to copy it, and the materials to engrave a printing plate. John could do all three, and he took on a private room where Parker and another could work, “borrowed” a Royal Bank of Scotland note from the company purse, and acquired all the materials a forger might need from the Garrison’s supplies.

Parker was good to his word, soon he had produced some Royal Bank notes that couldn’t easily be told apart. They could get away with things for a reasonable time, if they were clever, as such promissory notes would circulate in the local economy for a good long while, rather than being sent back to Edinburgh to be reconciled with the accounts against which they were issued. And although he was a mere Sergeant Major, as a paymaster it was not unusual for John to have reason to be carrying and exchanging paper money.

They got away with it for at least 6 months, before their regiment got notice that it was leaving Inverness. It now seems that he may have been with the 24th Foot, the Earl of Ancram’s, rather than the 4th.

The hitherto cautious John now over-reached himself, and before leaving Inverness he had an Aberdeen stocking manufacturer, Mr Gordon, convert £60 worth of notes into Sterling. This suited Gordon as it was safer than carrying “real” money on his journey home. Gordon left a merry trail of counterfeit paper notes across the north of Scotland as he made his way home from town to town and tavern to tavern. He was horrified to get back to Aberdeen and find notices in the newspapers from the directors of the Royal Bank that they were advising merchants in the north of Scotland that they were aware of counterfeit notes circulating and to please be on the lookout for them

Realising he had been swindled, Gordon went straight back to Inverness and called upon the Sheriff. It didn’t take long to put the facts together, and news was sent chasing along after the 24th that the law would like to ask one of their Sergeant Majors a few questions. The law caught up with the Regiment, and with John, in Glasgow. When arrested, he had the copper plate and 300 forged notes on his person.

He was sent to Edinburgh to stand trial. He was optimistic that he might be let off or treated leniently, but the embarrassed bankers of Edinburgh wanted an example made of him, and so it was. Parker and the other accomplice turned King’s evidence. The trial on November 9th 1750 lasted all of a day. He was found guilty and sentenced to hang. John prevailed upon his officers to intercede, on account of his good record, but they couldn’t, wouldn’t, or were of no avail. He was sent to the Tolbooth to await his fate.

On the evening of 19th December, as was the custom, he was chained in the Iron Room, the “escape proof” cell where the condemned of Edinburgh spent their last night before the final walk to the gallows. The following morning, the magistrates and 2 ministers awoke him to read him his sentence. Did he have any objections? No he did not. Would he like to speak with the ministers? Yes he would. He asked to be excused with the latter for some “ghostly consolation” for a while.

But John was less concerned with spiritual matter, his quick mind was instead hatching a plan. His sentence, which had just been read to him, had stated that he would be hung between 2 and 4 PM that afernoon. Having been misled by other prisoners, he assumed all he had to do was delay proceedings until after 4 and he would get a temporary reprieve. After prayers with the Ministers, he asked the men of God if they might give him a moment’s private contemplation, to prepare himself for his maker. This they readily agreed to. They left the cell, and he quietly pulled the door shut.What nobody was sure how he did it, but somehow he contrived to lock himself in the cell, and the ministers, magistrates and gaolers out of it.

When it was realised what he had done, no amount of pleading, shouting, or beating of the door could get John Young to come to his senses and accept his fate. “No“, said he, “in this place I am resolved to defend my life to the utmost of my power”. As he saw it, all he had to do was buy himself a few hours for another night on earth…

The tradesmen of the City were called, but they said it was impossible to break through the Iron Room’s door or wall without compromising the building. More likely they couldn’t be bothered with such heard work and found it all very funny. Time was ticking away. Perhaps John was going to get away with it. The magistrates summoned the Lord Provost, George Drummond, and together the combined minds of the city administration hit upon a simple scheme to thwart him. They had the town clock stopped!

This bought them the time they needed, and finally they resolved to smash through the floor of the room above the cell and get him out that way. This took 2 hours hard work but once a large enough hole was made, one of the Town Guard poked his musket through to help persuade him out. But John was a battle-hardened soldier and had faced worse than the Edinburgh town guard. Quick as you like he grabbed the barrel of the gun and pulled it to himself, “declaring, with an oath, that, if any man attempted to molest him, he would immediately dash out his brains“

The gun however was unloaded, so the guardsman followed through the hole after it. He took the full force of the butt of it for his efforts, knocking him down, and it took 4 of his burly colleagues to subdue John Young. Asking if it was now after 4PM, he was informed that it was, but “he would be hanging even if it was after 8“. Realising the game was up, John resolved to be “no accessory to my own murder” and be uncooperative to his last. It took 8 guardsmen to carry him, head first, out of the Tolbooth. Refusing to walk, a cart had to be sourced, and he rode this, with the noose already around his neck, the short distance down the West Bow to his place of execution in the Grassmarket. James Skene’s sketch of 1827 shows a scene fundamentally unchanged from Sandby’s of 1750. The gallows is on the left, the structure on the right was used as a corn market.

What I am pretty sure we can actually see in Sandby’s sketch is not a crowd watching the condemned ascend the gallows, it’s a scene of one waiting, in boredom and anticipation, wondering where is John Young? Where’s the afternoon’s promised gruesome entertainment?

The guardsman on the left, the one with the Lochaber Axe, looks positively bored. Is his colleague on the right pushing back the restless crowd? And what – or who – is that arriving in the background on a cart…

“John Young underwent the sentence of the law in the Grassmarket of Edinburgh, about six o’clock on the evening“. Uncooperative to the last, he had to be carried up the scaffold. It apparently took a whole 30 minutes for his desperate cling to life to be extinguished. It is unclear what motivated him; he was not known as a spender of money or an indulger in drinking or gambling. His men and his officers liked him, he was otherwise a good, honest and brave solider, and there seems little in life he desired that his pay could not cover

It is not known either where John Young’s final resting place was. No Edinburgh Kirk recorded his death or burial in their registers that I can find. The newspapers are the only record of his exploits, his final story being printed far and wide. “This poor man had served in the army many years, with reputation, was beloved by his officers, being never before convicted of the least offence, and was said to have been recommended to the first vacant colours in his corps.” In June 1751, the Royal Bank re-issued all its 1750 edition. 20 shilling bank notes.

If you have found this useful, informative or amusing, perhaps you would like to help contribute towards the running costs of this site – including keeping it ad-free and my book-buying budget to find further stories to bring you – by supporting me on ko-fi. Or please do just share this post on social media or amongst friends.

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These threads © 2017-2026, Andy Arthur.

NO AI TRAINING: Any use of the contents of this website to “train” generative artificial intelligence (AI) technologies to generate text is expressly prohibited. The author reserves all rights to license uses of this work for generative AI training and development of machine learning language models.