Fina has intensified to Category 3 Severe Tropical Cyclone, giving how much land influence there is you'd expect it to be much more unhealthy, my hypothesis is that the SSTs are around 30ºC which is very warm and quite above the lower threshold of 26.5ºC, rains ahead are extracting energy from land and soil [little bit of the Brown Ocean Effect], since soil and air has far less heat than water it cools off quickly as it goes to latent heat of evaporation and is immediately pulled into the TC [Latent Heat is the true fuel that runs a TC], and there is a steady stream of high levels of moisture which is evident by high dew point temperature [dew point temperature is a measure of absolute humidity, its the temperature you need to cool the air without adding or removing moisture for that air to reach saturation or 100% relative humidity, so a dew point of 27ºC will mean fog/cloud, dew, and generally condensation will start form if you cool the air to 27ºC] - Nightmare Typhie



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The eye of Tropical Cyclone Fina is now clearly visible on Arafura radar, Darwin is now in the warning area, which means they're potentially going to see Cyclone conditions within 24 hrs [Hurricane or Tropical Storm force winds], the City of Darwin has Historical trauma when it comes to Tropical Cyclones being the location of landfall for Severe Tropical Cyclone Tracy December 25th, 1974 which made landfall early morning as a Category 4 Severe Tropical Cyclone [Australian Tropical Cyclone Scale], or Category 3 Major Hurricane [Saffir-Simpson Hurricane Wind Scale], this system is coming in from a different direction and is a lot weaker, it is more analagous to Tropical Cyclone Marcus 2018 which went through the city on a similar trajectory, however there probably will be residents of Darwin who remember Tracy and will be on edge - Nightmare Typhie



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So Tropical Cyclone Fina has been named and is now Category 1 intensity, the system became category 1 earlier than expected for the reasons I said were holding it back yesterday, so yesterday there were unfavourable windshear over the system, in the last 24hrs the shear has dropped leaving the system with a big buffer of favourable and neutral windshear conditions, with a shear tendency of -10 to -20 kts in the past 24hrs in the vacinity of TC Fina, also attatched are ensemble runs of the GFS and GEPS for TC Fina, taking both the GFS Ensemble and GEPS into account I think for now a lot of the potential tracks that keep it far offshore in tte Arafura and Timor Sea are less likely and ttat the system will likely remain closer to the coast, there is one outlier on GEPS that shows a Gulf landfall at 970-980hPa which would likely be around Category 3 Severe Tropical Cyclone, and its not the only track that landfalls at pressures that would suggest around Category 3 intensity, all of those tracks though sit at beyond the 72 hours mark which I give less weight to - Nightmare Typhie


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Looks like we're very close to having the first named Tropical Cyclone of the 2025-26 Australian Region Tropical Cyclone Season, also maybe the BoM can hire proof readers or something, some of the grammar of the technical bulletin remarks tripped me up, but its only 5kts off Category 1 Tropical Cyclone [Australian Tropical Cyclone Scale], which starts at 35kts, I haven't looked at CIMSS yet, BoM mispelt it in the technical bulletin, CIMSS being Cooperative Institute of Meteorological Satellite Studies, which has a lot of good products for forecasting Tropical Cyclones - Nightmare Typhie

So after looking at CIMSS products my overall initial analysis is that Tropical Low/Depression 02U/97S is is an area of high upper divergence with big difference between low level convergence and upper divergence, more air is being removed from the location aloft than is incoming, this means that pressure has to drop, a sign it is intensifying, while it center is currently in a band of unfavourable windshear it is moving into an area of neutral to favourable windshear which also has a 24 hr tendency of lowering, vorticity is condensed and looks healthy at 850, 700, 500, and 200hPa, sea surface temperatures [SSTs] are above 26.5ºC threshold by a few degrees and while there is some dry air south over land and a little bit of dry air north its situated well and truely within a pocket of moist air, my take away is that right now the shear may be slowing its development, and that as it moves ENE into more favourable windshear conditions intensification may speed up, I think it is likely to at least attain Category 1 intensity, and probable that it will reach a mid Category 2 to threshold Category 3 Severe Tropical Cyclone intensity over the next 72hrs as it moves into that area of lower shear - Nightmare Typhie

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on the topic of Major Hurricane Milton - Typhie

[Image 1] "so dry air entrainment looks less likely, but wind shear will be a player, windfield is likely to increase while storm max wind decreases, rain and storm surge is likely to be the larger threat, and tors [tornadoes] can be expect due to high shear environment, there might be rapid expansion of windfield and maybe wind increase on the backside as it is close to a frontal system and likely will start extratropical transition from a tropical cyclone to extratropical cyclone [frontal low]" - Typhie

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So there are 3 systems worth watching at this time, 1 in the South Pacific and 2 in the South Indian Ocean

First up Tropical Cyclone Freddy which is currently a Category Severe Tropical Cyclone on the Australian Tropical Cyclone Scale, or Category 1 Hurricane on the SSHWS and looks like it will reach Category 4 on the ATCS which is Category 2-3 on the SSHWS

Tropical Cyclone Gabrielle is currently a Category 1 Tropical Cyclone which is equivalent to Tropical Storm on the SSHWS however it too looks like it will develop into a significant Tropical Cyclone and potentially impact North Island of Aotearoa (New Zealand)

Currently 94S is still a Tropical Low or Tropical Depression the GFS Ensemble shows it has some potential to also become a Significant Tropical Cyclone, The Australian Bureau of Meteorology only shows it getting to Category 2 but this is likely because it is right at the edge of their Area of Responsibility when it crosses it will be within Meteo France Area of Responsibility

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So we haven't done a few recently due to some life stuff going on draining all the spoons so here

Cheneso is just a remnant making extratropical transition, unlikely to affect coastlines that are populated any time soon

In the Bay of Bengal we have 90B which is likely to have a landfall within the next 3 days though doesn't appear that it will be very deep upon landfall

Invest 94S looks like a bit of a mess on the GFS Ensemble however looks like there are few runs that have it getting down to 990, 980 hPa with one showing it getting below 970 hPa which is definitely in the area you see in Hurricane forced Cyclones

Invest 95S is yet another swirly situation on the GFS Ensemble there is quite a bit of variation in track for the runs, we see a lot get bellow 1000hPa and only show a few out pass 72hrs showing sub 990hPa pressure like 94S these two systems definitely should be watched carefully because so much can change in a few days

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So there is an Invest, Invest 90L in the North Atlantic it doesn't have a high probability of developing in the next 42 hours however if it does develop it would most likely remain a Subtropical Cyclone as generally outside the respective basins Tropical Cyclone Season storms that form tend to be Subtropical, it is also an extratropical low at this moment so any cyclone that forms would have hybrid characteristics

90S and 96S are very close to each other and the GFS Ensemble have them doing pretty similar stuff both have the chance of becoming significant Tropical Cyclones over the week, with both getting into the sub 970hPa range and many tracks showing a landfall in Madagascar before heading over the Mozambique channel where the ensemble tracks suggest reintensification, though those are over 72hrs out so should be taken with a grain of salt but these system are definetly ones to keep an eye on

91P is currently within the Coral Sea but is likely to head East potentially over some islands right now though the GFS ensemble show very little spread so it seems pretty likely the system will travel that path this system at this time looks as though it might get down to the 980-990 hPa range before weakening so probably looking at a Tropical Cyclone on the weaker side (Category 1- 2 on the Australian Tropical Cyclone Scale)

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Invest 90S looks as though it might be a significant Tropical Cyclone according to the GFS Ensemble while not every track has the same depth of the low a lot have it getting bellow 990hPa and a couple have it getting bellow 950hPa which is the territory of Mean Sea Level Pressure you find in storms of Category 4 (Saffir Simpson Hurricane Wind Scale) though the winds really depend on the pressure surrounding the system too, high MSLP surrounding a Tropical Cyclone the higher the winds

Invest 96S on the other hand doesn't look like it will have significant development anytime soon but worth watching over the next few days as new information could change how the models play out and may point to more development than is currently showing

Invest 91P is another system which by what the GFS Ensemble is showing as the potential to become a significant Tropical Cyclone at the moment it is unlikely to cross into the Australian Basin instead head East, Quite a few tracks have it reaching sub 990 and 980 hPa so not as deep as what 90S is showing in the models but still pressures you might see in a Hurricane/Typhoon forced storm (so Category 3 Severe Tropical Cyclone on the local scale which is the Australian Tropical Cyclone Scale)

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So a few Invests have dropped off the list of areas of interest, and we have a new one Invest 96S which looking at the GFS Ensemble may become a intense Tropical Cyclone, and there are quite a few islands and Madagascar that is within the cone of possible tracks on the GFS for this system

97W is still hanging around, and the GFS has a lot of variation between each ensemble run, however unlike earlier GFS Ensembles it appears it won't get as deep as the previous showed, however proximity to the Philippines means it is a concern and storms in this region tend to intensify very quickly given the chance

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