https://www.theguardian.com/education/2026/jun/11/children-hit-by-parents-more-likely-to-bully-others-research-finds; https://www.ucl.ac.uk/population-health-sciences/research-projects/2023/jan/physical-punishment-and-child-outcomes-uk-mixed-methods-study. "Children #smacked by their #parents struggle to get good #exam #results & are more likely to #bully others, causing a negative impact on #society, according to new #research calling for #smacking to be #banned... The #study... also found that #teenagers experiencing #physical #punishment in early #childhood were markedly more likely to bully #siblings & others or engage in #cyberbullying." See also: https://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2024/apr/25/smacking-child-england-northern-ireland-adults-violence.