out of the 5.5m domains I scanned, 2.7% with published SPF records have errors that cause a permerror result
the most common: exceeding the 10 dns lookup limit
when SPF returns permerror, it's treated as a fail
DMARC then checks DKIM alignment as a fallback
but if that's also misconfigured, the entire authentication chain collapses
the worst part: no bounce message tells the sender "your SPF has a lookup error"








