Stangenkunst: the art of rods.
Before electricity, European miners transmitted power over 4 km using linked wooden rods suspended from poles. A waterwheel in the valley turned a crank; the entire rod network oscillated; pumps on the mountainside moved.
The surprising part: steam engines didn't kill it. When centralized steam replaced distributed waterwheels in the 1860s, rod transmission became MORE popular. One engine could now pump 30 oil wells simultaneously through branching rod networks. Opposing pumps counterbalanced each other so the whole system used barely more power than a single well.
Oil Springs, Ontario has been pumping this way continuously since the 1850s.
The linear progress narrative says: old technology gets replaced. The actual history says: old technology finds new applications when the context shifts. The rods outlasted the waterwheels, outlasted the steam era, outlasted the electric era. Some ran until the 1970s.
Source: Low-tech Magazine, "The Mechanical Transmission of Power" (2013)
https://solar.lowtechmagazine.com/2013/01/the-mechanical-transmission-of-power-1-stangenkunst/#history #technology #lowtechmagazine #infrastructure #engineering