#Thermal #tolerance and #inactivation of #Ebola virus

#Inactivation of #Influenza A Viruses (#H1N1, #H5N1) During #Grana-Type Raw #Milk #Cheesemaking: Implications for Foodborne #Transmission Risk

#Thermal #inactivation spectrum of #influenza A #H5N1 virus in raw #milk

#Influenza A(#H5N1) Virus #Resilience in #Milk after #Thermal #Inactivation

Source: Emerging Infectious Diseases Journal, AbstractHighly pathogenic avian influenza A(H5N1) detected in dairy cows raises concerns about milk safety. The effects of pasteurization-like temperat…

Bovine Highly Pathogenic Avian Influenza Virus Stability and Inactivation in the Milk Byproduct Lactose

The recent incursion of highly pathogenic influenza viruses into dairy cattle opens new insights for influenza virus ecology and its interspecies transmission and may have a significant impact on public health and agriculture. The aim of this study was to determine the stability of a bovine highly pathogenic avian influenza H5N1 virus isolate in the milk byproduct lactose and to evaluate two inactivation methods using industrial procedures. The bovine isolate of the highly pathogenic avian influenza H5N1 virus was stable for 14 days in a concentrated lactose solution under refrigerated conditions. Heat or citric acid treatments successfully inactivated the virus in lactose. This study highlights the persistence of HPAIV in lactose and its efficient inactivation under industrial standards.

Inactivation of Avian Influenza Virus Inoculated into Ground Beef Patties Cooked on a Commercial Open-Flame Gas Grill - PubMed

With the emergence of clade 2.3.4.4b H5N1 highly pathogenic avian influenza virus (AIV) infection of dairy cattle and its subsequent detection in raw milk, coupled with recent AIV infections affecting dairy farm workers, experiments were conducted to affirm the safety of cooked ground beef related t …

Effectiveness of Pasteurization for the Inactivation of H5N1 Influenza Virus in Raw Whole Milk

Highly pathogenic avian influenza (HPAI) clade 2.3.4.4b H5Nx viruses continue to cause episodic incursions and have been detected in more than 12 taxonomic orders encompassing more than 80 avian species, land and marine mammals, including recent detections in dairy cattle. The HPAI H5N1 spillover to these important livestock species creates a new interface for human exposure and raises food safety concerns. Presence of H5N1 genetic material in one out of five retail pasteurized milk samples in the USA has prompted the evaluation of pasteurization processes for the inactivation of influenza viruses. Our study examined whether pasteurization could effectively inactivate HPAI H5N1 inoculated raw whole milk samples. We heated 1 mL of non-homogenized cow’s milk samples to attain an internal temperature of 63°C or 72°C and spiked with 6.3 log EID50 of clade 2.3.4.4b H5N1 virus. Complete inactivation was achieved after incubation of the H5N1 spiked raw milk at 63°C for 30 minutes. In addition, complete viral inactivation was observed in seven out of eight replicates of raw milk samples treated at 72°C for 15 seconds. In one replicate, a 4.56 log reduction was achieved, which is about 1 log higher than the average viral quantities detected in bulk tanks in affected areas. Therefore, we conclude that pasteurization of milk is an effective strategy for mitigation of risk of human exposure to milk contaminated with H5N1 virus. ### Competing Interest Statement The authors have declared no competing interest. ### Funding Statement Canadian Food Inspection Agency Health Canada ### Author Declarations I confirm all relevant ethical guidelines have been followed, and any necessary IRB and/or ethics committee approvals have been obtained. Yes I confirm that all necessary patient/participant consent has been obtained and the appropriate institutional forms have been archived, and that any patient/participant/sample identifiers included were not known to anyone (e.g., hospital staff, patients or participants themselves) outside the research group so cannot be used to identify individuals. Yes I understand that all clinical trials and any other prospective interventional studies must be registered with an ICMJE-approved registry, such as ClinicalTrials.gov. I confirm that any such study reported in the manuscript has been registered and the trial registration ID is provided (note: if posting a prospective study registered retrospectively, please provide a statement in the trial ID field explaining why the study was not registered in advance). Yes I have followed all appropriate research reporting guidelines, such as any relevant EQUATOR Network research reporting checklist(s) and other pertinent material, if applicable. Yes All data produced in the present study are available upon reasonable request to the authors