Hinweis für alle Fans des Epischen: Der Lesekreis zur Odyssee fällt heute wegen einer internen Veranstaltung aus.

Der nächste Termin findet regulär am kommenden Dienstag, 3. März,. 17:00 in der Olshausenstraße 80a statt. Die Termine findet Ihr auch auf unserer Webseite:

https://www.uni-kiel.de/de/cluster-roots/aktuelles

#sctt26 #ScienceComesToTown #Kiel #Altphilologie #Odyssee #Homer #Antike #Lesekreis

Achilles

Also known as Ahilleus or Akhilleus.

In Greek mythology, Achilles was a hero of the Trojan War who was known as being the greatest of all the Greek warriors.

He’s the main character in Homer’s Iliad. He was the son of the Nereid named Thetis & King Peleus of Phthia (& famous Argonaut). He had a few nicknames: “Swift-footed,” “Breaker of men,” “Aristos Achaion” (Best of the Greeks).

Achilles was raised in Phthia along with his childhood companion Patroclus & received his education from the centaur, Chiron. In the Iliad, he was presented as a member of the mythical tribe of the Myrmidons. The Myrmidons are/were an ancient Thessalian tribe.

Achilles’ most notable feat during the Trojan War was the unaliving of the Trojan prince Hector outside the gates of Troy. Achilles’ death isn’t shown in the Iliad. Other sources concur that he was unalived near the end of the Trojan War by Paris, who shot him with an arrow.

Later legends (beginning with Statius’ unfinished epic Achilleid, written in the 1st century CE) state that Achilles was invulnerable in all of his body except for 1 heel. According to that myth, when his mother, Thetis, dipped him in the River Styx as an infant, she held him by 1 of his heels, leaving it touched by the waters & thus his only vulnerable body part.

Achilles was the son of Thetis & King Peleus of the Myrmidons. Zeus & Poseidon had been rivals for Thetis’ hand in marriage until Prometheus (the fore-thinker) warned Zeus of a prophecy (originally said by Themis, goddess of divine law) that Thetis would have a son who would be greater than his dad. For this reason, the 2 gods withdrew their affections & had her marry King Peleus.

There’s a story that tells an alternative version of events: In the Argonautica, Zeus’ sister-wife (his literal biological sister, whom Zeus married), Hera, refers to Thetis’ chaste resistance to Zeus’ advances. It points out that Thetis was so loyal to Hera’s marriage bond (with Zeus) that she rejected Zeus.

Even though Thetis was Nereus’ daughter, she was also raised by Hera. This further explains her resistance to Zeus’ advances. Zeus was BIG mad. Zeus decreed that she would never marry an immortal.

According to the Achilleid (written by Statius in the 1st century), when Achilles was born, Thetis tried to make him immortal by dipping him in the River Styx. He was left vulnerable at the part of the body by which she held him, his left heel/tendon.

In another version of the story, Thetis anointed Achilles in ambrosia & put him on top of a fire in order to burn away the mortal parts of his body. She was interrupted by Peleus & abandoned both dad & son in a rage.

In the Iliad, Achilles isn’t completely invulnerable. He gets wounded in Book 21. For the original Greeks, Achilles was terrifying not because he was magic. But because he was just better – faster, stronger, & more relentless than any mortal man.

The Paeonian hero Asteropaios, son of Pelagon, challenged Achilles by the river Scamander. He was ambidextrous. He threw a spear from each hand. 1 grazed Achilles’ elbow. Peleus entrusted Achilles’ education to Chiron.

Chiron lived on Mount Pelion & was known as the most righteous of the Centaurs. In some accounts, Achilles’ original name was “Ligyron,” & he was later named Achilles by his tutor, Chiron.

According to Homer, Achilles grew up in Phthia with his childhood companion Patroclus. Homer tells us that Achilles taught Patroclus what he himself had been taught by Chiron, including the medical arts.

Thetis foretold that her son’s fate was either to gain glory & die young, or to live a long but uneventful life in obscurity. Achilles chose the former & chose to take part in the Trojan War.

The pivot point of Achilles’ life is Patroclus. It’s highly debated about their relationship status – cousins, friends, or lovers. The intensity of Achilles’ grief suggests a relationship beyond a regular friendship. He fasted, wept over his body openly, & demanding their ashes be mixed together.

When Patroclus is killed by the Trojan prince Hector, Achilles transforms from a brooding soldier into a terrifying force of nature.

Some post-Homeric sources claim that to keep Achilles safe from the war, Thetis (or in some versions, Peleus) hid Achilles dressed as a girl at the court of Lycomedes, king of Skyros. There, a properly disguised, Achilles lived among King Lycomedes’ daughter. With Lycomedes’ daughter, Deidamia, (Achilles started a relationship with her.) Achilles fathered 2 sons (Neoptolemus & Oneiros) there.

According to this story, Odysseus learned from the prophet Calchas that the Achaeans would be unable to capture Troy without Achilles’ help. Odysseus went to Skyros in disguise as a peddler selling women’s clothes & jewellery & put a shield & spear amongst his wares. When Achilles immediately picked up the spear, Odysseus saw through the disguise. Odysseus talked Achilles into joining him for the Greek campaign.

According to the Iliad, Achilles arrived at Troy with 50 ships. Each ship carried 50 Myrmidons. Achilles appointed 5 leaders: Menesthius, Eudorius, Peisander, Phoenix, & Alcimedon. Each leader commanded 500 Myrmidons.

When the Greeks left for the Trojan War, they accidentally stopped in Mysia. Mysia was ruled by King Telephus. In a battle, Achilles gave Telephus a wound that wouldn’t heal. King Telephus talks to an Oracle, who said that “he that wounded shall heal.” Guided by the Oracle, he arrived at Argo, where Achilles healed him in order that he might become their guide for the voyage to Troy.

According to Cypria, when the Achaeans wanted to return home, they were stopped by Achilles (who afterwards attacked the cattle of Aeneas), sacked neighboring cities (like Pedasus & Lyrnessus, where the Greeks capture the queen Briseis) & unalived Tenes (a son of Apollo), as well as King Priam’s son Troilus in the sanctuary of Apollo Thymbraios.

At the end of the Iliad, King Priam of Troy snuck into Achilles’ tent to beg Achilles from the return of his son Hector’s body. Instead of unaliving, or turning him away, Achilles openly weeps with King Priam. They share a meal & recognize their shared suffering.

At this moment, the “Breaker of men” finally acknowledges the humanity of his enemy. King Priam says his famous line to Achilles during this interaction: “I have endured what no one on earth has ever done – I have kissed the land of the name who killed my son.”

The poem ends with a description of Hector’s funeral, with the doom of Troy & Achilles himself still to come.

In Book 22 of the Iliad, Hector predicts with his last breath that both Paris & Apollo will unalive him at the Scaean Gates leading to Troy, with an arrow to the heel. In Book 23, the sad spirit of dead Patroclus visits Achilles as he just drifts off to sleep. The ghostly Patroclus asks that his bones be placed in his golden vase, along with Achilles’ bones, as a present of his mom.

Achilles’ armor was the object of a feud between Odysseus & Ajax the Great. They competed for it by giving speeches on why they deserved the armor, to their Trojan prisoners (who decided that Odyssesu got the armor). Ajax didn’t particularly care for that decision. So he cursed Odysseus.

Athena didn’t like Ajax’s curse. She said, “I got something for ya, boy.” The goddess made Ajax temporarily upset/mad with grief & anguish that he began killing sheep, thinking they were his friends. After a while, Athena lifted the madness.

Ajax realized what he’d done, he was so ashamed that he self-deleted. Odysseus eventually gave the armor to Achilles’ son, Neoptolemus.

The armor was made by Hephaestus. The Shield of Achilles was made by Hephaestus. Achilles’ legendary spear was given to him and participated in the Trojan War. It was called the Pelian Spear, which no other man could wield.

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#Tajani: "Il Board of Peace non è certamente un'organizzazione per fare affari. Sarà pure un bugiardo, un maiale, un idiota, un'organizzazione per fare affari, ma vi assicuro che non è una porno star!”

#TheSimpsons #Homer #BoardOfPeace

The Nereids

In Greek mythology, the Nereid/Nereides are sea nymphs (female spirits of the sea/waters), the 50 daughters of Nereus (the “Old Man of the Sea”) & Doris (an Oceanid). They’re sisters of the Nerites. They often accompany Poseidon & can be kind to sailors (as in the Argonauts’ search for the Golden Fleece).

While they’re often grouped together as a group of sea nymphs, they represent the multifaceted nature of the Mediterranean.

The Nereids were distinct from other nymphs. Like the freshwater Naiads or the deep-ocean Oceanids. They were specifically associated with the Aegean Sea. The Nereids symbolized everything beautiful & kind about the sea. Their beautiful voices sang as they danced around their dad. They’re pictured as beautiful women crowned with branches of red coral & dressed in white silk robes trimmed with gold.

They lived with their dad, Nereus, in the depths of a golden palace. While there were 50 sisters, 3 stand out:

• Thetis, the mom of a legend
  • She was so beautiful & powerful that Zeus & Poseidon courted her. Until a prophecy says that her son would be greater than his dad. To stop this prophecy from upsetting the “cosmic balance” (so Zeus’ power stayed with him), Zeus forced Thetis to marry a mortal king, Peleus. This wedding was the catalyst for the Trojan War. It’s where Eris threw the “Apple of Discord.” Thetis spent her life trying to protect her son, Achilles, from his destiny. She was 1 of the few nymphs to have a significant cult following, particularly in Laconia & Thessaly.
• Amphitrite, the Queen of the Sea
  • Amphitrite is the “First Lady” of the ocean. Poseidon may be the king, but Amphitrite represents the sea’s actual substance. Legend says that she initially ran away from Poseidon’s romantic advancements. She hid in the Atlas Mountains to get away from Poseidon. Poseidon sent a dolphin to find her & plead his case. The dolphin successfully pleaded Poseidon’s case. She agreed to marry Poseidon. Poseidon put the dolphin in the stars as a reward (the Delphinus constellation).
• Galatea, the beloved & the bitter
  • She was loved by the giant cyclops, Polyphemus. However, Galatea loved a mortal shepherd named Acis. In a fit of rage, Polyphemus crushed Acis with a boulder. Galatea, using her divine sea powers, transformed her lover’s blood into a river (the River Acis in Sicily) so that he could remain immortal in spirit.

In Homer’s Iliad XVIII, when Thetis cries out in sympathy for the grief of her son, Achilles, for the slain Patroclus, her sisters show up. 4 of her sisters, Cymodoce, Thalia, Nesaea, & Spio, were among the nymphs in the training of Cyrene. Later on, these 4 together with their sisters (Thetis, Melite, & Panopea) were able to help the hero Aeneas & his crew during a storm.

In 1 account, Cassiopeia boasted that her daughter, Andromeda, was more beautiful than the Nereides. The Nereids were livid at Cassiopeia’s claim. Their divine homie, Poseidon, being sympathetic towards them, sent a flood, & a sea monster to the land of the Aethiopians, demanding Andromeda’s sacrifices.

These sea goddesses were also said to reveal the mysteries of Dionysus & Persephone. The Nereids were worshipped in several parts of Greece. More specifically, in seaport towns, such as Cardamyle & the Isthmus of Corinth.

In the ancient world, the Nereids weren’t some fanciful fairy tales. They were a part of a functional religious system. Historical records show that sailors & military commanders (like Alexander the Great) offered sacrifices to the Nereids before going out on dangerous voyages.

The Nereid is the direct ancestor of the modern mermaid. The Greeks usually pictured them as fully human. But later Roman & Hellenistic art began to blend them with fish-like features.

The 3rd largest moon of Neptune is called Nereid. It was discovered in 1949 by Gerard Kuiper. The moon is famous for having 1 of the most eccentric (non-circular) orbits of any moon in the solar system. Also, there’s a “lake” in Antarctica that bears their name.

#EPA #EPA #EPA die #Simpsons lagen leider nicht ganz richtig, weil real dieses #Trump zum #Homer wurde. 😡 🤮

Wenn wir uns dieser neoliberalen faschistischen Wichser, auf diesem Planeten, mit deren "Neuen Weltordnung" nicht entledigen, werden unsere Kinder nichts mehr zu Lachen haben !!!

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Jason (& the Argonauts)

Jason was an ancient Greek mythological hero & leader of the Argonauts, whose quest for the Golden Fleece is in Greek literature.He’s the son of Aeson, who was the rightful King of Iolcos (modern-day Vollos). He was married to the “sorceress” Medea, the granddaughter of Helios, the sun god.

Jason appears in various literary works in the classical world of Greece & Rome, including the epic poem Argonautica & the tragedy Medea.

Pelias (Jason’s half-uncle & his dad’s half-brother) was power hungry & sought to gain authority over all of Thessaly. Pelias was the offspring of a union between their shared mom, Tyro (the daughter of Salmoneus), & the sea god, Poseidon.

In a bitter feud, Jason overthrew Aeson (again, who was the rightful King), killing all the descendants of Aeson that he could. He spared his half-brother for unknown reasons.

Aeson’s wife, Alcimede I, had a newborn son named Jason. She saved from Pelias by having female attendants cluster around the infant & cry as if he were stillborn. Being scared that Pelias would eventually notice & unalive her son, Alcimede sent him away to be raised by the centaur, Chiron. Chiron also tutored Achilles & Asclepius.

She claimed that she had been having an affair with him all along. Pelias, fearing that his ill-gotten kingship might be challenged, consulted an Oracle who warned him to beware of a man wearing only 1 sandal.

Many years later, Pelias was holding games in honor of Poseidon when the grown Jason arrived in Iolcus, having lost 1 of his sandals. He lost this sandal in the river Anauros/Anaurus while helping an old woman across the water.

The old woman was actually Hera, the goddess, in disguise. She (Hera) blessed him because she knew what Pelias had planned. When Jason entered Iolcus, Pelias recalled what the Oracle had warned him about. Jason aware that he was the rightful King, informed Pelias.

Pelias agreed to step down from the throne, on the condition that Jason brings back the Golden Fleece. Jason agrees to these terms.

Jason then assembles the group that becomes known as the Argonauts. They were named after their ship, the Argo. Jason commissions the shipbuilder Argus to build the Argo. (We feel like Argus named the ship after himself.)

The Argo was a vessel that was outfitted with a piece of talking oak from the sacred grove of Dodona. Argus becomes an Argonaut. Jason then recruits the rest of the Argonauts.

The Argonauts list:

Acastus

Admetus

Atalanta, the formidable huntress

Augeas

The winged Boreads, Zetes & Calais (sons of the North Wind)

The Dioscuri, Castor & Pollux/Polydeuces

Euphemus

Heracles/Hercules (Yes, THAT one. He eventually left the quest.)

Idas

Idmon, the seer

Lynceus

Meleager

Orpheus

Peleus (Achilles’ dad)

Philoctetes

Telamon

Tiphys, the helmsman

After a few detours, Jason & his comrades came to Colchis (modern-day Black Sea coast of Georgia, the country) to get that sweet, sweet Golden Fleece. Colchis had a king (King Aeetes). The Fleece was given to him by Phrixus. The king promised to give Jason the Fleece, for a price: 3 tasks.

When presented with these tasks, Jason got discouraged & depressed. The goddess Hera was on Jason’s side. Hera convinced Aphrodite to convince her son, Eros, to make King Aeetus’ daughter, Medea, fall in love with Jason. As a result of this love-god meddling, Medea ended up being the key to Jason’s success.

First, Jason had to plow a field with a fire-breathing oxen (the Khalkotauroi) that he had to yoke himself, Medea gave Jason an ointment that made his skin fireproof from the oxen’s flames. Then Jason planted the teeth of a dragon into a field. The teeth sprouted into an army of warriors called spartoi. Medea told Jason how to defeat the spartoi.

Before the spartoi attacked Jason, he threw a rock into the crowd. The spartoi weren’t able to figure out where the rock came from. So the spartoi turned on each other & defeated one another. Jason’s last task was to overcome the sleepless dragon that guarded the Golden Fleece. Medea to the rescue, again.

She gave Jason a potion that he sprayed the dragon with. The dragon fell asleep. Jason was able to get the Golden Fleece. Then he sails away with Medea. Medea distracted her dad (who chased the pair as they fled) by unaliving her brother, Apsyrtus, & throwing pieces of his body into the sea.

King Aeetus stopped to gather each piece of Apsyrtus’ body. This gave Jason, & Medea, time to escape. On the way back to Iolcus, Medea prophesied to Euphemus (the Argo’s helmsman) that he would one day rule Cyrene. This prophecy came true through Euphemus’ descendant, Battus.

Zeus, as punishment for the slaughter of Medea’s brother, sent a series of storms at the Argo & blew it off course. The Argo then actually spoke & said that they should seek purification with Circe, a nymph living on the island of Aeaea. After being cleansed, they continued their journey home.

Chiron had told Jason that without the aid of Orpheus, the Argonauts would never be able to pass by the Sirens. The same Sirens encountered by Odysseus in Homer’s The Odyssey. The Sirens lived on 3 small, rocky islands called Sirenum scopuli & sang beautiful songs that enticed sailors to come to them, which result in the wrecking of their ships on the islands.

When Orpheus heard their voices, he said, “Here, hold my drink a sec!” He pulls out his lyre & played music that was more beautiful & louder, drowning out the Sirens’ songs so the sailors couldn’t hear them!

The Argo then came to the island of Crete, guarded by Talos, who was a man made of bronze. As the ship came close, Talos hurled huge stones at the ship, keeping it at bay. Talos had 1 ichor vessel (like a blood vessel) that went from his neck to his ankle, bound shut by 1 bronze nail. (Ichor is pretty much the blood of the gods.)

Medea, helping Jason, cast a spell on Talos to calm him. She then removes the bronze nail. Talos ends up bleeding to death. The Argo was able to sail on.

Jason, celebrating his return with the Golden Fleece, saw his dad was too sick & old to participate in the celebrations. Jason asks Medea to take some years from his own life & add the years to his dad’s life. (This is actually sweet.)

Medea complied. There was no cost to Jason’s life. Medea withdrew the blood from Aeson’s body & infused it with certain herbs. She put it back into his veins. This invigorated him. Pelias’ daughters took notice of this, & wanted a piece of that action from their own dad.

Using her sorcery, Medea told Pelias’ daughters that she could make their dad smooth & vigorous as a kid by chopping him up into pieces & boiling the pieces in a cauldron of water & magical herbs. Medea shows that she can do this with the oldest ram in a flock, which leapt out of the cauldron as a lamb. The girls naively sliced up their dad & put in the cauldron.

Medea just didn’t put in the magical herbs to revive Pelias. So Pelias was dead. Pelias’s son, Acastus, drove Jason, & Medea, into exile for the unaliving. The couple settles in Corinth.

In Corinth, Jason gets engaged to marry Creusa/Glauce, a daughter of the king of Corinth. He did this for political advancement. Medea confronts Jason about this engagement. Because SHE’S already his wife. She reminds Jason of all the help she’s given him & the vow he made, to Hera, to love Medea & only Medea forever.

Jason tells Medea that it’s not her that he should thank but it’s Aphrodite who should get the kudos. Because Aphrodite made Medea fall in love with Jason. (Ok, Jason’s kinda right. It was Aphrodite via Eros.) Medea was incensed! (Rightfully so.)

Jason had vowed to be only Medea’s forever so Medea took her revenge by giving Creusa/Glauce a cursed dress, as a wedding gift. This dress stuck to her body & burned her to death as soon as she put it on. Cerusa/Glauce’s dad, Creon, burned to death with his daughter as he tried to save her.

Then Medea killed her sons that she had with Jason to ensure he had no legacy. When Jason learned of this, Medea was already gone. She fled to Athens in a chariot pulled by dragons that was sent by her grandpa, Helios (the sun-god).

As a result of breaking his vow to love Medea only forever, Jason lost his favor with Hera & died lonely & unhappy. He spent his final years as a broken man, wandering the docks where the rotting hull of the Argo sat. One day, while he was resting under the ship’s prow, a piece of the decaying wood broke off & fell onto Jason’s head, unaliving him instantly.

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