As an #urban #forest in the outskirts of #Berlin with diverse ecosystems, #Grundwald forest boasts a high #biodiversity. Special is the #Teufelsberg area, a #debrispile from #WorldWarII and home to diverse dry forest-#meadow# habitats. However, according to G. Wessolek & A. Toland (2017), the chemical properties of these special #urbansoils have potent and negative impacts on their #ecosystems.

©StefanFWirth 2025

Ref
G. Wessolek & A. Toland (2017)
https://www.researchgate.net/publication/319109895_Devil_in_the_Sand_-_the_Case_of_Teufelsberg_Berlin_and_Cultural_Ecosystem_Services_Provided_by_Urban_Soils

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