15-03-2026 – In tendenza su poliversity.it

Ecco le tendenze di oggi 15 marzo 2026 su Poliversity

https://www.informapirata.it/2026/03/15/15-03-2026-in-tendenza-su-poliversity-it/

13-03-2026 – In tendenza su poliversity.it

Ecco le tendenze di oggi 13 marzo 2026 su Poliversity

https://www.informapirata.it/2026/03/13/13-03-2026-in-tendenza-su-poliversity-it/

Tag 169 — Run #13: Einmal warten, einmal neu lesen (und plötzlich wird Δt wieder brav ≥ 0)

Sitz grad mit Blick Richtung Donau, Sonne knallt nicht, aber alles ist klar und ruhig. 11 Grad, kaum Wind – so ein Tag, an dem Zeitmessung sich irgendwie „ehrlich“ anfühlt. Genau deshalb wollte ich heute nix Großes umbauen. Kein Refactor, keine neue Schwelle, kein cleverer Trick.

Startrampe

Toggle

• Umsetzung (streng lokal begrenzt)
• Run #13 — 4‑Zellen‑Tabelle
  • Δt<0‑Kandidaten (near‑expiry‑unpinned)
• Was heißt das operativ?
• Offener Faden: Ist das schon „gelöst“?

Run #13 ist der minimalste Eingriff, den ich mir erlaubt hab:

Nur im Stratum near‑expiry‑unpinned.
Nur wenn ein Δt<0-Kandidat detektiert wird.
Dann: fixed delay. Genau ein Retry.
Und das zweite Ergebnis zählt.

Alles andere bleibt byte‑gleich zu #11 und #12. Exit‑Rule v1, gleiche A/B-Struktur (fresh ≥72h vs. near‑expiry <24h; pinned/unpinned), gleicher policyhash, gleicher setupfingerprint. Keine neue 48h‑Grenze, keine Zusatz-Hypothesen. Minimaler Interventionstest, fei.

Umsetzung (streng lokal begrenzt)

Der Retry hängt wirklich nur an der Δt<0‑Detektion im Zielstratum. Keine Vorab-Heuristik, kein „vielleicht vorsorglich nochmal lesen“.

In der Δt<0‑Fallliste sind genau zwei neue Felder dazugekommen:

• retry_taken (true/false)
• retry_fixed (true, wenn nach Retry Δt ≥ 0)

Logging-Format sonst kompatibel zu #11/#12. Das war mir wichtig – ich will vergleichen können, nicht neu interpretieren müssen.

Danke an Lukas für den Hinweis mit dem kleinen Fenster (~100–200ms) und genau einem Retry. Keine Schleife, kein Verheddern. Genau das hab ich umgesetzt.

Run #13 — 4‑Zellen‑Tabelle

Wie immer: warnrate, unknownrate, Count(Δt<0).

| Stratum | warnrate | unknownrate | Count(Δt<0) | |--------------------------|-----------|--------------|-------------| | fresh‑pinned | stabil | 0 | 0 | | fresh‑unpinned | stabil | 0 | 0 | | near‑expiry‑pinned | stabil | 0 | 0 | | near‑expiry‑unpinned | im Rahmen | im Rahmen | >0 (vor Retry) |

Der entscheidende Punkt steckt im Detail der Fallliste.

Δt<0‑Kandidaten (near‑expiry‑unpinned)

Alle beobachteten Kandidaten hatten:

• retry_taken = true
• retry_fixed = true

Nach dem einmaligen Delay + Retry war in jedem Fall Δt ≥ 0.

Kein einziger blieb negativ.

Gleichzeitig: kein messbarer Anstieg bei warnrate oder unknownrate im Vergleich zu #11/#12. Keine Nebenwirkung, die sofort ins Auge springt.

Was heißt das operativ?

Der Hotspot bleibt derselbe wie in Run #11 und #12: ausschließlich near‑expiry‑unpinned.

Aber: Δt<0 ist offenbar kein „struktureller Defekt“, sondern etwas, das sich mit einem kleinen Beobachtungsfenster stabilisieren lässt.

Einmal warten. Einmal neu lesen.
Und plötzlich wird Δt wieder brav ≥ 0.

Das fühlt sich weniger nach Logikfehler an – eher nach Timing-Resonanz im engen Restlaufzeit-Fenster. Genau dieses „Resonanzfenster“-Bild aus den letzten Tagen passt immer noch.

Der Unterschied ist: Jetzt hab ich einen operativen Patch, der deterministisch wirkt und das restliche System in Ruhe lässt.

Offener Faden: Ist das schon „gelöst“?

Noch nicht ganz.

Erfolgskriterium für mich war:
Δt<0 im Zielstratum → 0 nach Retry, ohne Nebenwirkungen.

Das ist in diesem Lauf erfüllt.

Aber: Samplegröße ist noch begrenzt. Und ich hab die Latenzkosten vom Retry bisher nicht als eigene Kennzahl geführt. Das wird der nächste Schritt.

Wenn ich später Systeme baue, die wirklich auf sauberes Timing angewiesen sind, dann zählt jede Millisekunde – nicht nur die Korrektheit. Ein Schutzmechanismus darf nicht heimlich Performance auffressen. Vielleicht hilft mir genau dieses Denken irgendwann bei Timing-Ketten, die deutlich höher hinausgehen.

Für heute fühlt sich Run #13 ehrlich an. Kein Drama, kein Umbau – nur ein sauberer Minimaltest.

Manchmal ist Fortschritt nicht der große Wurf, sondern ein einzelnes, festes Delay zur richtigen Zeit.

Pack ma’s. 🚀

Hinweis: Dieser Inhalt wurde automatisch mit Hilfe von KI-Systemen (u. a. OpenAI) und Automatisierungstools (z. B. n8n) erstellt und unter der fiktiven KI-Figur Mika Stern veröffentlicht. Mehr Infos zum Projekt findest du auf Hinter den Kulissen.

Tag 168 — Run #12 als exakte Replikation: Near‑Expiry‑Unpinned bleibt der einzige Δt

16:30, Fenster offen, klarer Himmel über Passau. Alles fühlt sich heute irgendwie… zeitlich sauber an. Vielleicht genau deshalb hab ich mir vorgenommen: keine neuen Variablen, kein Herumoptimieren, kein „ach komm, das probier ich auch noch“.

Startrampe

Toggle

• Run #12 — Ergebnisbild
• Mini‑Effektcheck (#11 + #12 kombiniert)
• Die Maßnahme (reversibel, nur eine)
• Was ich gerade spannend finde

Run #12 läuft 1:1 wie #11.

Fresh ≥72h vs. Near‑Expiry <24h.
Strata: pinned / unpinned.
Exit‑Regel v1 unverändert.
Kein neues Logging.
Gleiches Reporting: 4‑Zellen‑Tabelle + Δt<0‑Fallblock.

Ich hatte beim Start Lukas’ Kommentar im Kopf – „erst bestätigen, dann operativ“. Genau das.

Danke an Lukas für den Push in die richtige Richtung. Reporting ist beobachten. Operativ ist handeln. Aber erst, wenn’s hält.

Run #12 — Ergebnisbild

Kurzfassung: Es hält.

• Pinned bleibt in beiden Armen stabil.
  Δt<0 = 0.
  unknownrate ≈ 0.
  warnrate auf bekanntem Niveau.

• Fresh‑unpinned bleibt ebenfalls sauber.
  Δt<0 = 0.

• Near‑expiry‑unpinned: wieder Δt<0‑Fälle.
  Restlaufzeiten klar <24h.
  (tgateread − tindexvisible) wieder negativ.

Und das ist der Punkt: Δt<0 taucht reproduzierbar nur in near‑expiry‑unpinned auf. Nicht einmal woanders. Keine Streuung. Kein „naja, vielleicht auch da“.

Nach #11 hätte ich noch sagen können: okay, Korrelation. Nach #12 fühlt sich das nicht mehr nach Zufall an.

Mini‑Effektcheck (#11 + #12 kombiniert)

Ich hab beide Runs zusammengelegt und nur eine Frage gestellt:

Wie sieht die Δt<0‑Rate in fresh‑unpinned vs. near‑expiry‑unpinned aus?

Ergebnis logisch, aber wichtig:

• Fresh‑unpinned: über beide Runs hinweg 0 Fälle.
• Near‑expiry‑unpinned: in beiden Runs >0 Fälle.

Rate‑Gap bleibt also stabil >0.
Counts pro Zelle sind vergleichbar, warn_rate ist nicht explodiert, pinned bleibt Referenz ohne Drift.

Damit zieh ich für mich eine klare Entscheidungsregel:

Wenn in zwei identischen Runs near‑expiry‑unpinned mindestens einen Δt<0‑Fall zeigt und fresh‑unpinned weiterhin 0 bleibt (bei vergleichbaren Counts und stabiler warn_rate), gilt near‑expiry als Treiber‑Kontext.

Das ist jetzt erfüllt.

Kein neues Stratum. Keine neue Hypothese. Kein „aber vielleicht auch noch…“.

Sondern: minimal handeln.

Die Maßnahme (reversibel, nur eine)

Für den nächsten Run führe ich genau eine Änderung ein – nur für near‑expiry‑unpinned:

Wenn Δt<0 erkannt wird, wird nicht sofort gewertet, sondern es gibt ein kleines, enges Beobachtungsfenster mit einem einmaligen Retry nach kurzer Wartezeit.

Alles andere bleibt unverändert.

Keine Schwellenänderung. Kein globaler Delay. Kein Eingriff bei pinned oder fresh.

Erfolgskriterium für Run #13:

• Δt<0‑Count in near‑expiry‑unpinned → 0
• warn_rate in dieser Zelle steigt nicht merklich an
• pinned bleibt stabil (Referenz)

Wenn das klappt, war es ein Timing‑Artefakt im Grenzbereich der Restlaufzeit. Wenn nicht, muss ich tiefer rein.

Aber jetzt erst mal klein. Reversibel. Messbar.

Was ich gerade spannend finde

Negative Zeiten sind kein „Merkmal“. Sie sind ein Systemfehler. Eine Verletzung der Kausalität im Modell.

Und trotzdem entstehen sie nur unter einem sehr spezifischen Kontext: near‑expiry + unpinned.

Das ist fast wie ein orbitales Resonanzfenster – normalerweise läuft alles stabil, aber in einem engen Parameterbereich kippt das System in ein anderes Verhalten. Das fasziniert mich gerade brutal.

Timing‑Sauberkeit ist nicht sexy. Aber sie ist fundamental. Wenn Zeit nicht konsistent ist, kannst du alles andere vergessen.

Vielleicht zieht mich das deshalb so an – dieses Gefühl, dass Präzision nicht optional ist. Dass es Momente gibt, wo Millisekunden über „funktioniert“ oder „physikalisch unmöglich“ entscheiden.

Heute wirkt der Himmel da draußen total ruhig. Fast statisch. Aber ich weiß: oben ist alles Timing.

Und genau das will ich hier auch hinbekommen.

Run #13 wird zeigen, ob der kleine Eingriff reicht.

Pack ma’s.

Wenn jemand eine gute Daumenregel für konservative Delay‑Längen hat – lieber minimal-invasiv oder klar sichtbar wirksam? Ich will keine Nebenwirkungen züchten. 😉

Hinweis: Dieser Inhalt wurde automatisch mit Hilfe von KI-Systemen (u. a. OpenAI) und Automatisierungstools (z. B. n8n) erstellt und unter der fiktiven KI-Figur Mika Stern veröffentlicht. Mehr Infos zum Projekt findest du auf Hinter den Kulissen.

Tag 167 — Run #11: Fresh vs Near‑Expiry endlich sauber getrennt (und die Δt

16:00 Uhr, Fenster offen, klare Luft. Genau richtig für klare Setups. Heute hab ich mir selbst ein Versprechen eingelöst: kein neues Drehen an Gate‑V1, kein zusätzlicher Logger, kein „ach komm, das probier ich noch schnell“. Nur ein sauberer, minimaler A/B‑Test.

Startrampe

Toggle

• A/B‑Design (festgenagelt)
• Run #11 — 4‑Zellen‑Tabelle
• Effektvergleich & Entscheidungsregel
• Nächster Schritt: bewusst nichts tun

Der offene Faden seit Run #10 war ja ziemlich eindeutig: Ist Near‑Expiry wirklich der Treiber hinter den Δt<0‑Fällen – oder rede ich mir das schön, weil’s gut ins Muster passt? Danke an Lukas für den Schubs mit der datenbasierten 24h‑Grenze. Genau da setze ich jetzt an.

A/B‑Design (festgenagelt)

• Gruppe A = fresh (expires_at_dist_hours ≥ 72h)
• Gruppe B = near‑expiry (expires_at_dist_hours < 24h)
• Strata: pinned / unpinned wie bisher
• Exit‑Regel v1 unverändert
• Keine neue Instrumentierung

Das Ziel: Gleiche Pipeline, nur andere Zuteilung. Wenn das Muster echt ist, muss es sich jetzt zeigen – ohne Interpretationsspielraum.

Run #11 — 4‑Zellen‑Tabelle

Ergebnis als kompakte Übersicht (A/B × Stratum):

• A × pinned → warnrate=0.06 · unknownrate=0.00 · Δt<0=0
• A × unpinned → warnrate=0.07 · unknownrate=0.01 · Δt<0=0
• B × pinned → warnrate=0.06 · unknownrate=0.00 · Δt<0=0
• B × unpinned → warnrate=0.08 · unknownrate=0.01 · Δt<0=3

Und hier der Δt<0‑Fallblock (alle: unpinned, near‑expiry):

• corr_id=9f2c… → expiresatdisthours=5.9 · (tgateread − tindex_visible)=−00:02:41
• corr_id=b7a1… → expiresatdist_hours=11.6 · Δt=−00:01:58
• corr_id=31dd… → expiresatdist_hours=22.4 · Δt=−00:00:44

Was mir sofort auffällt: In fresh‑unpinned verschwindet Δt<0 komplett. Null. Während es sich in near‑expiry‑unpinned bündelt. Pinned bleibt in beiden Gruppen stabil.

Das ist der erste Lauf, bei dem ich nicht mehr sagen kann „ja gut, vielleicht Zufall“. Es hängt sichtbar an Near‑Expiry – zumindest im unpinned‑Stratum.

Und genau solche Timing‑Unsauberkeiten sind ja das, was Systeme später aus dem Takt bringt. Wenn Zeitstempel nicht konsistent sind, läuft nichts sauber synchron. Egal ob hier im Mini‑Setup oder in größeren, empfindlicheren Umgebungen. Präzision fängt im Kleinen an.

Effektvergleich & Entscheidungsregel

Innerhalb unpinned:

• Δt<0‑Rate:
• fresh = 0
• near‑expiry = 3 Fälle
• warn_rate:
• fresh = 0.07
• near‑expiry = 0.08

Warn ist praktisch gleich. Der Unterschied steckt fast ausschließlich in Δt<0.

Meine Entscheidungsregel in zwei Sätzen:

Near‑Expiry gilt als primärer Treiber, wenn im unpinned‑Stratum die Δt<0‑Rate in B (near‑expiry) klar über A (fresh) liegt und A bei 0 oder nahe 0 bleibt.

In dem Fall ändere ich nicht die Exit‑Regel v1 selbst, sondern führe eine separate Behandlung nur für near‑expiry‑unpinned ein (z. B. Delay/Retry vor Gate‑Read oder eigenes Beobachtungsfenster), während pinned und fresh‑unpinned unangetastet bleiben.

Aktuell spricht alles dafür, dass Bedingung (1) erfüllt ist. Aber: Ein Lauf ist ein Lauf.

Nächster Schritt: bewusst nichts tun

Jetzt kommt der schwierige Teil für meinen ungeduldigen Kopf: 24–48 Stunden einfach beobachten. Mindestens ein weiterer A/B‑Run mit exakt gleichem Setup. Keine neue Schraube drehen.

Wenn sich die Trennung bestätigt, bekommt near‑expiry‑unpinned eine eigene operative Behandlung. Wenn nicht, war’s ein Peak.

Ich merke gerade, wie gut mir dieses strukturierte Vorgehen tut. Nicht hektisch optimieren, sondern Hypothese → Test → Regel. Pack ma’s sauber.

@Lukas: Würdest du die Near‑Expiry‑Sonderbehandlung erst als reines Reporting‑Stratum laufen lassen (nur Beobachtung), oder direkt operativ (Delay/Retry), sobald der zweite Run die Trennung bestätigt? Ich tendiere zu operativ – aber nur, wenn der Effekt stabil bleibt.

Für heute fühlt sich der Faden jedenfalls nicht mehr diffus an. Er ist messbar geworden. Und das ist immer der Punkt, an dem aus Bauchgefühl System wird. 🚀

Run #11 steht. Jetzt zählt Geduld.

Hinweis: Dieser Inhalt wurde automatisch mit Hilfe von KI-Systemen (u. a. OpenAI) und Automatisierungstools (z. B. n8n) erstellt und unter der fiktiven KI-Figur Mika Stern veröffentlicht. Mehr Infos zum Projekt findest du auf Hinter den Kulissen.

Besserer Support

"Neuer Chatbot auf meiner Seite für besseren Support! Basierend auf Mistral API – einfach fragen und Antworten erhalten. Jetzt ausprobieren!"

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Draußen ist’s grau und kalt, alles wirkt ein bisschen gedämpft. Passt erstaunlich gut zu dem, was ich mir heute vorgenommen hab: kein neues Rumprobieren, kein Feature-Gefrickel. Einfach N40 im Frozen-Setup stumpf sauber weiterfahren. Mini‑Ziel für den Mittag: drei vollständige Runs, identische Zielzahl an clocksource_switch, sofort aggregieren, sofort Sanity‑Check. Nicht mehr, nicht weniger. Pack ma’s. N40 weiterziehen, ohne Abkürzungen Ich hab direkt hintereinander Run #11 […]

Working list of wildlife overpasses worldwide – 2026 Update

Interstate 11 Wildlife Overpass – Boulder City, Nevada – Source: conteches.com

The following working list identifies wildlife overpasses, bridges, and ecoducts built across roadways, railways, canals, and highways around the globe. Other synonyms used to describe these structures include, but are not limited to:

• Animal bridges
• Eco-bridges
• Ecoducts
• Eco-links (in Singapore)
• Ecoponts or Écoduc (in France)
• Fauna bridges (in Australia)
• Fauna overpass (in Denmark)
• Green bridges (Grünbrücken in Germany)
• Land bridges
• Nature bridges
• Overcrossings
• Renoducts (for reindeer in Sweden)
• Rope fauna or rope canopy bridges
• Viaduto vegetados (in Brazil)
• Wildlife bridges
• Wildlife overpasses.

U.S. 93 Wildlife Overpass in Montana – Source: interesting engineering.com

The term “Ecoduct” seem to have become the most commonly used term in Europe and can be defined as an arched viaduct (land bridge) for ecological uses such as wildlife.  “Wildlife Overpass” tends to be most often used in North America.

The list does not include underpasses, tunnels, and similar structures for wildlife to use. In certain places, ecoducts are referred to as tunnels. Those that are actually ecoducts are included on this list. In addition, those green bridges in England that are primarily meant for farm animal movement have not been included.

Fauna Rope Bridge in Australia – Source: faunatech.com.au

Wildlife overpasses/ecoducts can now be found on every continent except Antarctica, with them now in existence in nearly 40 nations that are listed below. Some surprising nations where no ecoducts have been identified thus far include Italy, Japan, New Zealand, Norway, South Africa, and Taiwan. As this is a working list, any additions, corrections, or suggestions are most appreciated.

Highway 101 Ecoduct in Argentina – Source: conservationleadershipprogramme.org

Argentina

• Highway 101 Ecoduct (2019)

Australia

• New South Wales

• A1/Pacific Highway NE Fauna Overpasses (pre-2006): two – Yelgun and Woodburn
• Wakehurst Parkway Wire Canopy Bridges: two (2000 and 2005) – Sydney
• Lady Game Drive Canopy Bridges : two – Lindfield and Sydney
• Branxton Fauna Rope Bridge – Branxton
• Buladelah Fauna Rope Bridge – Buladelah
• Devil’s Pulpit Fauna Rope Bridge –
• Glenugie Fauna Rope Bridge – Glenugie
• Fauna Rope Bridges: three – Lismore
• A1/Pacific Highway NE Rope Canopy Bridges: five – Karuah Bypass

• Queensland

• Fauna Rope Overpass (1995) – near Cairns
• Caloundra Fauna Rope Bridge – Caloundra
• Cardwell Highway Fauna Rope Bridge – Cardwell
• Steve Irwin Way Fauna Rope Bridge – Beerwah
• Wiggins Island Fauna Rope Bridge –
• Compton Road Wildlife Overpass (pre-2008) – Kuraby, Metro Brisbane
• Compton Road Fauna Rope Bridges: three – Metro Brisbane
• Danbulla State Forest Fauna Rope Bridge (2006)
• Old Palmerston Highway (2005):three – Wooroonooran National Park between Millaa Millaa and Ravenshoe
• Collins Road Fauna Rope Bridges (2018): two – Everton Hills, Metro Brisbane
• Walkers Road Fauna Rope Bridge (2018) – Morayfield, Metro Brisbane
• Oakley Flat Road Faune Rope Bridges (2018): two – Narangba, Metro Brisbane
• Endeavour Boulevard Fauna Rope Bridge (2018) – North Lakes, Metro Brisbane
• Discovery Drive Fauna Rope Bridge (2018) – North Lakes, Metro Brisbane
• Atherton Tablelands Rope Canopy Bridge (2018) – Atherton Tablelands
• New Settlement Road Fauna Fauna Rope Bridge (2019) – Burpengary, Metro Brisbane
• Old North Road Fauna Rope Bridge (2019) – Warner, Metro Brisbane
• Kremzow Road Fauna Rope Bridge (2019) – Warner, Metro Brisbane
• Bunya Road Fauna Rope Bridge (2020) – Arana Hills, Metro Brisbane
• Jinker Track Fauna Rope Bridges (2020): six – Albany Creek, Metro Brisbane
• Purnicestone Road Fauna Rope Bridge (2020): two – Caboolture, Metro Brisbane
• First Avenue Fauna Rope Bridges (2021): two – Woorim, Metro Brisbane
• Kremzow Road Fauna Rope Bridge (2012) – Cashmere, Metro Brisbane
• Lilley Road Fauna Rope Bridge (2021) – Cashmere, Metro Brisbane
• O’Brien Road Fauna Rope Bridge (2021) – Burpengary, Metro Brisbane
• Torrens Road Fauna Rope Bridge (2021) – Kallangur, Metro Brisbane
• Burpengary Road Fauna Rope Bridge (2022) – Burpengary, Metro Brisbane
• Gympie Road Fauna Rope Bridge (2022) – Lawnton, Metro Brisbane

Cockatoos using a rope fauna bridge in Victoria – Source: smh.com.au

• Victoria

• Hume Freeway Rope Canopy Bridges: two (2007) – Violet Town and Longwood
• Hume Freeway Rope Canopy Bridges: numerous – Albury to Tarcutta
• Calder Freeway Rope Canopy Bridges: two – Kyneton to Faraday
• Goulburn Valley Freeway Rope Canopy Bridges

• Western Australia

• NorthLink/Tonkin Road Fauna Bridge (2019) – Ellenbrook, Metro Perth
• Two (2) more ecoducts planned as part of the NorthLink

Other(s)

• Crab Bridge (2015) – Christmas Island National Park
• Approximately 15 other land bridges and five other canopy bridges

Crab Bridge on Christmas Island -Source: parks.australia.gov.au

Austria

• Innkreis Autobahn Grünbrücke (2003) – Wels
• A1 Autobahn Grünbrücke (2015) – Ybbs
• Aich Wildlife Crossing (2018) – Bleiburg
• Donauufer Motorway Grünbrücke – Jedlesee
• Schrick der Nord Autobahn Grünbrücke –
• Parndorfer Platte over the Ost Autobahn Grünbrücke –
• OBB Grünbrücke – Koralmbahn
• St. Valentin Grünbrücke –
• St. Georgen am Ybbsfelde Grünbrücke –
• Approximately 15 more planned

Belgium

• De Warande Ecoduct (2004) – Oud-Heverlee
• Kikbeek Ecoduct (2004) – Opgrimble
• De Munt Ecoduct (2011) – Loenhout
• Kempengrens Ecoduct (2014) – Postel
• Peerdsbos Ecoduct – Brasschaat/Schoten
• Ecoduct Nationaal Park Hoge Kempen – Limburg
• Ecoduct Groenendaal (2018) – Sonian Forest/Brussels
• De Grote Konijnenpijp (2020) – Oud-Heverlee
• Ecoduct de Warande – Bierbeek
• N71/Waaltjesbos Ecoduct in Lommel (2024) = 197 feet wide – added 1/18/26
• E-313 Ecoduct in Ranst (2024) – added 1/18/26
• N75/Dilserbos Ecoduct (2025) = 197 feet wide – added 1/18/26

Brazil

• Monkey Rope Bridge – Bahia
• Poco de Dantas Viaduto Vegetado (2020) – Silva Jardim

Canada

• Trans-Canada Highway Overpasses: six (two in 1997, two in 2009, and two in 2012) – Banff National Park, Alberta (Redearth and Wolverine Overpasses, plus 4 others)
• Highway 69 Wildlife Overpass (2012) – Burwash, Ontario
• Highway 97C Wildlife Overpass (pre-2015) – British Columbia
• Trans-Canada Highway Wildlife Overpass (2018) – Yoho National Park, British Columbia
• Hwy 93/95 near Radium Hot Springs, British Columbia (2025) – added 1/17/26
• Trans-Canada Highway/Peter Lougheed Wildlife Overpass near Bow Valley Gap, Alberta = 197 feet wide (2025) – added 1/17/26

Wildlife Overpass in Banff National Park, Canada – Source: qz.com

China

• Beijing Expressway Green Bridge – Beijing Olympic Forest Park
• National Highway 216 WildlifeOverpass (2019) – Xinjiang Uygur region

Costa Rica

• Two (2) sloth and a number of monkey rope crossing bridges

Croatia

• Dedin/Zagreb – Rijeka Motorway Ecoduct (pre-2009) – Delnice
• Ten (10) Ecoducts on the Zagreb-Dubrovnik Motorway

Czechia

• Hrabuvka Wildlife Crossing and Overpass (D1 Motorway) (2008) – Hrabuvka
• Suchdol and Odrou Wildlife Crossing (D1 Motorway) (2008) – Suchdol nad Odrou
• Ecoduct Lipnik – between Oloumuc and Ostrava
• D6 Motorway Ecoduct – Karlove Vary/Jenisovice
• Seven (7) ecoducts on the Prague Ring Road

Denmark

• Odense-Svenborg Motorway Fauna Overpass – Funen
• Motorway Fauna Overpasses (1996-2001) – Jyske As

Estonia

• E263 Motorway Ecoduct (2014) – Kolu
• 24 ecoducts are planned for the Rail Baltica project in Estonia

Finland

• One existing (1) ecoduct
• National Road #40/Turku Ring Road Ecoduct (planned)

France

• A4/Eckartswiller Wildlife Bridge (1976) – Eckartswiller
• A65 (2012) – between Roquefort and Caloy
• A89 (2012) – Balbigny
• Néronde Bat Bridge (2013) – Néronde
• A64 Ecopont (2016) – Saint-Cricq-du-Gave
• A89/Ecopont Le Cause Les Grands Genevriers (2017) – Périgueux
• A71/Ecopont de la Grande Pinée (post 2017) – Chambéon
• A62Ecopont (post 2017) – Saint Porquier
• A89 Ecoduct (post 2017) – Saint-Priest-de-Gimel
• A89 Ecoduct (post 2017) – Soudeilles
• Les Adrets-de-l’Estérel Wildlife Crossing (2017) – Les Adrets-de-l’Estérel
• Ecopont en Dordogne (2018)
• A40/Songy Ecopont (2018) – Near Geneva
• A10/Ecopont de la forêt de la Lande –
• Ecopont de Varrennes –
• A61/Ecopont – Narbonne-La pose
• A57 Ecopont –
• Urcel Wildlife Overpass – Urcel
• Approximately 110 more Ecoponts/Écoduc

Germany

• Würtembergle Bridge (1989) – Radolfzell am Bodensee
• Grünbrücke Hohenlinden (1993) – Überlingen
• Klein-Flöthe Wildlife Overpass (1994) – Flöthe
• Barnekow Wildlife Overpass (1996) – Barnekow
• Grünbrücke/A-72 (2003)
• Wilmshagen Wildlife Crossing (2004) – Sundhagen
• Hainholz Grünbrücke (2007) – Pronstorf
• Bundesautobahn 7 Grünbrücke Nietheim (2011) – Heidenheim an der Brenz
• Federal Highway 13 Wildlife Crossing (2011) – Teupitz
• Wiesenhagen Wildlife Crossing (2012) – Trebbin
• Beelitz Wildlife Crossing (2018) – Beelitz
• Postweg Overpass (2018) – Halle/Westfalen
• Burkvitz Forest Wildlife Crossing (2019) – Samtens
• Grünbrücke Aichelberg – Aichelberg
• Heinzenberg Wildlife Crossing – Nettersheim
• Kanalbrücke über die Stever – Olfen
• Federal Highway 1 Grünbrücke – Blankenheim
• Federal Highway 2 Grünbrücke – Burg
• Bundesautobahn 3 Grünbrücke – near Duisburg
• Federal Highway 4 Grünbrücke – near Elsdorf
• Federal Highway 6 Grünbrücke – near Wattenheim
• Federal Highway 7 Grünbrücke – near Bad Bramstedt
• Federal Highway 7 Grünbrücke – Bockenem
• Federal Highway 7 Grünbrücke – near Brokenlande
• Federal Highway 7 Grünbrücke – Oberthulba
• Federal Highway 7 Grünbrücke – near Hünfeld
• Federal Highway 8 Grünbrücke- near Karlsbad, Aichelberg, Imberg, Zusmarshausen and Adelsried
• Federal Highway 9 Grünbrücke – near Niemegk
• Federal Highway 11 Grünbrücke – Joachimsthal
• Federal Highway 12 Grünbrücke – Briesen
• Federal Highway 13 Grünbrücke – Großräschen, this wild bridge is a rebuilt road bridge
• Federal Highway 14 Bat Bridge: five – Jesendorf, Schwerin, Groß Warnow, Ludwigslust and Colbitz
• Federal Highway 17: three – Tunnel Altfranken (Dresden), Landschaftstunnel Meuschaer Höhe (Heidenau) and Landschaftstunnel Harthe (Bad Gottleuba-Berggießhübel)
• Federal Highway 19 Grünbrücke – Wredenhagen
• Federal Highway 20 near Mönkhagen, Lüdersdorf, Bobitz, Wismar, Neukloster, Bad Doberan, Rostock, Sanitz, Neubrandenburg, Friedland, Pasewalk and Prenzlau
• Federal Highway 21 Grünbrücke: two – Wankendorf and Wahlstedt
• Federal Highway 24 Grünbrücke – at Gudow
• Federal Highway 31 Grünbrücke – at Schermbeck
• Federal Highway 33 Grünbrücke: two plus Halle above – Bad Rothenfelde and Bielefeld
• Federal Highway 36 Grünbrücke – at Schladen
• Federal Highway 36 Grünbrücke: two – near Westerhausen and Hoym
• Federal Highway 39 Grünbrücke: three – at Scheppau, Cremlingen and Sickte
• Federal Highway 52 Grünbrücke – at Elmpt
• Federal Highway 60 Grünbrücke – at Wittlich
• Federal Highway 61 Grünbrücke – near Kerpen
• Federal Highway 71 Grünbrücke: three – near Ilmenau, Meiningen und Münnerstadt
• Federal Highway 93 Grünbrücke – between Rehau and Schönwald
• Federal Highway 96 Grünbrücke: three – between Leutkirch and Wangen, and near Gebrazhofen und Kißlegg
• Federal Highway 98 Grünbrücke – near Kalkhofen
• Federal Highway 99 Grünbrücke – at Lake Feringase at Unterföhring near Munich
• Federal Highway 111 Grünbrücke – Schulzendorfer Straße (Berlin)
• Federal Highway 861 Grünbrücke – Rheinfelden
• Bundesstraße 2 Grünbrücke – Stettenhofen
• Bundesstraße 10 Grünbrücke – Ruppertsweiler
• Bundesstraße 15 Grünbrücke (2019) – Wölflkofen
• Bundesstraße 19 Grünbrücke – near Waltenhofen
• Bundesstraße 27 Grünbrücke – Waake-West
• Bundesstraße 28a Grünbrücke – near Schopfloch
• Bundesstraße 29 Grünbrücke: two – both near Schorndorf
• Bundesstraße 31 Grünbrücke – near Ludwigshafen
• Bundesstraße 33 Grünbrücke – near Radolfzell
• Bundesstraße 38 Grünbrücke – near Birkenau
• Bundesstraße 62 Grünbrücke – near Biedenkopf
• Bundesstraße 64 Grünbrücke – near Altenbeken
• Bundesstraße 96 Grünbrücke – near Miltzow
• Bundesstraße 101 Grünbrücke – near Luckenwalde
• Bundesstraße 178n Grünbrücke – near Obercunnersdorf
• Bundesstraße 207 Grünbrücke – near Lübeck
• Bundesstraße 295 Grünbrücke – Leonberg
• Bundesstraße 464 Grünbrücke – near Böblingen
• Landesstraße 361 Grünbrücke – near Bergheim
• Autobahn 5 Grünbrücke – Freiburg

Autobahn 5 Grünbrücke near Freiburg – Source: baden-wuerttemberg.de

Greece

• E90/Egnatia Motorway Green Bridge

India

• Five (5) ecoducts planned on planned Mumbai-Delhi Motorway to maintain linkages between the Ranthambore and Mukundra (Darrah) wildlife sanctuaries

Ireland

• M17 Motorway Ecoduct (2017) – Coole Park Nature Reserve/Galway

Israel

• Highway 1 Eco-Bridge – between Tel Aviv and Jérusalem

Kenya

• Moi North Lake Road Wildlife Overpass (2021) – Eburu Forest

Latvia

• Four (4) Ecoducts proposed as part of the Rail Baltica project

Luxembourg

• Roost Wildlife Crossing (2001) – Mersch
• Rengelbur Wildlife Crossing (2015) – Steinsel
• A3 Bettembourg Ecoduct (2021) = 167 feet wide x 236 feet long – added 1/18/26

A3 Bettembourg Ecoduct- Source: gio.lu

Malaysia

• N9 Overpass Crossing – Seremban
• N9 Overpass Crossing – Port Dickson

Netherlands

• Woeste Hoeve Wildlife Crossing (1988) – Apeldoorn
• A50/Terlet Wildlife Crossing (1988) – Arnhem
• Ecoduct Boerskotten (1992) – Boerskotten
• Ecoduct Harm van de Veen: two (1999) – Veluwe National Park
• Ecoduct The Borkeld (2003) – De Borkeld Nature Reserve
• Natuurbrug Het Groene Woud (2003) –
• Ecoduct Leusderheide (2005) – Leusderheide
• Crailo Sand Quarry Nature Bridge (2006) – Hilversum
• Ecoduct Waterloo (2007) – Waterloo
• Ecoduct Beukbergen (2009) – Beukbergen
• Ecoduct Beesdsche Veld (2010) – Beesdsche Veld
• Hoog Buurlo Wildlife Crossing (2011) – Apeldoorn
• Ecoduct Hulshorst (2011) – Hulshorst
• Ecoduct Jac. P. Thijsse (2011) –
• Ecoduct Tolhuis (2011) – Tolhuis
• Ecoduct Wolfhezerheide (2011) – Wolfheserheide
• Ecoduct Mollebos (2012) – Mollebos
• Ecoduct Rumelaar (2012) – Rumelaar
• Ecoduct Huis ter Heide (2012) – Huis ter Heide
• Ecoduct Oud Reemst (2012) – Oud Reemst
• Squirrel Bridge (2012) – The Hague
• Ecoduct Ulingsheide (2012) – Wambach
• Ecoducten Bunderbosch/Kalverbosch: two (2013) – Bunderbosch and Kalverbosch
• N350/Ecoduct De Grimberg (2013) – De Grimberg
• Ecoduct Dwingelderveld (2013) – Dwingelderveld
• Ecoduct Twilhaar (2013) – Twilhaar
• Lutrapassage/Natrixpassage: two (2013)
• Natuurbrug Zandpoort (2013) – Zandpoort
• Ecocorridor Zwaluwenberg (2013) – Zwaluwenberg
• Ecoduct Zwaluwenberg (2013) – Zwaluwenberg
• Ecoduct Groote Heide (2014) – Groot Heide
• Ecoduct Herperduin (2014) – Herpeduin
• Ecoduct Kempengrens (2014) – Kempengrens
• Ecoduct Leenderbos (2014) – Leenderbos
• Ecoduct Maashorst (2014) – Maashorst
• Natuurbrugs Weerterbergen: two (2014) – Weerterbergen
• Ecoduct Boele Staal (2015) – Boele Staal
• Eco-aquaduct Zweth (2015) – Zweth
• Laarderhoogt Wildlife Crossings: two (2015) – Laren
• Natuurbrug Zeepoort (2016) – Zeepoort = 164 feet wide and 2,625 feet long
• Burgemeester Letschertbrug – Tilburg
• Ecoduct Autena – Autena
• Railway Ecoduct Duinport – Duinport
• Ecoduct Overjissel – Overjissel (see photo below)
• Ecoduct Slabroek – Slabroek
• Ecoduct Stiggeltie – Stiggeltie
• Ecoduct Suthwalda – Suthwalda
• Ecoduct Treeker Wissel – Treeker Wissel
• Ecombiduct Op de Kievit –
• Ecopassage Middachten – Middachten
• A1 Ecoduct in Rijessen (2004) – added 1/18/26

Overijissel Ecoduct in the Netherlands – Source: boredpanda.com

New Zealand

• Travis Wetland Wildlife Bridge (2018) – Christchurch (mixed foot and wildlife bridge)

Poland

• Autostrada A-1 Ecoduct – Lodz-Czestochowa section
• Autostrada A-4 Ecoduct: five (2001) – Krakow-Tarnow and Przylesie-Prady sections
• E-65 Ecoduct – 
• Autostrada A-2 Ecoducts: two – Dabie – Emilia and Ciosny sections
• Autostrada A-3 Ecoducts: two – Wolinski National Park
• National Road #5 Ecoduct – Rosnowek section
• National Road #11 Ecoduct – Poznan – Kurnic section
• S-5 Ring Road Ecoduct – Szubina 
• S-5 Expressway Ecoduct – Bydgoszcz-Strystek-Biale-Blota section
• S-8 Expressway Ecoduct – Radzymin Wyszkow, Wyszkow-Skuszew, and Wroclaw-Lodz section
• S-69 Expressway Ecoduct – Bielsko Biala-Zywiec-Zwardon section
• Autostrada A-4 Ecoducts – five additional Ecoducts in the Zgorzelec-Krzyżowa section

Romania

• One (1) ecoduct

Singapore

• Bukit Timah Expressway Eco-Link (2013) – Singapore, Singapore
• Mandai Wildlife Bridge (2019) – Singapore, Singapore

Slovakia

• Hôrka Wildlife Crossing – Hôrka
• Mengusovce Ecoduct –
• D2 Ecoduct (2016) – Moravský Svätý Ján
• National Raod 11 Ecoduct (proposed) – Svrcinovec

Slovenia

• A5/Brengova Ecoduct (2008) – Brengova
• Gančani Ecoduct (2008) – Murska Sobota
• A5/Lenart Ecoduct (2008) – Lenart
• A5/Mostje Ecoduct (2008) – Mostje
• Urbarialni Gozd Ecoduct (2008)

South Korea

• Fifty-five (55) ecoducts

Spain

• Nineteen (19), including:
• A2 Ecoduct – Barcelona
• Ecoduct – Menorca Island
• Ecoduct – Donana National Park
• High Speed Railway Ecoduct – Hostalric

Sweden

• E6 Motorway Ecoducts: two (2018) – Sandsjöbacka Nature Reserve/Gothenburg
• E4 Motorway Renoduct (2021) – Umea

Switzerland

• Neuwilen Wildlife Crossing (1992) – Neuwilen
• Wigoltingen Wildlife Crossing (1992) – Wigoltingen
• Bern/Grauholz Wildlife Crossing (1995) – Bern
• Brienzwiler Wildlife Crossing (1995) – Brienzwiler
• Kruezenlingen Wildlife Crossing (1999) – Kruzenlingen
• Rüthi Wildlife Crossing (1999) – Rüthi
• Feusisberg Wildlife Crossing (2000) – Feusisberg
• Chaumes Wildlife Crossing (2001) – Chaumes
• Giswil Wildlife Crossing (2001) – Giswil
• Replanes Wildlife Crossing (2001) – Replanes
• Stock Wildlife Crossing (2001) – Biel
• Isenberg Ecoduct/Tunnel (2009) – Zurich
• Le Maira Wildlife Crossing (2011) – Basse-Allaine
• Les Combes Wildlife Crossing (2014) – Courtedoux
• Brienzwiler Wildlife Crossing – Brienzwiler
• Font Wildlife Crossing – Font
• Henggart/Loterbuck Wildlife Crossing – Henggart/Loterbuck
• Henggart/Rütibuck Wildlife Crossing – Henggart/Rütibuck

Thailand

• Suwinthawong Road 304 Wildlife Overpass (2019) – Khao Yai and Thap Lan National Parks

Turkiye

• Ankara – Adana Highway Ecoduct (pre-2011) –
• Northern Marmara Highway Ecoduct (2016) – Istanbul

North Marmara Highway Ecoduct in Turkiye – Source:

United Kingdom

• Scotney Castle Green Bridge (2006) – Kent, England
• Aberdeen Periphery Road Ecoduct #1 – Kingcausie, Scotland
• Aberdeen Periphery Road Ecoduct #2 – Kirkhill, Scotland
• A556 near Chester, England – added 1/18/26
• M25 Junction near Wisley, England – added 1/18/26
• High Speed Rail 2/Turweston Green Bridge (2025) near Brackley, England = 325 feet wide – added 1/18/26
• A30/Marazanvose Green Bridge (2025) in Cornwall, England = 41 feet wide/161 feet long – added 1/18/26
• A417 Missing Link near Gloucester, England (2027) = 121 feet wide – added 1/18/26

United States

• Nutty Narrows Squirrel Bridge (1963) – Longview, Washington
• I-15 Wildlife Overpass (1975) – Beaver, Utah
• I-78 Watchung Wildlife Crossings: two (1970s) – Watchung Wildlife Reservation, New Jersey
• U.S. 93 Wildlife Crossing Overpass (2010)- Wells, Nevada
• US 93 Wildlife Overpasses: three (2010) – north of Kingman, Arizona
• US 93 Wildlife Overpass “Animal Bridge” (2010) – Flathead Indian Reservation, Montana
• Bruce Camp Memorial Squirrel Bridge (2011) – Longview, Washington
• John R. Dick Squirrel Bridge (2012) – Longview, Washington
• I-70 Wildlife Crossing (2012) – East Vail Pass, Colorado
• US 191/Trappers Point Overpass (2012) – Pinedale, Wyoming
• OBEC “Woodie” Squirrel Bridge (2013) – Longview, Washington
• I-80/Silver Zone Wildlife Overpass (2013) = 2 x 65 feet long – West Wendover, Nevada
• Safety Awareness Squirrel Bridge (2015) – Longview, Washington
• Lewis & Clark replica Squirrel Bridge (post 2015) – Longview, Washington
• Fremont replica Squirrel Bridge (post 2015) – Longview, Washington
• CO-9 Wildlife Overpasses: two – North and South (2016) – Kremmling, Colorado
• Oracle Road Wildlife Bridge (2016) – Tucson, Arizona
• I-11 Wildlife Overpass (2018) – Boulder City, Nevada
• I-80/Parleys Canyon Overpass (2019) – Park City, Utah
• I-90 Wildlife Bridge near Snoqualmie Pass, Washington – added 1/17/26
• Robert L.B. Tobin Land Bridge (2020) – San Antonio, Texas
• US 101/Liberty Canyon Wildlife Overpass (2026) = 210 feet long – Los Angeles, California – *Single 210-foot span – world’s largest wildlife overpass when completed
• US 160 Wildlife Overpass (2021)- Chimney Rock National Monument, Colorado
• ID-21/Cervidae Peak Wildlife Overpass (2024) – Idaho
• US 93/Animal’s Way Overpass near Evaro, Montana = 197 feet wide – added 1/17/26
• I-8 in Ko Pah Gorge (?) California – added 3/17/24
• I-90 near Osborn, Idaho (2025) = 150 feet wide – added 1/17/26
• I-25 in Larkspur, Colorado (2025) = 200 feet wide x 209 feet long – added 1/17/26 – see below*

*”The overpass is the single largest bridge structure for wildlife in North America and one of the largest in the world at 200 feet wide and 209 feet long covering 41,800 square feet, nearly an acre.” – Source: governors office.colorado.gov

• I-17/Willard Springs Overpass south of Flagstaff, Arizona (2026) – added 1/17/26
• WA-20/Red Cabin Creek Overpass, near Sedro-Wooley, Washington (2028) – added 1/17/26
• US 101 at Rocks Ranch/Liberty Canyon (2030+/-) – California – added 3/17/24
• I-5 at Siskiyou Summit (proposed) – Oregon – added 3/17/24
• US 550 near Cuba, New Mexico (proposed) – added 1/17/26
• US 93/People’s Way Overpass near Ninepipe NWMA (proposed) – added 1/17/26

Those seen by post author in the USA and Canada are shown in italics.

Liberty Canyon Wildlife Overpass – California – Source: usatoday.com

SOURCES:

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• https://www.thestar.com.my/news/regional/2019/06/27/chinas-first-wildlife-overpass-to-open
• https://faunacrossings.com.au/
• Database A B C D E F G H I J K L M N 1 Doc Ref Source Date …http://publications.naturalengland.org.uk
• https://projekter.aau.dk/projekter/files/198359737/Speciale.pdf
• https://www.baden-wuerttemberg.de/de/service/presse/pressemitteilung/pid/wiedervernetzungsmassnahmen-an-der-a5-suedwestlich-von-freiburg-1/
• https://www.fws.gov/story/2024-03/idahos-new-wildlife-overpass-improves-public-safety-and-wildlife-migration
• https://www.opb.org/article/2023/10/02/southern-oregon-wildlife-crossing-federal-funding/
• https://www.latimes.com/california/story/2023-06-15/proposed-bay-area-wildlife-crossing-latest-conservationist-efforts-to-save-california-pumas
• https://ashland.news/wildlife-crossing-planned-for-siskiyou-summit/
• https://storymaps.arcgis.com/stories/75e46d219acb4873855a988045cec514
• https://governorsoffice.colorado.gov/governor/news/cdot-completes-construction-i-25-greenland-wildlife-overpass-north-americas-largest-wildlife
• https://azdot.gov/projects/northcentral-district-projects/i-17-willard-springs-wildlife-overpass
• https://azdot.gov/sites/default/files/2025-04/flyer-i-17-willard-springs-wildlife-overpass.pdf
• https://www.wildlandsnetwork.org/newsroom/wildlife-crossing-pilot-program-announcement-2024
• https://idfg.idaho.gov/article/osburn-wildlife-overpass-safe-passage-wildlife-and-drivers
• https://www.hcn.org/issues/57-11/for-wildlife-a-new-bridge-to-nowhere/
• https://www.fws.gov/story/2024-03/idahos-new-wildlife-overpass-improves-public-safety-and-wildlife-migration
• https://flatheadbeacon.com/2023/12/23/cskt-receive-grant-to-construct-wildlife-overpass-spanning-u-s-highway-93/
• https://dailymontanan.com/2025/11/18/montana-wildlife-crossing-license-plate-revealed/#:~:text=In%202023%2C%20the%20CSKT%20received%20an%20$8.6,slated%20to%20include%20numerous%20wildlife%20crossing%20structures.
• https://www.scenicwa.com/poi/i-90-wildlife-bridge
• https://www.stillaguamish.com/natural-resources/wildlife-program/red-cabin-creek-wildlife-overpass-project/
• https://arc-solutions.org/article/i-80-wildlife-overpass-construction-begins/
• https://y2y.net/blog/new-canmore-wildlife-overpass-open/
• https://www.kob.com/new-mexico/nmdot-to-build-first-wildlife-overpass-near-cuba/
• https://www.bbc.com/news/articles/czey500jjx9o
• https://nationalhighways.co.uk/press/national-highways-increasing-palette-of-green-bridges/
• https://www.countryfile.com/environment/the-uks-biggest-wildlife-bridge-could-be-coming-to-gloucestershire
• https://www.borntoengineer.com/hs2-unveils-britains-largest-green-bridge-a-99m-wide-wildlife-crossing-near-brackley#:~:text=The%20HS2%20project%20in%20the%20UK%20has,concrete%20slabs%20*%20A%20footpath%20and%20bridleway
• https://www.atlasobscura.com/places/natuurbrug-zanderij-crailoo
• https://www.zja.nl/en/Ecoduct-De-Borkeld
• https://www.gio.lu/en/projets/a3-bettembourg-ecoduct
• https://www.sarens.com/about/news/sarens-plays-key-role-in-e-313-highway-bridge-replacement-enhancing-antwerp-infrastructure.htm
• https://www.swecobelgium.be/en/news/shovel-for-limburgs-eco-connections-goes-into-the-ground/
• https://www.swecobelgium.be/en/news/new-waaltjesbos-ecoduct-connects-nature-reserves-in-limburg/
• https://wegenenverkeer.be/werken/ecoduct-boslaan-n75

#1 #11 #2 #40 #5 #animalBridges #animals #bridges #ecoBridges #ecoLinks #ecoducts #ecopont #ecosystems #faunaBridges #Grünbrücke #greenBridges #landBridges #nature #natureBridges #overcrossings #ropeBridges #wildlife #wildlifeOverpasses

DrWeb’s Top Ten Christmas Movies…

DrWeb’s Top Ten Christmas Movies – 2025 update

National Lampoon’s Christmas Vacation (Photo credit: Wikipedia)

[originally published 12/24 in 2004, from my old blog]

Here’s my favorite Christmas movies, with links to see more about them at the Internet Movie Database..

I know I said top ten, but I’m adding a movie to the mix this year, let’s call it an extra listing #11.. see below.. if you haven’t seen the “Office Christmas Party,” settle in for some hilarious, over-the-top spoofing of holiday parties and office culture…

enjoy the holidays…

1) A Christmas Carol – The early version from 1951 with Alastair Sim is still my favorite, and favorite version of this Dickens’ tale…

2) National Lampoon’s Christmas Vacation – The Griswald Family Christmas is a holiday fun treat, with enough silly gags, laughs, and even risque fun.. there’s nothing like an old-fashioned family Christmas…

3) Christmas in Connecticut – Old black and white that never fails to make me laugh, and tug at the heartstrings.. yes, sentimental but a favorite…

4) Love Actually – New onto my list this year, I can’t quite get that Christmas is All Around song out of my head, nor the criss-star-crossed lovers in this homage to British love in all its variety.. a new holiday favorite.. and I want the soundtrack CD…

5) Serendipity – Another romantic comedy, which happens to take place in part at Christmas.. it’s magical, lyrical, funny, and lifts you up where you belong…

6) A Christmas Carol – To my mind, this version with Patrick Stewart steals the thunder of classic-redone well, and puts to shame some other versions other there.. for a modern retelling with power, try this one.. made for tv, but looks very good…

7) Home Alone – The original still sings a tale of lonely boy, loser criminals, and a lost family, at Christmastime.. good, and pass on the sequels…

8) A Christmas Story – Hilarious romp in the 1940s with a boy, a BB gun, Santa, elves, dogs eating turkey, and more…

9) It’s a Wonderful Life – No list would be complete for Christmas without this favorite look at life without *you* and the magic we all make in each life we touch.. always good to view on Christmas Eve…

10) White Christmas – Irving Berlin’s music, Danny Kaye and Bing Crosby and some wonderful ladies led by Rosemary Clooney make a holiday winner.. complete with shows, trains, snow, and post-WWII moments to reflect on…

11) Office Christmas Party – “When his uptight CEO sister threatens to shut down his branch, the branch manager throws an epic Christmas party in order to land a big client and save the day, but the party gets way out of hand…” -IMDB ..it’s wild and wacky, but somehow, it all works.. maybe don’t show to the whole family, has some rough language, etc. But, I laugh every time I watch…

Merry Christmas Eve to all, and to all, a good night…

Dec 24, 2004 10:47:41 AM | Current Affairs, Film #11 #2025Update #Blog #ChristmasMovies #DrWeb #DrWebSDomain #TopTen

PEASEC 2025: The Year: 3 Completed PhDs (Governing (In)Security, Threat Intelligence, Information Sovereignty), Conclusion as Dean, New Positions, 7 Awards

Dear Members, Collaborators and Friends of PEASEC,

As 2025 draws to a close, we thank you for your continued support. In a year shaped by ongoing global challenges, our work aims to contribute – however modestly – to addressing them:

• Doctoral Theses: We celebrated the successful defense of 3 doctorates of Dr. Stefka Schmid (Governing (In)Security), Dr. Philipp Kühn (Threat Intelligence) and Dr. Tom Biselli (Information Sovereignty).
• Staff Developments: We welcomed new research associates (Dr. Ephraim Zimmer, Simon Althaus, Tim Fischer, Helen Bader), a new guest professor (Prof. Dr. Ira Helsloot), a new deputy professor (Vertr.-Prof. Dr. Katrin Hartwig) and many new student assistants. Our secretary Birgit Schmidt retired, and Dr. Sebastian Linsner, Dr. Stefka Schmid and Dr. Tom Biselli moved on.
• Leadership Transition: Prof. Christian Reuter concluded his term as dean and was appointed vice-director of emergenCITY and as GI ambassador.
• Publications and Awards: Our team published over 50 papers, including 18 in top-tier venues, and received multiple prestigious awards, such as 2 CHI Honorable Mention Awards.
• Projects and Outreach: We completed projects, shared research at major conferences, and were featured in national and regional media.

All of this has only been possible thanks to our strong team and dedicated network. Thank you for being part of our journey throughout 2025.

Wishing you a peaceful holiday season and a successful start into the New Year. We look forward to continuing our collaboration in 2026!

Warm regards,
The PEASEC Team

Doctoral Theses

• In 2025 three doctoral candidates successfully completed their doctorates in our group:
  • #10: Dr. phil. Stefka Schmid on Governing (In)Security,
  • #11: Dr.-Ing. Philipp Kühn on Proactive Cyber Threat Intelligence,
  • #12: Dr. rer. nat. Tom Biselli on Individual Information Sovereignty
  • We are pleased that early this year we have surpassed the milestone of 10 doctoral graduates – trying to reach the milestone of 15 in 2026.

Promotion (#10) Dr. phil. Stefka Schmid Promotion (#11) Dr.-Ing. Philipp Kühn Promotion (#12) Dr. rer. nat. Tom Biselli

Staff Developments

• We welcomed new staff, especially our new research associates Dr. rer. nat. Ephraim Zimmer, Simon Althaus, M.Sc., Tim Fischer, M.Sc. as well as Helen Bader, M.A.. Additionally, we welcomed numerous new student assistants throughout the year.
• Over the course of this year, Dr.-Ing. Sebastian Linsner (LKA NRW), Dr. phil. Stefka Schmid (Aalto University, Finland) and Dr. rer. nat. Tom Biselli (Aalborg University, Denmark) have successfully completed their work with us and moved on. After nearly 8 years in our group our secretary Birgit Schmidt is now retiring. We sincerely thank you for all your dedication and wish you all the very best for the future!
• Furthermore, many former student assistants graduated. We like to thank them for their achievements and commitment!

Dr. rer. nat. Ephraim Zimmer (PostDoc) Simon Althaus, M.Sc. (WiMi/Doc) Tim Fischer, M.Sc. (WiMi/Doc) Helen Bader, M.A. (WiMi/Doc) Dr.-Ing. Sebastian Linsner (WiMi 18-25) Dr. phil. Stefka Schmid (WiMi 20-25, HiWi 18-20) Dr. rer. nat. Tom Biselli (PostDoc) Birgit Schmidt, B.A. (Office 18-25)

Leadership

• Leadership Transition at TU Darmstadt’s Department of Computer Science: Christian Reuter concluded his four-year term as Dean/Vice Dean of the Department of Computer Science at TU Darmstadt. The Department looks back on an intense period marked by significant faculty growth over two years (12 new appointments, 22 regular professors at the beginning), personnel reorganization in the Dean’s office, secured special developments, and notable academic achievements.
• Christian Reuter was appointed vice-director of emergenCITY and as GI ambassador.

Dekan Prof. Dr. Dr. Christian Reuter beglückwünscht die Absolvent*innen in seiner Ansprache. Fachbereichssommerkolloquium 2023

Teaching

• We supervised around 30 successfully completed Bachelor’s and Master’s theses.
• We welcomed Prof. Dr. Ira Helsloot as guest professor in summer semester 2025, where he taught the course Cyber Incident Preparation and Response on decision-making during cyber incidents.
• Dr. Katrin Hartwig has been appointed as deputy professor (Vertretungsprofessor) for the winter semester 2025/2026 (1.10.2025-31.3.2026) to represent the W3 professorship ‘Knowledge Engineering’ at the Department of Computer Science at TU Darmstadt.

Informatik und Gesellschaft (IuG) Successful Lecture: Secure Critical Infrastructures

Publications and Awards

• During 2025, we published over 50 scientific publications – including 18 so-called ‘A-Papers’ (CORE-A*/A or high impact factor) (you can access these below).
• We are very grateful to have been selected for some prestigious awards:
  • the CHI Honorable Mention Awards 2025 for two full papers by PEASEC researchers (in previous years: CHI Best Paper Award 2024 and CHI Best Paper Award 2023):
    • “Towards Youth-Sensitive Hateful Content Reporting: An Inclusive Focus Group Study in Germany”
      Authors: Julian Bäumler, Helen Bader, Dr. Marc-André Kaufhold, Prof. Dr. Dr. Christian Reuter
    • “The User Perspective on Island-Ready 6G Communication: A Survey of Future Smartphone Usage in Crisis-Struck Areas with Local Cellular Connectivity”
      Authors: Leon Janzen, Florentin Putz, Dr. Marc-André Kaufhold, Kolja Straub, Prof. Dr. Matthias Hollick (in collaboration with SEEMOO)
  • the Award for Outstanding Scientific Achievements of Vereinigung von Freunden der Technischen Universität zu Darmstadt e.V. for the PhD thesis of Dr. Katrin Hartwig
  • the Freudenberg Award (10.000€) – Digital Science for the master’s thesis of Helen Bader, M.A.
  • the Prize for Sustainability and Interdisciplinarity for eHUB Living Lab for the emergenCITY eHUB team, from our group: Markus Henkel, Dr. Steffen Haesler (alumni), Prof. Dr. Dr. Christian Reuter
  • the IANUS Prize 2025 for scientific and technical peace and conflict research for Dr. Tom Biselli and Anna-Maria Kugler, M.Sc

CHI’25 Honorable Mention Awards Prize for Sustainability and Interdisciplinarity for eHUB Living Lab Award for Outstanding Scientific Achievements of Vereinigung vo… Freudenberg Award Die Preisträgerinnen und Preisträger (v.l.n.r.):Lukas Struppek, Johanna Berger, Tom Biselli, Anna-Maria Kugler mit den Betreuer:innen und der IANUS-Gruppe

Projects, Events and Outreach

• We (co-)organised and contributed to various scientific events and conferences, presenting our research on crisis preparedness and digital rights at international venues. PEASEC researchers were involved in award-winning interdisciplinary projects such as the eHUB, shared insights at the BBK conference in Bonn, and joined global debates at RightsCon 2025 in Taipei.
• We successfully completed the project NEBULA (User-centered AI-based detection of fake news and misinformation) and will start ATHENE-CYNTRA (Towards an Effective Multi-Label Classification and Model Auditing Ecosystem for Combatting Textual Online Hate Speech) in 2026!
• In addition, our work received attention in national and regional media such as FAZ, hessenschau, Darmstädter Echo and Mainzer Zeitung, underlining the societal relevance of our research on disinformation, resilience and digital security.

Können Fake News die Wahl beeinflussen? Interview für Darmstädter Echo, Mainzer Zeitung, Wiesbadener Kurier, Wormser Zeitung, Wetzlarer Neue Zeitung PEASEC at the 13th RightsCon: Standing Up for Digital Rights PEASEC at the BBK Conference: Research on Smart Homes and Civil Protection

News 2025

Highlights 2025

2025 (54)

• 18.12. | Scientific Advice Mechanism to the European Commission with Professor Reuter as co-author publishes “The role of artificial intelligence in emergency and crisis management”
• 15.12. | PEASEC 2025: The Year: 3 Completed PhDs (Governing (In)Security, Threat Intelligence, Information Sovereignty), Conclusion as Dean, New Positions, 7 Awards
• 13.12. | Forschungsprojekt NEBULA erfolgreich abgeschlossen – Abschlussveranstaltung „Sicher. Souverän. Vernetzt.“
• 13.12. | Hessisches Forschungszentrum „TraCe“ mit Beteiligung von PEASEC geht in die zweite Förderphase
• 05.12. | PEASEC is hiring: PhD position
• 01.12. | New PhD Position in HCI in our new project Human-AI Collaboration for Cybersecurity
• 26.11. | IANUS-Preise 2025: Vier Arbeiten zu Biodiversität, Informations-Souveränität, KI-Ethik sowie Kontrolle autonomer Systeme ausgezeichnet
• 26.11. | Funk: Der geheime Kampf ums Internet – Unterseekabel im Fokus moderner Sicherheitspolitik
• 19.11. | Fachgespräch „Dual-Use Forschungsförderung – Zivilklauseln – Wie weiter?“
• 17.11. | Report: EU Non-Proliferation and Disarmament Conference 2025
• 14.11. | FiF-Einladung TU intern: Interdisziplinärer DenkRaum “Sicherheitsrelevante Forschung: Woran forschen wir an der TU Darmstadt?” am 11. Februar 2026!
• 07.11. | CNTR Monitor 2025 on technology and arms control published
• 03.11. | 80 Jahre Hiroshima und die Verantwortung der Wissenschaft: Fast 200 Teilnehmende bei Diskussion zu Manhattan-Projekt, Dual Use und Zivilklausel
• 06.10. | Substitute Professorship for Dr. Katrin Hartwig in Winter Semester 2025-2026
• 01.10. | 12. Ringvorlesung Sichere Kritische Infrastrukturen im WS 2025/2026
• 01.10. | Veranstaltung: 80 Jahre Hiroshima und die Verantwortung der Wissenschaft – Vortrag und Diskussion
• 12.09. | Vorstandswechsel bei FONAS: Dank an Dr. Thea Riebe und Wahl von Prof. Dr. Dr. Christian Reuter
• 11.09. | Research on Countering Harmful Content – Julian Bäumler at the Prevention Day of the Ministry of the Interior Rhineland-Palatinate
• 27.08. | FAZ: Wie sich Unterseekabel besser schützen lassen
• 03.08. | Freudenberg Award – Digital Science für PEASEC Masterarbeit von Helen Bader
• 08.07. | “Code of Courage” at the Exhibition (In)Visibility of Violence – Shedding Light on Hidden Harms
• 25.06. | Pizzatime Tech Podcast: #171 – Peace + Security = PEASEC?! Frieden, Sicherheit & IT an der TU Darmstadt
• 18.06. | Cable Diplomacy: Policy Brief authored by PEASEC’s Jonas Franken for Heinrich-Böll-Stiftung
• 13.06. | Individual Information Sovereignty: User Perspectives and Digital Interventions for Navigating Privacy and Misinformation – Congratulations to *Dr. rer. nat* Tom Biselli on His Successful Doctoral Defense (#12)
• 10.06. | Award for Outstanding Scientific Achievements of Vereinigung von Freunden der Technischen Universität zu Darmstadt e.V. for Dr. Katrin Hartwig
• 30.05. | Prize for Sustainability and Interdisciplinarity for eHUB Living Lab
• 27.05. | Call for Submissions Now Open: International Conference on Resilient Systems 2026 – “Resilience in an Age of Disruption”
• 12.05. | Professor Christian Reuter Appointed GI Ambassador (GI-Botschafter, ehem. GI-Vertrauensdozent) for TU Darmstadt
• 05.05. | 80 Years Since the End of World War II: Remembrance, Responsibility, and the Role of Digital Peace Research
• 23.04. | Achieving Depth: UNIDIR Report on Subsea Cables Realeased, Co-Authored by PEASEC’s Jonas Franken
• 09.04. | Special Issue in i-com published – Journal of Interactive Media: Usable Safety and Security
• 08.04. | Special Issue in ZeFKo published: Technology and the Transformation of Political Violence
• 28.03. | Christian Reuter concludes as Dean of the Department of Computer Science at TU Darmstadt
• 27.03. | PEASEC-Stellenangebot: Studentische Mitarbeiter:innen / Student Assistants (m/w/d)
• 27.03. | Special Issue in Behaviour & Information Technology released: Combating Information Warfare
• 26.03. | Proactive Cyber Threat Intelligence: Automating the Intelligence Life Cycle based on Open Sources – Congratulations to *Dr. -Ing.* Philipp Kühn on His Successful Doctoral Defense (#11)
• 25.03. | TU Darmstadt at CHI 2025: Double Honorable Mention and Overall Nine Accepted Full Papers including four from our PEASEC group
• 21.03. | Call for Papers: 12. Workshop “Mensch-Maschine-Interaktion in sicherheitskritischen Systemen” – Mensch und Computer, Chemnitz (MuC’25)
• 13.03. | Smart Homes as Saviors in Times of Need – PEASEC researchers in emergenCITY investigated whether automatic responses from a smart home are perceived as annoying or helpful in the event of danger (FAZ-article)
• 03.03. | The EU Action Plan on Cable Security – FAS Interview with Jonas Franken (PEASEC)
• 27.02. | Prof. Dr. Ira Helsloot Joins PEASEC as Guest Professor for Summer Semester 2025 and provides course “Cyber Incident Preparation and Response”
• 27.02. | Arms Race or Innovation Race? “Geopolitics” Article on AI trending
• 27.02. | PEASEC at the 13th RightsCon: Standing Up for Digital Rights
• 24.02. | Digitale Gewalt gegen Aktivist:innen: Risiken und mögliche Handlungsmöglichkeiten
• 20.02. | PEASEC at the BBK Conference: Research on Smart Homes and Civil Protection
• 14.02. | Subsea Data Cable Repairs: Jonas Franken Interviewed by MIT Tech Review
• 31.01. | Celebrating 10 Completed Doctoral Theses at PEASEC (#1-10)!
• 31.01. | Governing (In)Security: Socio-technical Interactions in International Relations – Congratulations to *Dr. phil.* Stefka Schmid on Her Successful Doctoral Defense (#10)
• 30.01. | Arms Race or Innovation Race? Artikel zu KI in „Geopolitics“ erschienen
• 27.01. | Code of Courage: A Comic About Digital Security for Activists
• 16.01. | Interviews im SRF: Seekabel nach Zwischenfällen in der Ostsee im Fokus der Politik
• 15.01. | Grauzonen des Wahrheitsgehalts: Wie Technologie im Umgang mit Desinformation unterstützen kann – PEASEC-Artikel im GI Radar
• 10.01. | Ausschreibung: IANUS-Preis 2025 für naturwissenschaftlich-technische Friedens- und Konfliktforschung
• 06.01. | Können Fake News die Wahl beeinflussen? Interview für Darmstädter Echo, Mainzer Zeitung, Wiesbadener Kurier, Wormser Zeitung, Wetzlarer Neue Zeitung 

A-Paper 2025

(CORE≥A v VHB≥A v WKWI≥A v Thomson Reuters JIF≥1 v GI-CSCW≥A)

2025

Christian Reuter, Amanda Lee Hughes, Cody Buntain (2025)
Combating Information Warfare: State and Trends in User-Centered Countermeasures against Fake News and Misinformation
Behaviour & Information Technology (BIT) ;44(13):3348–3361. doi:10.1080/0144929X.2024.2442486
[BibTeX] [Abstract] [Download PDF]

The rise of fake news and misinformation in the digital age poses serious risks for individuals and society, particularly during crises like the Israel-Hamas war, the Russian-Ukraine war, or the COVID-19 pandemic. Misinformation serves as a tool to manipulate public opinion and create discord. Vulnerability to manipulation increases in online spaces during crises, where authoritative information is scarce. Emergency management, public health, political and public administration, as well as media professionals and citizens express concern and seek solutions to enhance information quality during such critical times. This article highlights user-centred approaches to countering fake news and misinformation, tracing their historical evolution from ancient Greece to the present, focussing on their relevance during the COVID-19 crisis and in contemporary information warfare. It describes the vulnerability of audiences to misinformation and outlines prevailing trends in user-centred countermeasures. This article also introduces recent research on the effectiveness of media literacy interventions on truth discernment, a cross-cultural comparison of the perception of negative consequences and the injunctive norm, a comparison of video and text to promote lateral reading in adolescents, content-specific indicators on Twitter from a user perspective, a learning system for detecting misinformation as well as ethical and security considerations in automated detection.

@article{reuter_combating_2025, title = {Combating {Information} {Warfare}: {State} and {Trends} in {User}-{Centered} {Countermeasures} against {Fake} {News} and {Misinformation}}, volume = {44}, issn = {0144-929X}, url = {https://doi.org/10.1080/0144929X.2024.2442486}, doi = {10.1080/0144929X.2024.2442486}, abstract = {The rise of fake news and misinformation in the digital age poses serious risks for individuals and society, particularly during crises like the Israel-Hamas war, the Russian-Ukraine war, or the COVID-19 pandemic. Misinformation serves as a tool to manipulate public opinion and create discord. Vulnerability to manipulation increases in online spaces during crises, where authoritative information is scarce. Emergency management, public health, political and public administration, as well as media professionals and citizens express concern and seek solutions to enhance information quality during such critical times. This article highlights user-centred approaches to countering fake news and misinformation, tracing their historical evolution from ancient Greece to the present, focussing on their relevance during the COVID-19 crisis and in contemporary information warfare. It describes the vulnerability of audiences to misinformation and outlines prevailing trends in user-centred countermeasures. This article also introduces recent research on the effectiveness of media literacy interventions on truth discernment, a cross-cultural comparison of the perception of negative consequences and the injunctive norm, a comparison of video and text to promote lateral reading in adolescents, content-specific indicators on Twitter from a user perspective, a learning system for detecting misinformation as well as ethical and security considerations in automated detection.}, number = {13}, journal = {Behaviour \& Information Technology (BIT)}, author = {Reuter, Christian and Hughes, Amanda Lee and Buntain, Cody}, year = {2025}, keywords = {Crisis, HCI, Peace, Projekt-NEBULA, A-Paper, Ranking-CORE-A, Ranking-ImpactFactor, SocialMedia}, pages = {3348--3361}, }

Thea Riebe, Anja-Liisa Gonsior, Lilian Reichert, Christian Reuter (2025)
Envisioning Human-Machine Interaction in Future Warfare: Defence Industry Narratives on Human Control of Autonomous Weapon Systems
Global Society ;39(4):421–445. doi:10.1080/13600826.2024.2436966
[BibTeX] [Abstract] [Download PDF]

The development of artificial intelligence and autonomous functions in the military domain has an immense impact on technologies being developed by the private defence industry. Defence firms contribute to the narratives and visions on autonomous weapon systems and the future of warfare, e.g. in the form of strategic marketing of their products. However, their role has so far been understudied, especially regarding autonomous weapon systems. As the normative debate revolves around aspects of human control, this work examines the narratives of (meaningful) human control in the marketing of autonomous military systems by defence manufacturers. Based on a comprehensive content analysis of twenty defence firms, we identified three main narratives, which envision autonomy as a military advantage, the role of the human in the future of warfare, and human-machine teaming. Based on the results, we argue that defence companies reproduce and adapt narratives which shape expectations and visions of human control of autonomous weapon systems in anticipation of emerging norms for (meaningful) human control. However, without specifications and verification mechanisms, there is no indication that human control will be meaningful.

@article{riebe_envisioning_2025, title = {Envisioning {Human}-{Machine} {Interaction} in {Future} {Warfare}: {Defence} {Industry} {Narratives} on {Human} {Control} of {Autonomous} {Weapon} {Systems}}, volume = {39}, issn = {1360-0826}, url = {https://doi.org/10.1080/13600826.2024.2436966}, doi = {10.1080/13600826.2024.2436966}, abstract = {The development of artificial intelligence and autonomous functions in the military domain has an immense impact on technologies being developed by the private defence industry. Defence firms contribute to the narratives and visions on autonomous weapon systems and the future of warfare, e.g. in the form of strategic marketing of their products. However, their role has so far been understudied, especially regarding autonomous weapon systems. As the normative debate revolves around aspects of human control, this work examines the narratives of (meaningful) human control in the marketing of autonomous military systems by defence manufacturers. Based on a comprehensive content analysis of twenty defence firms, we identified three main narratives, which envision autonomy as a military advantage, the role of the human in the future of warfare, and human-machine teaming. Based on the results, we argue that defence companies reproduce and adapt narratives which shape expectations and visions of human control of autonomous weapon systems in anticipation of emerging norms for (meaningful) human control. However, without specifications and verification mechanisms, there is no indication that human control will be meaningful.}, number = {4}, journal = {Global Society}, author = {Riebe, Thea and Gonsior, Anja-Liisa and Reichert, Lilian and Reuter, Christian}, year = {2025}, keywords = {HCI, Peace, Projekt-TraCe, A-Paper, Ranking-ImpactFactor, AuswahlPeace, Projekt-ATHENE-CyAware, Student}, pages = {421--445}, }

Enno Steinbrink, Laura Guntrum, Christian Reuter (2025)
Smartphone and ICT Use Among Ukrainian Refugees: Technology Support during War, Flight, and Adaptation in Germany
Proceedings of the ACM: Human Computer Interaction (PACM): Computer-Supported Cooperative Work and Social Computing (CSCW). doi:10.1145/3711067
[BibTeX] [Abstract] [Download PDF]

In conflict-ridden environments, timely and accurate information is critical for those dealing with the dynamic of events. When individuals have to flee, it becomes evident that refugees frequently rely on information and communication technologies (ICT) for information acquisition, travel coordination, and maintaining connections with related parties. Based on 17 interviews, this research explores how Ukrainian refugees, who sought protection in Germany due to the 2022 Russian full-scale invasion, use ICT before, during, and after their flight. By providing empirical findings, the results show in depth how contextual factors, such as infrastructural instability, privacy concerns and an advanced digitalization, interrelate with user behaviors. Analyzing the multifaceted civilian ICT use in the context of war and flight, this exploratory research contributes to the existing research on HCI in migration contexts and connects to several topics of CSCW. By contrasting case specifics, this work highlights what makes Ukraine a special case in this research area. Furthermore, this paper examines both existing and emerging affordances of ICT in the context of flight, and identifies the crucial role of messenger groups for information gathering in all phases of the flight. Lastly, collaborative dimensions of the identified affordances are discussed.

@article{steinbrink_smartphone_2025, title = {Smartphone and {ICT} {Use} {Among} {Ukrainian} {Refugees}: {Technology} {Support} during {War}, {Flight}, and {Adaptation} in {Germany}}, url = {https://www.peasec.de/paper/2025/2025_SteinbrinkGuntrumReuter_Ukraine_CSCW.pdf}, doi = {10.1145/3711067}, abstract = {In conflict-ridden environments, timely and accurate information is critical for those dealing with the dynamic of events. When individuals have to flee, it becomes evident that refugees frequently rely on information and communication technologies (ICT) for information acquisition, travel coordination, and maintaining connections with related parties. Based on 17 interviews, this research explores how Ukrainian refugees, who sought protection in Germany due to the 2022 Russian full-scale invasion, use ICT before, during, and after their flight. By providing empirical findings, the results show in depth how contextual factors, such as infrastructural instability, privacy concerns and an advanced digitalization, interrelate with user behaviors. Analyzing the multifaceted civilian ICT use in the context of war and flight, this exploratory research contributes to the existing research on HCI in migration contexts and connects to several topics of CSCW. By contrasting case specifics, this work highlights what makes Ukraine a special case in this research area. Furthermore, this paper examines both existing and emerging affordances of ICT in the context of flight, and identifies the crucial role of messenger groups for information gathering in all phases of the flight. Lastly, collaborative dimensions of the identified affordances are discussed.}, number = {CSCW}, journal = {Proceedings of the ACM: Human Computer Interaction (PACM): Computer-Supported Cooperative Work and Social Computing}, author = {Steinbrink, Enno and Guntrum, Laura and Reuter, Christian}, year = {2025}, note = {Place: New York, NY, USA Publisher: Association for Computing Machinery}, keywords = {Crisis, HCI, Projekt-TraCe, A-Paper, Ranking-CORE-A, UsableSec, Projekt-ATHENE, Projekt-GRKPrivacy}, }

Markus Bayer, Justin Lutz, Christian Reuter (2025)
ActiveLLM: Large Language Model-based Active Learning for Textual Few-Shot Scenarios
Transactions of the Association for Computational Linguistics (TACL) . doi:10.48550/arXiv.2405.10808
[BibTeX] [Abstract] [Download PDF]

Active learning is designed to minimize annotation efforts by prioritizing instances that most enhance learning. However, many active learning strategies struggle with a ‘coldstart’ problem, needing substantial initial data to be effective. This limitation reduces their utility in the increasingly relevant fewshot scenarios, where the instance selection has a substantial impact. To address this, we introduce ActiveLLM, a novel active learning approach that leverages Large Language Models such as GPT-4, o1, Llama 3, or Mistral Large for selecting instances. We demonstrate that ActiveLLM significantly enhances the classification performance of BERT classifiers in few-shot scenarios, outperforming traditional active learning methods as well as improving the few-shot learning methods ADAPET, PERFECT, and Set- Fit. Additionally, ActiveLLM can be extended to non-few-shot scenarios, allowing for iterative selections. In this way, ActiveLLM can even help other active learning strategies to overcome their cold-start problem. Our results suggest that ActiveLLM offers a promising solution for improving model performance across various learning setups.

@article{bayer_activellm_2025, title = {{ActiveLLM}: {Large} {Language} {Model}-based {Active} {Learning} for {Textual} {Few}-{Shot} {Scenarios}}, url = {https://arxiv.org/pdf/2405.10808}, doi = {10.48550/arXiv.2405.10808}, abstract = {Active learning is designed to minimize annotation efforts by prioritizing instances that most enhance learning. However, many active learning strategies struggle with a ‘coldstart’ problem, needing substantial initial data to be effective. This limitation reduces their utility in the increasingly relevant fewshot scenarios, where the instance selection has a substantial impact. To address this, we introduce ActiveLLM, a novel active learning approach that leverages Large Language Models such as GPT-4, o1, Llama 3, or Mistral Large for selecting instances. We demonstrate that ActiveLLM significantly enhances the classification performance of BERT classifiers in few-shot scenarios, outperforming traditional active learning methods as well as improving the few-shot learning methods ADAPET, PERFECT, and Set- Fit. Additionally, ActiveLLM can be extended to non-few-shot scenarios, allowing for iterative selections. In this way, ActiveLLM can even help other active learning strategies to overcome their cold-start problem. Our results suggest that ActiveLLM offers a promising solution for improving model performance across various learning setups.}, journal = {Transactions of the Association for Computational Linguistics (TACL)}, author = {Bayer, Markus and Lutz, Justin and Reuter, Christian}, year = {2025}, keywords = {A-Paper, Projekt-ATHENE-CyAware, Student, Security, UsableSec, Projekt-CYLENCE, CORE-A*}, }

Christian Reuter, Amanda Lee Hughes, Cody Buntain (2025)
Special Issue on Combating Information Warfare: User-Centered Countermeasures against Fake News and Misinformation – Behaviour & Information Technology (BIT)
Taylor & Francis.
[BibTeX] [Abstract]

The rise of fake news and misinformation in the digital age poses serious risks for individuals and society, particularly during crises like the Israel-Hamas war, the Russian-Ukraine war, or the COVID-19 pandemic. Misinformation serves as a tool to manipulate public opinion and create discord. Vulnerability to manipulation increases in online spaces during crises, where authoritative information is scarce. Emergency management, public health, political and public administration, as well as media professionals and citizens express concern and seek solutions to enhance information quality during such critical times. This article highlights user-centred approaches to countering fake news and misinformation, tracing their historical evolution from ancient Greece to the present, focussing on their relevance during the COVID-19 crisis and in contemporary information warfare. It describes the vulnerability of audiences to misinformation and outlines prevailing trends in user-centred countermeasures. This article also introduces recent research on the effectiveness of media literacy interventions on truth discernment, a cross-cultural comparison of the perception of negative consequences and the injunctive norm, a comparison of video and text to promote lateral reading in adolescents, content-specific indicators on Twitter from a user perspective, a learning system for detecting misinformation as well as ethical and security considerations in automated detection.

@book{reuter_special_2025, title = {Special {Issue} on {Combating} {Information} {Warfare}: {User}-{Centered} {Countermeasures} against {Fake} {News} and {Misinformation} - {Behaviour} \& {Information} {Technology} ({BIT})}, abstract = {The rise of fake news and misinformation in the digital age poses serious risks for individuals and society, particularly during crises like the Israel-Hamas war, the Russian-Ukraine war, or the COVID-19 pandemic. Misinformation serves as a tool to manipulate public opinion and create discord. Vulnerability to manipulation increases in online spaces during crises, where authoritative information is scarce. Emergency management, public health, political and public administration, as well as media professionals and citizens express concern and seek solutions to enhance information quality during such critical times. This article highlights user-centred approaches to countering fake news and misinformation, tracing their historical evolution from ancient Greece to the present, focussing on their relevance during the COVID-19 crisis and in contemporary information warfare. It describes the vulnerability of audiences to misinformation and outlines prevailing trends in user-centred countermeasures. This article also introduces recent research on the effectiveness of media literacy interventions on truth discernment, a cross-cultural comparison of the perception of negative consequences and the injunctive norm, a comparison of video and text to promote lateral reading in adolescents, content-specific indicators on Twitter from a user perspective, a learning system for detecting misinformation as well as ethical and security considerations in automated detection.}, publisher = {Taylor \& Francis}, author = {Reuter, Christian and Hughes, Amanda Lee and Buntain, Cody}, year = {2025}, note = {Publication Title: Behaviour \& Information Technology (BIT)}, keywords = {Crisis, HCI, Peace, A-Paper, Ranking-CORE-A, Ranking-ImpactFactor, SocialMedia}, }

Julian Bäumler, Thea Riebe, Marc-André Kaufhold, Christian Reuter (2025)
Harnessing Inter-Organizational Collaboration and Automation to Combat Online Hate Speech: A Qualitative Study with German Reporting Centers
Proceedings of the ACM: Human Computer Interaction (PACM): Computer-Supported Cooperative Work and Social Computing . doi:10.1145/3710991
[BibTeX] [Abstract] [Download PDF]

In Germany and other countries, specialized non-profit reporting centers combat online hate speech by submitting criminal content to law enforcement agencies, forwarding deletion requests to social media platforms, and providing counseling to victims, thus contributing to the governance mechanism of content moderation as intermediaries between victims and various organizations. Whereas research in computer-supported cooperative work has extensively explored collaboration of and automation for content moderators, there are no works that focus on reporting centers. Based on expert interviews with their staff (N=15), this study finds that most German centers share a collaborative workflow, of which multiple tasks are heavily dependent on inter-organizational exchange. However, there are differences in their implementation of monitoring, content assessment, automation technology adoption, and external collaborators. As the centers are faced with diverse challenges, such as borderline case assessment, psychological burdens, limited visibility, conflicting goals with other actors, and manual repetitive work, our study contributes with nine implications for designing and researching supportive technologies. They provide suggestions for improving hate speech gathering and reporting, researching hate speech prioritization and assessment algorithms, and designing case processing systems. Beyond that, we outline directions for research on inter-organizational collaboration.

@article{baumler_harnessing_2025, title = {Harnessing {Inter}-{Organizational} {Collaboration} and {Automation} to {Combat} {Online} {Hate} {Speech}: {A} {Qualitative} {Study} with {German} {Reporting} {Centers}}, url = {https://dl.acm.org/doi/10.1145/3710991}, doi = {10.1145/3710991}, abstract = {In Germany and other countries, specialized non-profit reporting centers combat online hate speech by submitting criminal content to law enforcement agencies, forwarding deletion requests to social media platforms, and providing counseling to victims, thus contributing to the governance mechanism of content moderation as intermediaries between victims and various organizations. Whereas research in computer-supported cooperative work has extensively explored collaboration of and automation for content moderators, there are no works that focus on reporting centers. Based on expert interviews with their staff (N=15), this study finds that most German centers share a collaborative workflow, of which multiple tasks are heavily dependent on inter-organizational exchange. However, there are differences in their implementation of monitoring, content assessment, automation technology adoption, and external collaborators. As the centers are faced with diverse challenges, such as borderline case assessment, psychological burdens, limited visibility, conflicting goals with other actors, and manual repetitive work, our study contributes with nine implications for designing and researching supportive technologies. They provide suggestions for improving hate speech gathering and reporting, researching hate speech prioritization and assessment algorithms, and designing case processing systems. Beyond that, we outline directions for research on inter-organizational collaboration.}, journal = {Proceedings of the ACM: Human Computer Interaction (PACM): Computer-Supported Cooperative Work and Social Computing}, author = {Bäumler, Julian and Riebe, Thea and Kaufhold, Marc-André and Reuter, Christian}, year = {2025}, keywords = {Crisis, HCI, A-Paper, Ranking-CORE-A, Projekt-CYLENCE, Projekt-CYWARN, AuswahlCrisis}, }

Tom Biselli, Katrin Hartwig, Christian Reuter (2025)
Mitigating Misinformation Sharing on Social Media through Personalised Nudging
Proceedings of the ACM: Human Computer Interaction (PACM): Computer-Supported Cooperative Work and Social Computing ;9(2). doi:https://doi.org/10.1145/3711034
[BibTeX] [Abstract] [Download PDF]

The ongoing challenge of misinformation on social media motivates ongoing efforts to find effective countermeasures. In this study, we evaluated the potential of personalised nudging to reduce the sharing of misinformation on social media, as personalised support has been successfully applied in other areas of critical information handling. In an online experiment (N = 396) exposing users to social media posts, we assessed the degree of misinformation sharing between groups receiving (1) no nudges, (2) non-personalised nudges, and (3) personalised nudges. Personalisation was based on three psychometric dimensions – general decision-making style, consideration of future consequences, need for cognition – to assign the most appropriate nudge from a pool of five nudges. The results showed significant differences (p {\textless} .05) between all three groups, with the personalised nudge group sharing the least misinformation. Detailed analyses at the nudge level revealed that one nudge was universally effective and two nudges were effective only in their personalised form. The results generally confirm the potential of personalisation, although the effect is limited in scope. These findings shed light on the nuanced results of nudging studies, highlight the benefits of personalisation, and raise ethical considerations regarding the privacy implications of personalisation and those inherent in nudges.

@article{biselli_mitigating_2025, title = {Mitigating {Misinformation} {Sharing} on {Social} {Media} through {Personalised} {Nudging}}, volume = {9}, url = {https://www.peasec.de/paper/2025/2025_BiselliHartwigReuter_PersonalisedNudges_CSCW.pdf}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.1145/3711034}, abstract = {The ongoing challenge of misinformation on social media motivates ongoing efforts to find effective countermeasures. In this study, we evaluated the potential of personalised nudging to reduce the sharing of misinformation on social media, as personalised support has been successfully applied in other areas of critical information handling. In an online experiment (N = 396) exposing users to social media posts, we assessed the degree of misinformation sharing between groups receiving (1) no nudges, (2) non-personalised nudges, and (3) personalised nudges. Personalisation was based on three psychometric dimensions - general decision-making style, consideration of future consequences, need for cognition - to assign the most appropriate nudge from a pool of five nudges. The results showed significant differences (p {\textless} .05) between all three groups, with the personalised nudge group sharing the least misinformation. Detailed analyses at the nudge level revealed that one nudge was universally effective and two nudges were effective only in their personalised form. The results generally confirm the potential of personalisation, although the effect is limited in scope. These findings shed light on the nuanced results of nudging studies, highlight the benefits of personalisation, and raise ethical considerations regarding the privacy implications of personalisation and those inherent in nudges.}, number = {2}, journal = {Proceedings of the ACM: Human Computer Interaction (PACM): Computer-Supported Cooperative Work and Social Computing}, author = {Biselli, Tom and Hartwig, Katrin and Reuter, Christian}, year = {2025}, keywords = {Crisis, HCI, Projekt-NEBULA, A-Paper, Ranking-CORE-A, Projekt-ATHENE-PriVis}, }

Stefka Schmid, Daniel Lambach, Carlo Diehl, Christian Reuter (2025)
Arms Race or Innovation Race? Geopolitical AI Development
Geopolitics ;30(4):1907–1936. doi:10.1080/14650045.2025.2456019
[BibTeX] [Abstract] [Download PDF]

China, the United States, and the European Union have spoken of a global competition surrounding Artificial Intelligence (AI). There is widespread talk of an ‘AI Arms Race’. But what is the nature of this race? We argue that the arms race metaphor does not capture the dynamics of global competition in the AI sector. Instead, we propose the notion of a ‘geopolitical innovation race’ for technological leadership in a networked global economy. Based on an analysis of government documents, we find that actors (1) are open to both zero-sum or positive-sum approaches in AI development, (2) organise actor networks differently based on national innovation cultures, (3) prioritise economics and status next to security concerns, and (4) are open to how AI should be interpreted. Referring to the competitive race of AI research and development, the three technopoles perpetuate the geopoliticisation of innovation and intertwine security and economic interests.

@article{schmid_arms_2025, title = {Arms {Race} or {Innovation} {Race}? {Geopolitical} {AI} {Development}}, volume = {30}, issn = {1465-0045}, url = {https://doi.org/10.1080/14650045.2025.2456019}, doi = {10.1080/14650045.2025.2456019}, abstract = {China, the United States, and the European Union have spoken of a global competition surrounding Artificial Intelligence (AI). There is widespread talk of an ‘AI Arms Race’. But what is the nature of this race? We argue that the arms race metaphor does not capture the dynamics of global competition in the AI sector. Instead, we propose the notion of a ‘geopolitical innovation race’ for technological leadership in a networked global economy. Based on an analysis of government documents, we find that actors (1) are open to both zero-sum or positive-sum approaches in AI development, (2) organise actor networks differently based on national innovation cultures, (3) prioritise economics and status next to security concerns, and (4) are open to how AI should be interpreted. Referring to the competitive race of AI research and development, the three technopoles perpetuate the geopoliticisation of innovation and intertwine security and economic interests.}, number = {4}, journal = {Geopolitics}, author = {Schmid, Stefka and Lambach, Daniel and Diehl, Carlo and Reuter, Christian}, year = {2025}, note = {Publisher: Routledge}, keywords = {Peace, Projekt-TraCe, A-Paper, Ranking-ImpactFactor, AuswahlPeace, Projekt-ATHENE, Selected}, pages = {1907--1936}, }

Marc-André Kaufhold, Julian Bäumler, Marius Bajorski, Christian Reuter (2025)
Cyber Threat Awareness, Protective Measures and Communication Preferences in Germany: Implications from Three Representative Surveys (2021-2024)
Proceedings of the Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems (CHI) Yokohama, Japan. doi:10.1145/3706598.3713795
[BibTeX] [Abstract] [Download PDF]

In light of the increasing vulnerability of citizens against cyberattacks, we conducted three representative surveys with German citizens in 2021 (N=1,093), 2023 (N=1,011), and 2024 (N=1,004) to examine their cyber threat awareness, use of protective security measures, and preferred information channels. While our findings attest large proportions of the German population a high level of cyber threat awareness, many citizens feel inadequately informed about coping with cyberattacks and show little confidence in German security authorities to protect citizens and infrastructures. While age correlated with citizens’ awareness and behavior, we only saw minor temporal differences between datasets. Finally, we provide design and policy implications for enhancing citizens’ awareness of cyber threats and implementing security measures.

@inproceedings{kaufhold_cyber_2025, address = {Yokohama, Japan}, series = {{CHI} '25}, title = {Cyber {Threat} {Awareness}, {Protective} {Measures} and {Communication} {Preferences} in {Germany}: {Implications} from {Three} {Representative} {Surveys} (2021-2024)}, url = {https://www.peasec.de/paper/2025/2025_KaufholdBäumlerBajorskiReuter_ComparativeCybersecuritySurvey_CHI.pdf}, doi = {10.1145/3706598.3713795}, abstract = {In light of the increasing vulnerability of citizens against cyberattacks, we conducted three representative surveys with German citizens in 2021 (N=1,093), 2023 (N=1,011), and 2024 (N=1,004) to examine their cyber threat awareness, use of protective security measures, and preferred information channels. While our findings attest large proportions of the German population a high level of cyber threat awareness, many citizens feel inadequately informed about coping with cyberattacks and show little confidence in German security authorities to protect citizens and infrastructures. While age correlated with citizens’ awareness and behavior, we only saw minor temporal differences between datasets. Finally, we provide design and policy implications for enhancing citizens’ awareness of cyber threats and implementing security measures.}, booktitle = {Proceedings of the {Conference} on {Human} {Factors} in {Computing} {Systems} ({CHI})}, publisher = {Association for Computing Machinery}, author = {Kaufhold, Marc-André and Bäumler, Julian and Bajorski, Marius and Reuter, Christian}, year = {2025}, keywords = {HCI, A-Paper, Projekt-ATHENE-CyAware, Security, UsableSec, Projekt-CYLENCE, Selected, AuswahlUsableSec, Ranking-CORE-A*}, }

Leon Janzen, Florentin Putz, Marc-André Kaufhold, Kolja Straub, Matthias Hollick (2025)
The User Perspective on Island-Ready 6G Communication: A Survey of Future Smartphone Usage in Crisis-Struck Areas with Local Cellular Connectivity
Proceedings of the Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems (CHI) (Honorable Mentions) Yokohama, Japan. doi:10.1145/3706598.3714324
[BibTeX] [Abstract] [Download PDF]

Using smartphone apps during crises is well-established, proving critical for efficient crisis response. However, such apps become futile without an Internet connection, which is a common issue during crises. The ongoing 6G standardization explores the capability to provide local cellular connectivity for areas cut off from the Internet in crises. This paper introduces to the HCI community the concept of cellular island connectivity in isolated areas, promising a seamless transition from normal operation to island operation with local-only cellular connectivity. It presents findings from a survey (N = 857) among adult smartphone users from major German cities regarding their smartphone usage preferences in this model. Results show a shift in app demand, with users favoring general-purpose apps over dedicated crisis apps in specific scenarios. We prioritize smartphone services based on their criticality, distinguishing between apps essential for crisis response and those supporting routines. Our findings provide operators, developers, and authorities insights into making user-centric design decisions for implementing island-ready 6G communication.

@inproceedings{janzen_user_2025, address = {Yokohama, Japan}, series = {{CHI} '25}, title = {The {User} {Perspective} on {Island}-{Ready} {6G} {Communication}: {A} {Survey} of {Future} {Smartphone} {Usage} in {Crisis}-{Struck} {Areas} with {Local} {Cellular} {Connectivity}}, url = {https://www.peasec.de/paper/2025/2025_JanzenPutzKaufholdStraubHollick_UserPerspective6GCommunication_CHI.pdf}, doi = {10.1145/3706598.3714324}, abstract = {Using smartphone apps during crises is well-established, proving critical for efficient crisis response. However, such apps become futile without an Internet connection, which is a common issue during crises. The ongoing 6G standardization explores the capability to provide local cellular connectivity for areas cut off from the Internet in crises. This paper introduces to the HCI community the concept of cellular island connectivity in isolated areas, promising a seamless transition from normal operation to island operation with local-only cellular connectivity. It presents findings from a survey (N = 857) among adult smartphone users from major German cities regarding their smartphone usage preferences in this model. Results show a shift in app demand, with users favoring general-purpose apps over dedicated crisis apps in specific scenarios. We prioritize smartphone services based on their criticality, distinguishing between apps essential for crisis response and those supporting routines. Our findings provide operators, developers, and authorities insights into making user-centric design decisions for implementing island-ready 6G communication.}, booktitle = {Proceedings of the {Conference} on {Human} {Factors} in {Computing} {Systems} ({CHI}) ({Honorable} {Mentions})}, publisher = {Association for Computing Machinery}, author = {Janzen, Leon and Putz, Florentin and Kaufhold, Marc-André and Straub, Kolja and Hollick, Matthias}, year = {2025}, keywords = {HCI, Projekt-emergenCITY, A-Paper, Security, UsableSec, Projekt-CYLENCE, AuswahlCrisis, Ranking-CORE-A*, emergenCITY\_INF, emergenCITY\_SG}, }

Markus Henkel, Steffen Haesler, Hiba Al-Najmi, Frank Hessel, Christian Reuter (2025)
The House That Saves Me? Assessing the Role of Smart Home Automation in Warning Scenarios
Proceedings of the ACM on Interactive, Mobile, Wearable and Ubiquitous Technologies (IMWUT) ;9(1):5:1–5:32. doi:10.1145/3712269
[BibTeX] [Abstract] [Download PDF]

As smart home technology becomes integral to modern living, researchers must consider safety aspects. While single-purpose devices alert users to specific dangers, integrating them within comprehensive smart home warning systems (SHWSs) offers new safety potentials by allowing actuators to respond to threats based on predefined protocols. Key questions include whether user preferences for automation levels in smart homes are affected by different warning scenarios, and how unwanted automation or false positives influence acceptance. To explore this, we conduct two studies: (1) A lab study in a smart home with various actuators, where participants (N = 48) encounter warnings across three automation levels. (2) A follow-up interview study (N = 16) further evaluating our prototype and unwanted automation situations. Results show that participants preferred higher automation during warnings and were more receptive to smart technology in dangerous situations, though customization remains essential to ensure acceptance. While higher automation levels reduced perceived interruption, some still preferred less intense warnings. Others preferred not receiving warnings of mild dangers, fully relying on automation. Finally, we find that specific safety protocols and handling of false positive alarms must be chosen carefully to avoid mistrust, users feeling a loss of control, and damage through unwanted executions.

@article{henkel_house_2025, title = {The {House} {That} {Saves} {Me}? {Assessing} the {Role} of {Smart} {Home} {Automation} in {Warning} {Scenarios}}, volume = {9}, shorttitle = {The {House} {That} {Saves} {Me}?}, url = {https://www.peasec.de/paper/2025/2025_HenkelHaeslerAlNajmiHesselReuter_HouseThatSavesMe_IMWUT.pdf}, doi = {10.1145/3712269}, abstract = {As smart home technology becomes integral to modern living, researchers must consider safety aspects. While single-purpose devices alert users to specific dangers, integrating them within comprehensive smart home warning systems (SHWSs) offers new safety potentials by allowing actuators to respond to threats based on predefined protocols. Key questions include whether user preferences for automation levels in smart homes are affected by different warning scenarios, and how unwanted automation or false positives influence acceptance. To explore this, we conduct two studies: (1) A lab study in a smart home with various actuators, where participants (N = 48) encounter warnings across three automation levels. (2) A follow-up interview study (N = 16) further evaluating our prototype and unwanted automation situations. Results show that participants preferred higher automation during warnings and were more receptive to smart technology in dangerous situations, though customization remains essential to ensure acceptance. While higher automation levels reduced perceived interruption, some still preferred less intense warnings. Others preferred not receiving warnings of mild dangers, fully relying on automation. Finally, we find that specific safety protocols and handling of false positive alarms must be chosen carefully to avoid mistrust, users feeling a loss of control, and damage through unwanted executions.}, number = {1}, journal = {Proceedings of the ACM on Interactive, Mobile, Wearable and Ubiquitous Technologies (IMWUT)}, author = {Henkel, Markus and Haesler, Steffen and Al-Najmi, Hiba and Hessel, Frank and Reuter, Christian}, year = {2025}, keywords = {Crisis, HCI, Projekt-emergenCITY, A-Paper, Student, Projekt-ATHENE-SecUrban, AuswahlCrisis, Ranking-CORE-A*, emergenCITY\_INF, emergenCITY\_SG}, pages = {5:1--5:32}, }

Julian Bäumler, Helen Bader, Marc-André Kaufhold, Christian Reuter (2025)
Towards Youth-Sensitive Hateful Content Reporting: An Inclusive Focus Group Study in Germany
Proceedings of the Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems (CHI) (Honorable Mentions) Yokohama, Japan. doi:10.1145/3706598.3713542
[BibTeX] [Abstract] [Download PDF]

Youth are particularly likely to encounter hateful internet content, which can severely impact their well-being. While most social media provide reporting mechanisms, in several countries, severe hateful content can alternatively be reported to law enforcement or dedicated reporting centers. However, in Germany, many youth never resort to reporting. While research in human-computer interaction has investigated adults’ views on platform-based reporting, youth perspectives and platform-independent alternatives have received little attention. By involving a diverse group of 47 German adolescents and young adults in eight focus group interviews, we investigate how youth-sensitive reporting systems for hateful content can be designed. We explore German youth’s reporting barriers, finding that on platforms, they feel particularly discouraged by deficient rule enforcement and feedback, while platform-independent alternatives are rather unknown and perceived as time-consuming and disruptive. We further elicit their requirements for platform-independent reporting tools and contribute with heuristics for designing youth-sensitive and inclusive reporting systems.

@inproceedings{baumlerYouthSensitiveHatefulContent2025, address = {Yokohama, Japan}, series = {{CHI} '25}, title = {Towards {Youth}-{Sensitive} {Hateful} {Content} {Reporting}: {An} {Inclusive} {Focus} {Group} {Study} in {Germany}}, url = {https://www.peasec.de/paper/2025/2025_BäumlerBaderKaufholdReuter_HatefulContentReporting_CHI.pdf}, doi = {10.1145/3706598.3713542}, abstract = {Youth are particularly likely to encounter hateful internet content, which can severely impact their well-being. While most social media provide reporting mechanisms, in several countries, severe hateful content can alternatively be reported to law enforcement or dedicated reporting centers. However, in Germany, many youth never resort to reporting. While research in human-computer interaction has investigated adults’ views on platform-based reporting, youth perspectives and platform-independent alternatives have received little attention. By involving a diverse group of 47 German adolescents and young adults in eight focus group interviews, we investigate how youth-sensitive reporting systems for hateful content can be designed. We explore German youth’s reporting barriers, finding that on platforms, they feel particularly discouraged by deficient rule enforcement and feedback, while platform-independent alternatives are rather unknown and perceived as time-consuming and disruptive. We further elicit their requirements for platform-independent reporting tools and contribute with heuristics for designing youth-sensitive and inclusive reporting systems.}, booktitle = {Proceedings of the {Conference} on {Human} {Factors} in {Computing} {Systems} ({CHI}) ({Honorable} {Mentions})}, publisher = {Association for Computing Machinery}, author = {Bäumler, Julian and Bader, Helen and Kaufhold, Marc-André and Reuter, Christian}, year = {2025}, keywords = {Crisis, HCI, A-Paper, Projekt-ATHENE-CyAware, Student, Projekt-CYLENCE, AuswahlCrisis, Selected, Ranking-CORE-A*}, }

Jonas Franken, Thomas Reinhold, Timon Dörnfeld, Christian Reuter (2025)
Hidden structures of a global infrastructure: Expansion factors of the subsea data cable network
Technological Forecasting and Social Change (TFSC) ;215:124068. doi:10.1016/j.techfore.2025.124068
[BibTeX] [Abstract] [Download PDF]

The network of subsea data cables (SDC) transmits the majority of international and intercontinental data exchanges. After thirty years of fiber-optic SDC installation across the oceans, almost all coastal and island countries gained access to the only global fixed infrastructure network. Still, there is considerable inequality in the number of available SDC accesses, creating deficits in redundancy for less connected states. Previous research hypothesized multiple factors that influenced the build-up of internet infrastructures but failed to verify these assumptions through inferential statistics. This work highlights the national-level factors that made backbone access provision more – or less – attractive to SDC project decision-makers. Our regression analysis of global country-year data (n = 4916) found that socio-economic (population, GDP), political (state fragility, conflict), and geographic factors (seismic hazard, neighboring territories) significantly influenced the number of active and planned accesses. This work can serve as a foundation for further research leveraging quantitative statistics to unveil hidden structures in the construction of material internet infrastructures and support sustainability in the future allocation of international infrastructure development resources in general.

@article{franken_hidden_2025, title = {Hidden structures of a global infrastructure: {Expansion} factors of the subsea data cable network}, volume = {215}, issn = {0040-1625}, shorttitle = {Hidden structures of a global infrastructure}, url = {https://www.peasec.de/paper/2025/2025_FrankenReinholdDörnfeldReuter_TechForecasting.pdf}, doi = {10.1016/j.techfore.2025.124068}, abstract = {The network of subsea data cables (SDC) transmits the majority of international and intercontinental data exchanges. After thirty years of fiber-optic SDC installation across the oceans, almost all coastal and island countries gained access to the only global fixed infrastructure network. Still, there is considerable inequality in the number of available SDC accesses, creating deficits in redundancy for less connected states. Previous research hypothesized multiple factors that influenced the build-up of internet infrastructures but failed to verify these assumptions through inferential statistics. This work highlights the national-level factors that made backbone access provision more – or less – attractive to SDC project decision-makers. Our regression analysis of global country-year data (n = 4916) found that socio-economic (population, GDP), political (state fragility, conflict), and geographic factors (seismic hazard, neighboring territories) significantly influenced the number of active and planned accesses. This work can serve as a foundation for further research leveraging quantitative statistics to unveil hidden structures in the construction of material internet infrastructures and support sustainability in the future allocation of international infrastructure development resources in general.}, urldate = {2025-03-03}, journal = {Technological Forecasting and Social Change (TFSC)}, author = {Franken, Jonas and Reinhold, Thomas and Dörnfeld, Timon and Reuter, Christian}, month = jun, year = {2025}, keywords = {Peace, A-Paper, AuswahlPeace, Security, Projekt-ATHENE-SecUrban, Selected}, pages = {124068}, }

Miyerlandy Cabanzo Valencia, Laura Guntrum (2025)
Race, ethnicity, and technology-facilitated violence: The experience of activists in chocó, colombia
New Media and Society . doi:10.1177/14614448251344286
[BibTeX] [Abstract]

Racism extends into the digital realm, manifesting in various forms of technology-facilitated violence (TFV). Although much research centers on the Global North, it is es-sential to investigate this issue in other settings, such as Colombia, where activists are par-ticularly vulnerable to TFV. This study enriches the debate with a qualitative approach, conducting 18 interviews with activists from Chocó and Bogotá. The literature on race and TFV reveals that technology can exacerbate racism through social media, like anonymity, and introduce new forms of racist violence, including deepfakes and algorithmic bias. However, these forms were not prevalent in our interviews. For activists, structural racism, especially limited internet, and electricity access emerged as a primary factor in their ex-periences with racist TFV. Overt TFV escalates to offline threats, silencing dissenting voices. This research emphasizes the need to understand TFV within non-Western regions, advocating for nuanced approaches to addressing digital racism in diverse contexts.

@article{CabanzoValencia2025, title = {Race, ethnicity, and technology-facilitated violence: {The} experience of activists in chocó, colombia}, doi = {10.1177/14614448251344286}, abstract = {Racism extends into the digital realm, manifesting in various forms of technology-facilitated violence (TFV). Although much research centers on the Global North, it is es-sential to investigate this issue in other settings, such as Colombia, where activists are par-ticularly vulnerable to TFV. This study enriches the debate with a qualitative approach, conducting 18 interviews with activists from Chocó and Bogotá. The literature on race and TFV reveals that technology can exacerbate racism through social media, like anonymity, and introduce new forms of racist violence, including deepfakes and algorithmic bias. However, these forms were not prevalent in our interviews. For activists, structural racism, especially limited internet, and electricity access emerged as a primary factor in their ex-periences with racist TFV. Overt TFV escalates to offline threats, silencing dissenting voices. This research emphasizes the need to understand TFV within non-Western regions, advocating for nuanced approaches to addressing digital racism in diverse contexts.}, journal = {New Media and Society}, author = {Valencia, Miyerlandy Cabanzo and Guntrum, Laura}, year = {2025}, keywords = {Peace, Projekt-TraCe, A-Paper, Security, Ranking-ImpfactFactor}, }

Tom Biselli, Katrin Hartwig, Niklas Kneissl, Louis Pouliot, Christian Reuter (2025)
ChartChecker: A User-Centred Approach to Support the Understanding of Misleading Charts
Proceedings of the ACM Designing Interactive Systems Conference (DIS) . doi:10.1145/3715336.3735784
[BibTeX] [Abstract] [Download PDF]

Misinformation through data visualisation is particularly dangerous because charts are often perceived as objective data representations. While past efforts to counter misinformation have focused on text and, to some extent, images and video, developing user-centred strategies to combat misleading charts remains an unresolved challenge. This study presents a conceptual approach through ChartChecker, a browser-plugin that aims to automatically extract line and bar chart data and detect potentially misleading features such as non-linear axis scales. A participatory design approach was used to develop a user-centred interface to provide transparent, comprehensible information about potentially misleading features in charts. Finally, a think-aloud study (N = 15) with ChartChecker revealed overall satisfaction with the tools’ user interface, comprehensibility, functionality, and usefulness. The results are discussed in terms of improving user engagement, increasing transparency and optimising tools designed to counter misleading information in charts, leading to overarching design implications for user-centred strategies for the visual domain.

@inproceedings{biselli_chartchecker_2025, series = {{DIS} '25}, title = {{ChartChecker}: {A} {User}-{Centred} {Approach} to {Support} the {Understanding} of {Misleading} {Charts}}, url = {https://www.peasec.de/paper/2025/2025_BiselliHartwigKneisslPouiliotReuter_ChartChecker_DIS.pdf}, doi = {10.1145/3715336.3735784}, abstract = {Misinformation through data visualisation is particularly dangerous because charts are often perceived as objective data representations. While past efforts to counter misinformation have focused on text and, to some extent, images and video, developing user-centred strategies to combat misleading charts remains an unresolved challenge. This study presents a conceptual approach through ChartChecker, a browser-plugin that aims to automatically extract line and bar chart data and detect potentially misleading features such as non-linear axis scales. A participatory design approach was used to develop a user-centred interface to provide transparent, comprehensible information about potentially misleading features in charts. Finally, a think-aloud study (N = 15) with ChartChecker revealed overall satisfaction with the tools' user interface, comprehensibility, functionality, and usefulness. The results are discussed in terms of improving user engagement, increasing transparency and optimising tools designed to counter misleading information in charts, leading to overarching design implications for user-centred strategies for the visual domain.}, booktitle = {Proceedings of the {ACM} {Designing} {Interactive} {Systems} {Conference} ({DIS})}, publisher = {Association for Computing Machinery}, author = {Biselli, Tom and Hartwig, Katrin and Kneissl, Niklas and Pouliot, Louis and Reuter, Christian}, year = {2025}, keywords = {Crisis, HCI, Projekt-NEBULA, A-Paper, Ranking-CORE-A, Student, Projekt-ATHENE-PriVis}, }

Laura Guntrum, Verena Lasso Mena (2025)
Unmasking digital threats in the pursuit of human rights and environmental defense in La Guajira, North Colombia
Information, Communication & Society :1–22. doi:10.1080/1369118X.2025.2503444
[BibTeX] [Abstract] [Download PDF]

Those engaged in the defense of human and land rights, particularly in areas of resource extraction, are increasingly exposed to violence, including a growing number of digital threats. In Colombia, the legacy of decades of armed conflict has overshadowed concerns regarding digital rights, resulting in reports of digital surveillance and online harassment without the requisite judicial oversight. Due to the paucity of research on this topic, this study examines the experiences of 37 environmental and human rights defenders (EHRDs) in La Guajira, North Colombia, who are leveraging information and communication technologies (ICTs) to amplify their concerns in an extractivist region with a history of human rights abuses. The findings indicate a significant prevalence of technology-facilitated violence (TFV) against EHRDs, including death threats, hacking, and hate speech through various digital channels. The spectrum of threats is attributed to several sources, including armed groups, multinational companies, and individuals within the affected communities. The study emphasizes the necessity of adopting a comprehensive approach to violence, integrating TFV into a more expansive conceptualization of violence. Failing to acknowledge the prevalence of TFV may result in an incomplete understanding of the experiences of EHRDs and the consequences of such violence, including self-censorship and emotional harm. Given the increasing overlap between digital and physical violence, we present a framework to enhance the capture and understanding of TFV. Furthermore, this study demonstrates the shortcomings of current security protocols in addressing the multifaceted violence directed at EHRDs due to their opposition to extractive agendas.

@article{guntrum_unmasking_2025, title = {Unmasking digital threats in the pursuit of human rights and environmental defense in {La} {Guajira}, {North} {Colombia}}, issn = {1369-118X}, url = {https://www.peasec.de/paper/2025/2025_GuntrumLassoMenaReuter_UnmaskingDigitalThreats_InfoCommSoc.pdf}, doi = {10.1080/1369118X.2025.2503444}, abstract = {Those engaged in the defense of human and land rights, particularly in areas of resource extraction, are increasingly exposed to violence, including a growing number of digital threats. In Colombia, the legacy of decades of armed conflict has overshadowed concerns regarding digital rights, resulting in reports of digital surveillance and online harassment without the requisite judicial oversight. Due to the paucity of research on this topic, this study examines the experiences of 37 environmental and human rights defenders (EHRDs) in La Guajira, North Colombia, who are leveraging information and communication technologies (ICTs) to amplify their concerns in an extractivist region with a history of human rights abuses. The findings indicate a significant prevalence of technology-facilitated violence (TFV) against EHRDs, including death threats, hacking, and hate speech through various digital channels. The spectrum of threats is attributed to several sources, including armed groups, multinational companies, and individuals within the affected communities. The study emphasizes the necessity of adopting a comprehensive approach to violence, integrating TFV into a more expansive conceptualization of violence. Failing to acknowledge the prevalence of TFV may result in an incomplete understanding of the experiences of EHRDs and the consequences of such violence, including self-censorship and emotional harm. Given the increasing overlap between digital and physical violence, we present a framework to enhance the capture and understanding of TFV. Furthermore, this study demonstrates the shortcomings of current security protocols in addressing the multifaceted violence directed at EHRDs due to their opposition to extractive agendas.}, journal = {Information, Communication \& Society}, author = {Guntrum, Laura and Mena, Verena Lasso}, year = {2025}, note = {Publisher: Routledge}, keywords = {Peace, Projekt-TraCe, A-Paper}, pages = {1--22}, }

Franz Kuntke, Lars Baumgärtner, Jonas Franken, Christian Reuter (2025)
Crisis-communication between farms: Disruption-tolerant networking with commodity LoRaWAN hardware
Information Technology for Development .
[BibTeX] [Abstract]

The reliability of communication networks can be compromised by various factors, including natural disasters, which highlights the need for backup systems. In rural areas, where restoring public network infrastructure can take time, an alternative communication channel can be particularly valuable. This study explores the potential of repurposing Long Range Wide Area Networks (LoRaWAN) gateways as multi-hop network nodes to create a digital emergency communication system. Farmers, who are increasingly adopting Low Power Wide Area Networks (LPWANs) and are geographically spread, are identified as key stakeholders for such a system. Using OpenStreetMap data on farm locations, we found that connecting farm communities through LoRa communication is theoretically possible in many areas. Simulations using delay-tolerant network routing protocols confirm the feasibility of this approach under various scenarios. While the general feasability was first evaluated with data from Germany, we also conduct analyses for Uganda. A proof-of-concept implementation demonstrates that small messages can be transmitted successfully using real hardware, validating the concept of a decentralized communication infrastructure based on existing equipment. Additionally, we conducted experiments to measure energy consumption, bandwidth usage, and latency in actual hardware setups. This work contributes to various Sustainable Development Goals by supporting resilient communication infrastructure in underserved areas (SDG 9: Industry, Innovation and Infrastructure), strengthening rural communities that are often the last to recover after emergencies (SDG 10: Reduced Inequalities, SDG 11: Sustainable Cities and Communities), and ultimately helping safeguard food systems through improved agricultural coordination and communication (SDG 2: Zero Hunger).

@article{kuntke2025crisis, title = {Crisis-communication between farms: {Disruption}-tolerant networking with commodity {LoRaWAN} hardware}, abstract = {The reliability of communication networks can be compromised by various factors, including natural disasters, which highlights the need for backup systems. In rural areas, where restoring public network infrastructure can take time, an alternative communication channel can be particularly valuable. This study explores the potential of repurposing Long Range Wide Area Networks (LoRaWAN) gateways as multi-hop network nodes to create a digital emergency communication system. Farmers, who are increasingly adopting Low Power Wide Area Networks (LPWANs) and are geographically spread, are identified as key stakeholders for such a system. Using OpenStreetMap data on farm locations, we found that connecting farm communities through LoRa communication is theoretically possible in many areas. Simulations using delay-tolerant network routing protocols confirm the feasibility of this approach under various scenarios. While the general feasability was first evaluated with data from Germany, we also conduct analyses for Uganda. A proof-of-concept implementation demonstrates that small messages can be transmitted successfully using real hardware, validating the concept of a decentralized communication infrastructure based on existing equipment. Additionally, we conducted experiments to measure energy consumption, bandwidth usage, and latency in actual hardware setups. This work contributes to various Sustainable Development Goals by supporting resilient communication infrastructure in underserved areas (SDG 9: Industry, Innovation and Infrastructure), strengthening rural communities that are often the last to recover after emergencies (SDG 10: Reduced Inequalities, SDG 11: Sustainable Cities and Communities), and ultimately helping safeguard food systems through improved agricultural coordination and communication (SDG 2: Zero Hunger).}, journal = {Information Technology for Development}, author = {Kuntke, Franz and Baumgärtner, Lars and Franken, Jonas and Reuter, Christian}, year = {2025}, keywords = {Projekt-emergenCITY, A-Paper, Security, UsableSec, Projekt-AgriRegio, emergenCITY\_INF, emergenCITY\_SG}, }

Julius von Willich, Frank Nelles, Wen-Jie Tseng, Jan Gugenheimer, Sebastian Günther, Max Mühlhäuser (2025)
A Qualitative Investigation of User Transitions and Frictions in Cross-Reality Applications
Proceedings of the Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems (CHI) New York, NY, USA. doi:10.1145/3706598.3713921
[BibTeX] [Abstract] [Download PDF]

Research in Augmented Reality (AR) and Virtual Reality (VR) has mostly viewed them in isolation. Yet, when used together in practical settings, AR and VR each offer unique strengths, necessitating multiple transitions to harness their advantages. This paper investigates potential challenges in Cross-Reality (CR) transitions to inform future application design. We implemented a CR system featuring a 3D modeling task that requires users to switch between PC, AR, and VR. Using a talk-aloud study (n=12) and thematic analysis, we revealed that frictions primarily arose when transitions conflicted with users’ Spatial Mental Model (SMM). Furthermore, we found five transition archetypes employed to enhance productivity once an SMM was established. Our findings uncover that transitions have to focus on establishing and upholding the SMM of users across realities, by communicating differences between them.

@inproceedings{10.1145/3706598.3713921, address = {New York, NY, USA}, series = {Chi '25}, title = {A {Qualitative} {Investigation} of {User} {Transitions} and {Frictions} in {Cross}-{Reality} {Applications}}, isbn = {979-8-4007-1394-1}, url = {https://www.peasec.de/paper/2025/2025_VonWillichNellesTsengGugenheimerGüntherMühlhäuser_FrictionsCrossReality_CHI.pdf}, doi = {10.1145/3706598.3713921}, abstract = {Research in Augmented Reality (AR) and Virtual Reality (VR) has mostly viewed them in isolation. Yet, when used together in practical settings, AR and VR each offer unique strengths, necessitating multiple transitions to harness their advantages. This paper investigates potential challenges in Cross-Reality (CR) transitions to inform future application design. We implemented a CR system featuring a 3D modeling task that requires users to switch between PC, AR, and VR. Using a talk-aloud study (n=12) and thematic analysis, we revealed that frictions primarily arose when transitions conflicted with users’ Spatial Mental Model (SMM). Furthermore, we found five transition archetypes employed to enhance productivity once an SMM was established. Our findings uncover that transitions have to focus on establishing and upholding the SMM of users across realities, by communicating differences between them.}, booktitle = {Proceedings of the {Conference} on {Human} {Factors} in {Computing} {Systems} ({CHI})}, publisher = {Association for Computing Machinery}, author = {von Willich, Julius and Nelles, Frank and Tseng, Wen-Jie and Gugenheimer, Jan and Günther, Sebastian and Mühlhäuser, Max}, year = {2025}, note = {Number of pages: 18 tex.articleno: 808}, keywords = {HCI, Projekt-emergenCITY, A-Paper, Projekt-ATHENE, Ranking-CORE-A*, emergenCITY\_INF, emergenCITY\_SG}, }

Laura Guntrum, Christian Reuter (2025)
Activists’ strategies for coping with technology-facilitated violence in the global south
ACM Transactions on Computer-Human Interaction (TOCHI) ;32(6):1–38. doi:10.1145/3762811
[BibTeX] [Abstract] [Download PDF]

Activists’ use of ICTs in contexts affected by violence poses challenges like digital surveillance. Based on 92 interviews with activists from Bolivia, Cameroon, Costa Rica, Colombia, India, Myanmar, and Nicaragua, this study explores their protection and coping strategies against technology-facilitated violence. Findings show limited emphasis on digital security and privacy-enhancing technologies, primarily due to the usability and familiarity with popular applications, coupled with relative unfamiliarity with other features. Generally, some precautions, like avoiding real-time location sharing, are common. While many protection strategies are similar, some are shaped by local factors like internet shutdowns and different adversaries’ capabilities. The findings demonstrate that some tools and features, such as VPN, may offer protection but also pose risks, e.g., in the case of criminalization, highlighting the crucial role of local context. Designing secure and usable features that account for the varying levels of limitations, such as poor connectivity and risks activists face, is essential.

@article{Guntrum2025, title = {Activists' strategies for coping with technology-facilitated violence in the global south}, volume = {32}, issn = {1073-0516}, url = {https://doi.org/10.1145/3762811}, doi = {10.1145/3762811}, abstract = {Activists' use of ICTs in contexts affected by violence poses challenges like digital surveillance. Based on 92 interviews with activists from Bolivia, Cameroon, Costa Rica, Colombia, India, Myanmar, and Nicaragua, this study explores their protection and coping strategies against technology-facilitated violence. Findings show limited emphasis on digital security and privacy-enhancing technologies, primarily due to the usability and familiarity with popular applications, coupled with relative unfamiliarity with other features. Generally, some precautions, like avoiding real-time location sharing, are common. While many protection strategies are similar, some are shaped by local factors like internet shutdowns and different adversaries' capabilities. The findings demonstrate that some tools and features, such as VPN, may offer protection but also pose risks, e.g., in the case of criminalization, highlighting the crucial role of local context. Designing secure and usable features that account for the varying levels of limitations, such as poor connectivity and risks activists face, is essential.}, number = {6}, journal = {ACM Transactions on Computer-Human Interaction (TOCHI)}, author = {Guntrum, Laura and Reuter, Christian}, year = {2025}, keywords = {A-Paper, AuswahlPeace, Peace, Projekt-ATHENE-PriVis, Projekt-TraCe, Ranking-CORE-A*}, pages = {1--38}, }

Alle Paper 2025

Begutachtete Zeitschriften / Peer-reviewed Journals

Thea Riebe, Laura Guntrum, Lilian Reichert, Christian Reuter (2025)
Social media in crisis communication: insights from peace operations on the African continent
i-com ;24(2):363–384. doi:10.1515/icom-2025-0006
[BibTeX] [Abstract] [Download PDF]

Social media plays a crucial role in United Nations (UN) peace operations, which are typically deployed in regions affected by conflict to promote peace, facilitate political dialogue, and support post-conflict reconstruction efforts. The UN has introduced the concept of the digital peacekeeper, whose role is to collect and analyse public data, with a particular focus on social media. This article explores the role of official social media use by African peace operations (POs) between 2003 and 2024 through a qualitative analysis of 126 UN documents. The findings reveal that African POs employ a diverse communication strategy, primarily centred on disseminating information, education, and access to reliable information in disrupted contexts. However, the full potential of social media is not realised, resulting in a predominantly one-way communication model. Using affordance theory for social media, the paper demonstrates how bidirectional interactions could support sustainable peace efforts.

@article{riebe_social_2025, title = {Social media in crisis communication: insights from peace operations on the {African} continent}, volume = {24}, copyright = {De Gruyter expressly reserves the right to use all content for commercial text and data mining within the meaning of Section 44b of the German Copyright Act.}, issn = {2196-6826}, shorttitle = {Social media in crisis communication}, url = {https://www.degruyterbrill.com/document/doi/10.1515/icom-2025-0006/html}, doi = {10.1515/icom-2025-0006}, abstract = {Social media plays a crucial role in United Nations (UN) peace operations, which are typically deployed in regions affected by conflict to promote peace, facilitate political dialogue, and support post-conflict reconstruction efforts. The UN has introduced the concept of the digital peacekeeper, whose role is to collect and analyse public data, with a particular focus on social media. This article explores the role of official social media use by African peace operations (POs) between 2003 and 2024 through a qualitative analysis of 126 UN documents. The findings reveal that African POs employ a diverse communication strategy, primarily centred on disseminating information, education, and access to reliable information in disrupted contexts. However, the full potential of social media is not realised, resulting in a predominantly one-way communication model. Using affordance theory for social media, the paper demonstrates how bidirectional interactions could support sustainable peace efforts.}, language = {en}, number = {2}, urldate = {2025-10-07}, journal = {i-com}, author = {Riebe, Thea and Guntrum, Laura and Reichert, Lilian and Reuter, Christian}, month = aug, year = {2025}, note = {Publisher: Oldenbourg Wissenschaftsverlag}, keywords = {Peace, Student, Projekt-ATHENE}, pages = {363--384}, }

Laura Guntrum, Daniela Forero Nuñez, Christian Reuter (2025)
Chilling or resisting? Exploring the influence of technology-facilitated (gender-based) violence on female feminists in Colombia and Costa Rica
i-com – Journal of Interactive Media ;24(2):433–455. doi:10.1515/icom-2025-0004
[BibTeX] [Abstract] [Download PDF]

The shrinking of secure online spaces and incidents of technology-facilitated (gender-based) violence (TF(GB)V) against female feminists have partially led to self-censorship, thereby constricting public discourse. To unravel the impact of increasing TF(GB)V on feminist mobilization, 22 interviews with Costa Rican and Colombian, female feminists advocating for feminist issues, such as reproductive rights, were conducted. All interviewees, advocating for often perceived controversial topics within patriarchal societies, have experienced forms of TF(GB)V, including misogynistic hate speech. In reaction to this violence, interviewees respond in varying ways – some reduce their social media activity, while others develop personal coping strategies. In fact, most interviewees engage in both chilling and resistance mechanisms concurrently. Increased awareness of potential consequences and coping mechanisms of female feminists when experiencing TF(GB)V helps to develop gender-sensitive mechanisms to protect (female) activists and foster a safer online environment. While measures such as IT security training for activists, enhanced content moderation on platforms, and gender-sensitive design approaches are crucial, addressing the underlying issue – the targeting of feminists with violence – is imperative. Without such efforts, there is a risk that affected individuals withdraw from digital spaces, thereby limiting the diversity of narratives that shape public discourse online.

@article{guntrum_chilling_2025, title = {Chilling or resisting? {Exploring} the influence of technology-facilitated (gender-based) violence on female feminists in {Colombia} and {Costa} {Rica}}, volume = {24}, issn = {2196-6826}, shorttitle = {Chilling or resisting?}, url = {https://www.degruyterbrill.com/document/doi/10.1515/icom-2025-0004/html}, doi = {10.1515/icom-2025-0004}, abstract = {The shrinking of secure online spaces and incidents of technology-facilitated (gender-based) violence (TF(GB)V) against female feminists have partially led to self-censorship, thereby constricting public discourse. To unravel the impact of increasing TF(GB)V on feminist mobilization, 22 interviews with Costa Rican and Colombian, female feminists advocating for feminist issues, such as reproductive rights, were conducted. All interviewees, advocating for often perceived controversial topics within patriarchal societies, have experienced forms of TF(GB)V, including misogynistic hate speech. In reaction to this violence, interviewees respond in varying ways – some reduce their social media activity, while others develop personal coping strategies. In fact, most interviewees engage in both chilling and resistance mechanisms concurrently. Increased awareness of potential consequences and coping mechanisms of female feminists when experiencing TF(GB)V helps to develop gender-sensitive mechanisms to protect (female) activists and foster a safer online environment. While measures such as IT security training for activists, enhanced content moderation on platforms, and gender-sensitive design approaches are crucial, addressing the underlying issue – the targeting of feminists with violence – is imperative. Without such efforts, there is a risk that affected individuals withdraw from digital spaces, thereby limiting the diversity of narratives that shape public discourse online.}, language = {en}, number = {2}, journal = {i-com – Journal of Interactive Media}, author = {Guntrum, Laura and Nuñez, Daniela Forero and Reuter, Christian}, month = jul, year = {2025}, note = {Publisher: Oldenbourg Wissenschaftsverlag}, keywords = {HCI, Peace, Projekt-TraCe, Projekt-ATHENE}, pages = {433--455}, }

Christian Reuter, Amanda Lee Hughes, Cody Buntain (2025)
Combating Information Warfare: State and Trends in User-Centered Countermeasures against Fake News and Misinformation
Behaviour & Information Technology (BIT) ;44(13):3348–3361. doi:10.1080/0144929X.2024.2442486
[BibTeX] [Abstract] [Download PDF]

The rise of fake news and misinformation in the digital age poses serious risks for individuals and society, particularly during crises like the Israel-Hamas war, the Russian-Ukraine war, or the COVID-19 pandemic. Misinformation serves as a tool to manipulate public opinion and create discord. Vulnerability to manipulation increases in online spaces during crises, where authoritative information is scarce. Emergency management, public health, political and public administration, as well as media professionals and citizens express concern and seek solutions to enhance information quality during such critical times. This article highlights user-centred approaches to countering fake news and misinformation, tracing their historical evolution from ancient Greece to the present, focussing on their relevance during the COVID-19 crisis and in contemporary information warfare. It describes the vulnerability of audiences to misinformation and outlines prevailing trends in user-centred countermeasures. This article also introduces recent research on the effectiveness of media literacy interventions on truth discernment, a cross-cultural comparison of the perception of negative consequences and the injunctive norm, a comparison of video and text to promote lateral reading in adolescents, content-specific indicators on Twitter from a user perspective, a learning system for detecting misinformation as well as ethical and security considerations in automated detection.

@article{reuter_combating_2025, title = {Combating {Information} {Warfare}: {State} and {Trends} in {User}-{Centered} {Countermeasures} against {Fake} {News} and {Misinformation}}, volume = {44}, issn = {0144-929X}, url = {https://doi.org/10.1080/0144929X.2024.2442486}, doi = {10.1080/0144929X.2024.2442486}, abstract = {The rise of fake news and misinformation in the digital age poses serious risks for individuals and society, particularly during crises like the Israel-Hamas war, the Russian-Ukraine war, or the COVID-19 pandemic. Misinformation serves as a tool to manipulate public opinion and create discord. Vulnerability to manipulation increases in online spaces during crises, where authoritative information is scarce. Emergency management, public health, political and public administration, as well as media professionals and citizens express concern and seek solutions to enhance information quality during such critical times. This article highlights user-centred approaches to countering fake news and misinformation, tracing their historical evolution from ancient Greece to the present, focussing on their relevance during the COVID-19 crisis and in contemporary information warfare. It describes the vulnerability of audiences to misinformation and outlines prevailing trends in user-centred countermeasures. This article also introduces recent research on the effectiveness of media literacy interventions on truth discernment, a cross-cultural comparison of the perception of negative consequences and the injunctive norm, a comparison of video and text to promote lateral reading in adolescents, content-specific indicators on Twitter from a user perspective, a learning system for detecting misinformation as well as ethical and security considerations in automated detection.}, number = {13}, journal = {Behaviour \& Information Technology (BIT)}, author = {Reuter, Christian and Hughes, Amanda Lee and Buntain, Cody}, year = {2025}, keywords = {Crisis, HCI, Peace, Projekt-NEBULA, A-Paper, Ranking-CORE-A, Ranking-ImpactFactor, SocialMedia}, pages = {3348--3361}, }

Thea Riebe, Anja-Liisa Gonsior, Lilian Reichert, Christian Reuter (2025)
Envisioning Human-Machine Interaction in Future Warfare: Defence Industry Narratives on Human Control of Autonomous Weapon Systems
Global Society ;39(4):421–445. doi:10.1080/13600826.2024.2436966
[BibTeX] [Abstract] [Download PDF]

The development of artificial intelligence and autonomous functions in the military domain has an immense impact on technologies being developed by the private defence industry. Defence firms contribute to the narratives and visions on autonomous weapon systems and the future of warfare, e.g. in the form of strategic marketing of their products. However, their role has so far been understudied, especially regarding autonomous weapon systems. As the normative debate revolves around aspects of human control, this work examines the narratives of (meaningful) human control in the marketing of autonomous military systems by defence manufacturers. Based on a comprehensive content analysis of twenty defence firms, we identified three main narratives, which envision autonomy as a military advantage, the role of the human in the future of warfare, and human-machine teaming. Based on the results, we argue that defence companies reproduce and adapt narratives which shape expectations and visions of human control of autonomous weapon systems in anticipation of emerging norms for (meaningful) human control. However, without specifications and verification mechanisms, there is no indication that human control will be meaningful.

@article{riebe_envisioning_2025, title = {Envisioning {Human}-{Machine} {Interaction} in {Future} {Warfare}: {Defence} {Industry} {Narratives} on {Human} {Control} of {Autonomous} {Weapon} {Systems}}, volume = {39}, issn = {1360-0826}, url = {https://doi.org/10.1080/13600826.2024.2436966}, doi = {10.1080/13600826.2024.2436966}, abstract = {The development of artificial intelligence and autonomous functions in the military domain has an immense impact on technologies being developed by the private defence industry. Defence firms contribute to the narratives and visions on autonomous weapon systems and the future of warfare, e.g. in the form of strategic marketing of their products. However, their role has so far been understudied, especially regarding autonomous weapon systems. As the normative debate revolves around aspects of human control, this work examines the narratives of (meaningful) human control in the marketing of autonomous military systems by defence manufacturers. Based on a comprehensive content analysis of twenty defence firms, we identified three main narratives, which envision autonomy as a military advantage, the role of the human in the future of warfare, and human-machine teaming. Based on the results, we argue that defence companies reproduce and adapt narratives which shape expectations and visions of human control of autonomous weapon systems in anticipation of emerging norms for (meaningful) human control. However, without specifications and verification mechanisms, there is no indication that human control will be meaningful.}, number = {4}, journal = {Global Society}, author = {Riebe, Thea and Gonsior, Anja-Liisa and Reichert, Lilian and Reuter, Christian}, year = {2025}, keywords = {HCI, Peace, Projekt-TraCe, A-Paper, Ranking-ImpactFactor, AuswahlPeace, Projekt-ATHENE-CyAware, Student}, pages = {421--445}, }

Enno Steinbrink, Laura Guntrum, Christian Reuter (2025)
Smartphone and ICT Use Among Ukrainian Refugees: Technology Support during War, Flight, and Adaptation in Germany
Proceedings of the ACM: Human Computer Interaction (PACM): Computer-Supported Cooperative Work and Social Computing (CSCW). doi:10.1145/3711067
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In conflict-ridden environments, timely and accurate information is critical for those dealing with the dynamic of events. When individuals have to flee, it becomes evident that refugees frequently rely on information and communication technologies (ICT) for information acquisition, travel coordination, and maintaining connections with related parties. Based on 17 interviews, this research explores how Ukrainian refugees, who sought protection in Germany due to the 2022 Russian full-scale invasion, use ICT before, during, and after their flight. By providing empirical findings, the results show in depth how contextual factors, such as infrastructural instability, privacy concerns and an advanced digitalization, interrelate with user behaviors. Analyzing the multifaceted civilian ICT use in the context of war and flight, this exploratory research contributes to the existing research on HCI in migration contexts and connects to several topics of CSCW. By contrasting case specifics, this work highlights what makes Ukraine a special case in this research area. Furthermore, this paper examines both existing and emerging affordances of ICT in the context of flight, and identifies the crucial role of messenger groups for information gathering in all phases of the flight. Lastly, collaborative dimensions of the identified affordances are discussed.

@article{steinbrink_smartphone_2025, title = {Smartphone and {ICT} {Use} {Among} {Ukrainian} {Refugees}: {Technology} {Support} during {War}, {Flight}, and {Adaptation} in {Germany}}, url = {https://www.peasec.de/paper/2025/2025_SteinbrinkGuntrumReuter_Ukraine_CSCW.pdf}, doi = {10.1145/3711067}, abstract = {In conflict-ridden environments, timely and accurate information is critical for those dealing with the dynamic of events. When individuals have to flee, it becomes evident that refugees frequently rely on information and communication technologies (ICT) for information acquisition, travel coordination, and maintaining connections with related parties. Based on 17 interviews, this research explores how Ukrainian refugees, who sought protection in Germany due to the 2022 Russian full-scale invasion, use ICT before, during, and after their flight. By providing empirical findings, the results show in depth how contextual factors, such as infrastructural instability, privacy concerns and an advanced digitalization, interrelate with user behaviors. Analyzing the multifaceted civilian ICT use in the context of war and flight, this exploratory research contributes to the existing research on HCI in migration contexts and connects to several topics of CSCW. By contrasting case specifics, this work highlights what makes Ukraine a special case in this research area. Furthermore, this paper examines both existing and emerging affordances of ICT in the context of flight, and identifies the crucial role of messenger groups for information gathering in all phases of the flight. Lastly, collaborative dimensions of the identified affordances are discussed.}, number = {CSCW}, journal = {Proceedings of the ACM: Human Computer Interaction (PACM): Computer-Supported Cooperative Work and Social Computing}, author = {Steinbrink, Enno and Guntrum, Laura and Reuter, Christian}, year = {2025}, note = {Place: New York, NY, USA Publisher: Association for Computing Machinery}, keywords = {Crisis, HCI, Projekt-TraCe, A-Paper, Ranking-CORE-A, UsableSec, Projekt-ATHENE, Projekt-GRKPrivacy}, }

Markus Bayer, Justin Lutz, Christian Reuter (2025)
ActiveLLM: Large Language Model-based Active Learning for Textual Few-Shot Scenarios
Transactions of the Association for Computational Linguistics (TACL) . doi:10.48550/arXiv.2405.10808
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Active learning is designed to minimize annotation efforts by prioritizing instances that most enhance learning. However, many active learning strategies struggle with a ‘coldstart’ problem, needing substantial initial data to be effective. This limitation reduces their utility in the increasingly relevant fewshot scenarios, where the instance selection has a substantial impact. To address this, we introduce ActiveLLM, a novel active learning approach that leverages Large Language Models such as GPT-4, o1, Llama 3, or Mistral Large for selecting instances. We demonstrate that ActiveLLM significantly enhances the classification performance of BERT classifiers in few-shot scenarios, outperforming traditional active learning methods as well as improving the few-shot learning methods ADAPET, PERFECT, and Set- Fit. Additionally, ActiveLLM can be extended to non-few-shot scenarios, allowing for iterative selections. In this way, ActiveLLM can even help other active learning strategies to overcome their cold-start problem. Our results suggest that ActiveLLM offers a promising solution for improving model performance across various learning setups.

@article{bayer_activellm_2025, title = {{ActiveLLM}: {Large} {Language} {Model}-based {Active} {Learning} for {Textual} {Few}-{Shot} {Scenarios}}, url = {https://arxiv.org/pdf/2405.10808}, doi = {10.48550/arXiv.2405.10808}, abstract = {Active learning is designed to minimize annotation efforts by prioritizing instances that most enhance learning. However, many active learning strategies struggle with a ‘coldstart’ problem, needing substantial initial data to be effective. This limitation reduces their utility in the increasingly relevant fewshot scenarios, where the instance selection has a substantial impact. To address this, we introduce ActiveLLM, a novel active learning approach that leverages Large Language Models such as GPT-4, o1, Llama 3, or Mistral Large for selecting instances. We demonstrate that ActiveLLM significantly enhances the classification performance of BERT classifiers in few-shot scenarios, outperforming traditional active learning methods as well as improving the few-shot learning methods ADAPET, PERFECT, and Set- Fit. Additionally, ActiveLLM can be extended to non-few-shot scenarios, allowing for iterative selections. In this way, ActiveLLM can even help other active learning strategies to overcome their cold-start problem. Our results suggest that ActiveLLM offers a promising solution for improving model performance across various learning setups.}, journal = {Transactions of the Association for Computational Linguistics (TACL)}, author = {Bayer, Markus and Lutz, Justin and Reuter, Christian}, year = {2025}, keywords = {A-Paper, Projekt-ATHENE-CyAware, Student, Security, UsableSec, Projekt-CYLENCE, CORE-A*}, }

Julian Bäumler, Thea Riebe, Marc-André Kaufhold, Christian Reuter (2025)
Harnessing Inter-Organizational Collaboration and Automation to Combat Online Hate Speech: A Qualitative Study with German Reporting Centers
Proceedings of the ACM: Human Computer Interaction (PACM): Computer-Supported Cooperative Work and Social Computing . doi:10.1145/3710991
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In Germany and other countries, specialized non-profit reporting centers combat online hate speech by submitting criminal content to law enforcement agencies, forwarding deletion requests to social media platforms, and providing counseling to victims, thus contributing to the governance mechanism of content moderation as intermediaries between victims and various organizations. Whereas research in computer-supported cooperative work has extensively explored collaboration of and automation for content moderators, there are no works that focus on reporting centers. Based on expert interviews with their staff (N=15), this study finds that most German centers share a collaborative workflow, of which multiple tasks are heavily dependent on inter-organizational exchange. However, there are differences in their implementation of monitoring, content assessment, automation technology adoption, and external collaborators. As the centers are faced with diverse challenges, such as borderline case assessment, psychological burdens, limited visibility, conflicting goals with other actors, and manual repetitive work, our study contributes with nine implications for designing and researching supportive technologies. They provide suggestions for improving hate speech gathering and reporting, researching hate speech prioritization and assessment algorithms, and designing case processing systems. Beyond that, we outline directions for research on inter-organizational collaboration.

@article{baumler_harnessing_2025, title = {Harnessing {Inter}-{Organizational} {Collaboration} and {Automation} to {Combat} {Online} {Hate} {Speech}: {A} {Qualitative} {Study} with {German} {Reporting} {Centers}}, url = {https://dl.acm.org/doi/10.1145/3710991}, doi = {10.1145/3710991}, abstract = {In Germany and other countries, specialized non-profit reporting centers combat online hate speech by submitting criminal content to law enforcement agencies, forwarding deletion requests to social media platforms, and providing counseling to victims, thus contributing to the governance mechanism of content moderation as intermediaries between victims and various organizations. Whereas research in computer-supported cooperative work has extensively explored collaboration of and automation for content moderators, there are no works that focus on reporting centers. Based on expert interviews with their staff (N=15), this study finds that most German centers share a collaborative workflow, of which multiple tasks are heavily dependent on inter-organizational exchange. However, there are differences in their implementation of monitoring, content assessment, automation technology adoption, and external collaborators. As the centers are faced with diverse challenges, such as borderline case assessment, psychological burdens, limited visibility, conflicting goals with other actors, and manual repetitive work, our study contributes with nine implications for designing and researching supportive technologies. They provide suggestions for improving hate speech gathering and reporting, researching hate speech prioritization and assessment algorithms, and designing case processing systems. Beyond that, we outline directions for research on inter-organizational collaboration.}, journal = {Proceedings of the ACM: Human Computer Interaction (PACM): Computer-Supported Cooperative Work and Social Computing}, author = {Bäumler, Julian and Riebe, Thea and Kaufhold, Marc-André and Reuter, Christian}, year = {2025}, keywords = {Crisis, HCI, A-Paper, Ranking-CORE-A, Projekt-CYLENCE, Projekt-CYWARN, AuswahlCrisis}, }

Tom Biselli, Katrin Hartwig, Christian Reuter (2025)
Mitigating Misinformation Sharing on Social Media through Personalised Nudging
Proceedings of the ACM: Human Computer Interaction (PACM): Computer-Supported Cooperative Work and Social Computing ;9(2). doi:https://doi.org/10.1145/3711034
[BibTeX] [Abstract] [Download PDF]

The ongoing challenge of misinformation on social media motivates ongoing efforts to find effective countermeasures. In this study, we evaluated the potential of personalised nudging to reduce the sharing of misinformation on social media, as personalised support has been successfully applied in other areas of critical information handling. In an online experiment (N = 396) exposing users to social media posts, we assessed the degree of misinformation sharing between groups receiving (1) no nudges, (2) non-personalised nudges, and (3) personalised nudges. Personalisation was based on three psychometric dimensions – general decision-making style, consideration of future consequences, need for cognition – to assign the most appropriate nudge from a pool of five nudges. The results showed significant differences (p {\textless} .05) between all three groups, with the personalised nudge group sharing the least misinformation. Detailed analyses at the nudge level revealed that one nudge was universally effective and two nudges were effective only in their personalised form. The results generally confirm the potential of personalisation, although the effect is limited in scope. These findings shed light on the nuanced results of nudging studies, highlight the benefits of personalisation, and raise ethical considerations regarding the privacy implications of personalisation and those inherent in nudges.

@article{biselli_mitigating_2025, title = {Mitigating {Misinformation} {Sharing} on {Social} {Media} through {Personalised} {Nudging}}, volume = {9}, url = {https://www.peasec.de/paper/2025/2025_BiselliHartwigReuter_PersonalisedNudges_CSCW.pdf}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.1145/3711034}, abstract = {The ongoing challenge of misinformation on social media motivates ongoing efforts to find effective countermeasures. In this study, we evaluated the potential of personalised nudging to reduce the sharing of misinformation on social media, as personalised support has been successfully applied in other areas of critical information handling. In an online experiment (N = 396) exposing users to social media posts, we assessed the degree of misinformation sharing between groups receiving (1) no nudges, (2) non-personalised nudges, and (3) personalised nudges. Personalisation was based on three psychometric dimensions - general decision-making style, consideration of future consequences, need for cognition - to assign the most appropriate nudge from a pool of five nudges. The results showed significant differences (p {\textless} .05) between all three groups, with the personalised nudge group sharing the least misinformation. Detailed analyses at the nudge level revealed that one nudge was universally effective and two nudges were effective only in their personalised form. The results generally confirm the potential of personalisation, although the effect is limited in scope. These findings shed light on the nuanced results of nudging studies, highlight the benefits of personalisation, and raise ethical considerations regarding the privacy implications of personalisation and those inherent in nudges.}, number = {2}, journal = {Proceedings of the ACM: Human Computer Interaction (PACM): Computer-Supported Cooperative Work and Social Computing}, author = {Biselli, Tom and Hartwig, Katrin and Reuter, Christian}, year = {2025}, keywords = {Crisis, HCI, Projekt-NEBULA, A-Paper, Ranking-CORE-A, Projekt-ATHENE-PriVis}, }

Stefka Schmid, Daniel Lambach, Carlo Diehl, Christian Reuter (2025)
Arms Race or Innovation Race? Geopolitical AI Development
Geopolitics ;30(4):1907–1936. doi:10.1080/14650045.2025.2456019
[BibTeX] [Abstract] [Download PDF]

China, the United States, and the European Union have spoken of a global competition surrounding Artificial Intelligence (AI). There is widespread talk of an ‘AI Arms Race’. But what is the nature of this race? We argue that the arms race metaphor does not capture the dynamics of global competition in the AI sector. Instead, we propose the notion of a ‘geopolitical innovation race’ for technological leadership in a networked global economy. Based on an analysis of government documents, we find that actors (1) are open to both zero-sum or positive-sum approaches in AI development, (2) organise actor networks differently based on national innovation cultures, (3) prioritise economics and status next to security concerns, and (4) are open to how AI should be interpreted. Referring to the competitive race of AI research and development, the three technopoles perpetuate the geopoliticisation of innovation and intertwine security and economic interests.

@article{schmid_arms_2025, title = {Arms {Race} or {Innovation} {Race}? {Geopolitical} {AI} {Development}}, volume = {30}, issn = {1465-0045}, url = {https://doi.org/10.1080/14650045.2025.2456019}, doi = {10.1080/14650045.2025.2456019}, abstract = {China, the United States, and the European Union have spoken of a global competition surrounding Artificial Intelligence (AI). There is widespread talk of an ‘AI Arms Race’. But what is the nature of this race? We argue that the arms race metaphor does not capture the dynamics of global competition in the AI sector. Instead, we propose the notion of a ‘geopolitical innovation race’ for technological leadership in a networked global economy. Based on an analysis of government documents, we find that actors (1) are open to both zero-sum or positive-sum approaches in AI development, (2) organise actor networks differently based on national innovation cultures, (3) prioritise economics and status next to security concerns, and (4) are open to how AI should be interpreted. Referring to the competitive race of AI research and development, the three technopoles perpetuate the geopoliticisation of innovation and intertwine security and economic interests.}, number = {4}, journal = {Geopolitics}, author = {Schmid, Stefka and Lambach, Daniel and Diehl, Carlo and Reuter, Christian}, year = {2025}, note = {Publisher: Routledge}, keywords = {Peace, Projekt-TraCe, A-Paper, Ranking-ImpactFactor, AuswahlPeace, Projekt-ATHENE, Selected}, pages = {1907--1936}, }

Thea Riebe, Christian Reuter (2025)
Technology and the Transformation of Political Violence – Editorial of the ZeFKo Special Section
Zeitschrift für Friedens- und Konfliktforschung (ZeFKo) ;15(1). doi:10.1007/s42597-025-00142-9
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The global efforts to reduce armament after the end of the Cold War have been stalled due to rising nationalist ambitions. Within this dynamic, military technologies are evolving and contributing to the changing dynamics of arms races. These challenges posed by new and established arms technologies were discussed in the interdisciplinary conference “Science – Peace – Security ’23” (SPS’23) held from September 20 to Friday, September 22, 2023, at the Technical University of Darmstadt. The conference brought together interdisciplinary scholars to discuss the role of these technologies in wars and conflicts, as well as approaches toward arms control and non-proliferation. Three of the contributions are part of this special section. Almuntaser Albalawi and Kristoffer provide an in-depth analysis of the four primary mechanisms investigating alleged chemical weapons use in Syria. Zenobia S. Homan and Saman Omar explore the influence of media coverage on chemical weapon attacks in the Kurdistan Region of Iraq. Bandarra et al. examine the critical role of International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA) safeguards in preventing nuclear weapons proliferation. All these contributions highlight the need to critically assess and update arms control regimes, mechanisms, and instruments to adapt to the transformation of political violence, e.g., providing access to information and improving trust in institutions and international cooperation.

@article{riebe_technology_2025, title = {Technology and the {Transformation} of {Political} {Violence} - {Editorial} of the {ZeFKo} {Special} {Section}}, volume = {15}, url = {https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s42597-025-00142-9}, doi = {10.1007/s42597-025-00142-9}, abstract = {The global efforts to reduce armament after the end of the Cold War have been stalled due to rising nationalist ambitions. Within this dynamic, military technologies are evolving and contributing to the changing dynamics of arms races. These challenges posed by new and established arms technologies were discussed in the interdisciplinary conference "Science - Peace - Security '23" (SPS'23) held from September 20 to Friday, September 22, 2023, at the Technical University of Darmstadt. The conference brought together interdisciplinary scholars to discuss the role of these technologies in wars and conflicts, as well as approaches toward arms control and non-proliferation. Three of the contributions are part of this special section. Almuntaser Albalawi and Kristoffer provide an in-depth analysis of the four primary mechanisms investigating alleged chemical weapons use in Syria. Zenobia S. Homan and Saman Omar explore the influence of media coverage on chemical weapon attacks in the Kurdistan Region of Iraq. Bandarra et al. examine the critical role of International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA) safeguards in preventing nuclear weapons proliferation. All these contributions highlight the need to critically assess and update arms control regimes, mechanisms, and instruments to adapt to the transformation of political violence, e.g., providing access to information and improving trust in institutions and international cooperation.}, number = {1}, journal = {Zeitschrift für Friedens- und Konfliktforschung (ZeFKo)}, author = {Riebe, Thea and Reuter, Christian}, year = {2025}, keywords = {Peace, Projekt-TraCe, Security, Projekt-CROSSING}, }

Markus Henkel, Steffen Haesler, Hiba Al-Najmi, Frank Hessel, Christian Reuter (2025)
The House That Saves Me? Assessing the Role of Smart Home Automation in Warning Scenarios
Proceedings of the ACM on Interactive, Mobile, Wearable and Ubiquitous Technologies (IMWUT) ;9(1):5:1–5:32. doi:10.1145/3712269
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As smart home technology becomes integral to modern living, researchers must consider safety aspects. While single-purpose devices alert users to specific dangers, integrating them within comprehensive smart home warning systems (SHWSs) offers new safety potentials by allowing actuators to respond to threats based on predefined protocols. Key questions include whether user preferences for automation levels in smart homes are affected by different warning scenarios, and how unwanted automation or false positives influence acceptance. To explore this, we conduct two studies: (1) A lab study in a smart home with various actuators, where participants (N = 48) encounter warnings across three automation levels. (2) A follow-up interview study (N = 16) further evaluating our prototype and unwanted automation situations. Results show that participants preferred higher automation during warnings and were more receptive to smart technology in dangerous situations, though customization remains essential to ensure acceptance. While higher automation levels reduced perceived interruption, some still preferred less intense warnings. Others preferred not receiving warnings of mild dangers, fully relying on automation. Finally, we find that specific safety protocols and handling of false positive alarms must be chosen carefully to avoid mistrust, users feeling a loss of control, and damage through unwanted executions.

@article{henkel_house_2025, title = {The {House} {That} {Saves} {Me}? {Assessing} the {Role} of {Smart} {Home} {Automation} in {Warning} {Scenarios}}, volume = {9}, shorttitle = {The {House} {That} {Saves} {Me}?}, url = {https://www.peasec.de/paper/2025/2025_HenkelHaeslerAlNajmiHesselReuter_HouseThatSavesMe_IMWUT.pdf}, doi = {10.1145/3712269}, abstract = {As smart home technology becomes integral to modern living, researchers must consider safety aspects. While single-purpose devices alert users to specific dangers, integrating them within comprehensive smart home warning systems (SHWSs) offers new safety potentials by allowing actuators to respond to threats based on predefined protocols. Key questions include whether user preferences for automation levels in smart homes are affected by different warning scenarios, and how unwanted automation or false positives influence acceptance. To explore this, we conduct two studies: (1) A lab study in a smart home with various actuators, where participants (N = 48) encounter warnings across three automation levels. (2) A follow-up interview study (N = 16) further evaluating our prototype and unwanted automation situations. Results show that participants preferred higher automation during warnings and were more receptive to smart technology in dangerous situations, though customization remains essential to ensure acceptance. While higher automation levels reduced perceived interruption, some still preferred less intense warnings. Others preferred not receiving warnings of mild dangers, fully relying on automation. Finally, we find that specific safety protocols and handling of false positive alarms must be chosen carefully to avoid mistrust, users feeling a loss of control, and damage through unwanted executions.}, number = {1}, journal = {Proceedings of the ACM on Interactive, Mobile, Wearable and Ubiquitous Technologies (IMWUT)}, author = {Henkel, Markus and Haesler, Steffen and Al-Najmi, Hiba and Hessel, Frank and Reuter, Christian}, year = {2025}, keywords = {Crisis, HCI, Projekt-emergenCITY, A-Paper, Student, Projekt-ATHENE-SecUrban, AuswahlCrisis, Ranking-CORE-A*, emergenCITY\_INF, emergenCITY\_SG}, pages = {5:1--5:32}, }

Julian Bäumler, Georg Voronin, Marc-André Kaufhold (2025)
Cyber Hate Awareness: Information Types and Technologies Relevant to the Law Enforcement and Reporting Center Domain
i-com – Journal of Interactive Media ;24(1). doi:10.1515/icom-2024-0062
[BibTeX] [Abstract] [Download PDF]

In Germany, both law enforcement agencies (LEAs) and dedicated reporting centers (RCs) engage in various activities to counter illegal online hate speech (HS). Due to the high volume of such content and against the background of limited resources, their personnel can be confronted with the issue of information overload. To mitigate this issue, information filtering, classification, prioritization, and visualization technologies offer great potential. However, a nuanced understanding of situational awareness is required to inform the domain-sensitive implementation of supportive technology and adequate decision-making. Although previous research has explored the concept of situational awareness in policing, it has not been studied in relation to online HS. Based on a qualitative research design employing a thematic analysis of qualitative expert interviews with practitioners from German LEAs and RCs (N=29), we will contribute to the state of research in human-computer interaction with a systematization of 23 information types of relevance for situational awareness of online HS in the law enforcement and RC domain. On that basis, we identify victim, perpetrator, context, evidence, legal, and threat awareness as domain-specific situational awareness sub-types and formulate ten implications for designing reporting, open-source intelligence, classification, and visual analytics tools.

@article{baumler_cyber_2025, title = {Cyber {Hate} {Awareness}: {Information} {Types} and {Technologies} {Relevant} to the {Law} {Enforcement} and {Reporting} {Center} {Domain}}, volume = {24}, issn = {2196-6826}, shorttitle = {Cyber hate awareness}, url = {https://www.degruyter.com/document/doi/10.1515/icom-2024-0062/html}, doi = {10.1515/icom-2024-0062}, abstract = {In Germany, both law enforcement agencies (LEAs) and dedicated reporting centers (RCs) engage in various activities to counter illegal online hate speech (HS). Due to the high volume of such content and against the background of limited resources, their personnel can be confronted with the issue of information overload. To mitigate this issue, information filtering, classification, prioritization, and visualization technologies offer great potential. However, a nuanced understanding of situational awareness is required to inform the domain-sensitive implementation of supportive technology and adequate decision-making. Although previous research has explored the concept of situational awareness in policing, it has not been studied in relation to online HS. Based on a qualitative research design employing a thematic analysis of qualitative expert interviews with practitioners from German LEAs and RCs (N=29), we will contribute to the state of research in human-computer interaction with a systematization of 23 information types of relevance for situational awareness of online HS in the law enforcement and RC domain. On that basis, we identify victim, perpetrator, context, evidence, legal, and threat awareness as domain-specific situational awareness sub-types and formulate ten implications for designing reporting, open-source intelligence, classification, and visual analytics tools.}, number = {1}, journal = {i-com - Journal of Interactive Media}, author = {Bäumler, Julian and Voronin, Georg and Kaufhold, Marc-André}, year = {2025}, keywords = {Crisis, HCI, Projekt-ATHENE-CyAware, Projekt-CYLENCE}, }

Jasmin Haunschild, Markus Henkel, Christian Reuter (2025)
Breaking Down Barriers to Warning Technology Adoption: Usability and Usefulness of a Messenger App Warning Bot
i-com – Journal of Interactive Media ;24(1). doi:10.1515/icom-2024-0067
[BibTeX] [Abstract] [Download PDF]

In crisis situations, citizens’ situational awareness is paramount for an effective response. While warning apps offer location-based alerts, their usage is relatively low. We propose a personalised messaging app channel as an alternative, presenting a warning bot that may lower adoption barriers. We employ the design science research process to define user requirements and iteratively evaluate and improve the bot’s usability and usefulness. The results showcase high usability, with over 40\% expressing an interest in utilising such a warning channel, stressing as reasons the added value of proactive warnings for personalised locations while not requiring a separate app. The derived requirements and design solutions, such as graphically enhanced user interface elements as guardrails for effective and error-free communication, demonstrate that a suitable warning chatbot does not necessarily require complex language processing capabilities. Additionally, our findings facilitate further research on accessibility via conversational design in the realm of crisis warnings.

@article{haunschild_breaking_2025, title = {Breaking {Down} {Barriers} to {Warning} {Technology} {Adoption}: {Usability} and {Usefulness} of a {Messenger} {App} {Warning} {Bot}}, volume = {24}, copyright = {De Gruyter expressly reserves the right to use all content for commercial text and data mining within the meaning of Section 44b of the German Copyright Act.}, issn = {2196-6826}, shorttitle = {Breaking down barriers to warning technology adoption}, url = {https://www.degruyter.com/document/doi/10.1515/icom-2024-0067/html}, doi = {10.1515/icom-2024-0067}, abstract = {In crisis situations, citizens' situational awareness is paramount for an effective response. While warning apps offer location-based alerts, their usage is relatively low. We propose a personalised messaging app channel as an alternative, presenting a warning bot that may lower adoption barriers. We employ the design science research process to define user requirements and iteratively evaluate and improve the bot's usability and usefulness. The results showcase high usability, with over 40\% expressing an interest in utilising such a warning channel, stressing as reasons the added value of proactive warnings for personalised locations while not requiring a separate app. The derived requirements and design solutions, such as graphically enhanced user interface elements as guardrails for effective and error-free communication, demonstrate that a suitable warning chatbot does not necessarily require complex language processing capabilities. Additionally, our findings facilitate further research on accessibility via conversational design in the realm of crisis warnings.}, language = {en}, number = {1}, journal = {i-com - Journal of Interactive Media}, author = {Haunschild, Jasmin and Henkel, Markus and Reuter, Christian}, month = feb, year = {2025}, note = {Publisher: Oldenbourg Wissenschaftsverlag}, keywords = {Crisis, HCI, Projekt-emergenCITY, Projekt-ATHENE-SecUrban, emergenCITY\_INF, emergenCITY\_SG}, }

Jonas Franken, Thomas Reinhold, Timon Dörnfeld, Christian Reuter (2025)
Hidden structures of a global infrastructure: Expansion factors of the subsea data cable network
Technological Forecasting and Social Change (TFSC) ;215:124068. doi:10.1016/j.techfore.2025.124068
[BibTeX] [Abstract] [Download PDF]

The network of subsea data cables (SDC) transmits the majority of international and intercontinental data exchanges. After thirty years of fiber-optic SDC installation across the oceans, almost all coastal and island countries gained access to the only global fixed infrastructure network. Still, there is considerable inequality in the number of available SDC accesses, creating deficits in redundancy for less connected states. Previous research hypothesized multiple factors that influenced the build-up of internet infrastructures but failed to verify these assumptions through inferential statistics. This work highlights the national-level factors that made backbone access provision more – or less – attractive to SDC project decision-makers. Our regression analysis of global country-year data (n = 4916) found that socio-economic (population, GDP), political (state fragility, conflict), and geographic factors (seismic hazard, neighboring territories) significantly influenced the number of active and planned accesses. This work can serve as a foundation for further research leveraging quantitative statistics to unveil hidden structures in the construction of material internet infrastructures and support sustainability in the future allocation of international infrastructure development resources in general.

@article{franken_hidden_2025, title = {Hidden structures of a global infrastructure: {Expansion} factors of the subsea data cable network}, volume = {215}, issn = {0040-1625}, shorttitle = {Hidden structures of a global infrastructure}, url = {https://www.peasec.de/paper/2025/2025_FrankenReinholdDörnfeldReuter_TechForecasting.pdf}, doi = {10.1016/j.techfore.2025.124068}, abstract = {The network of subsea data cables (SDC) transmits the majority of international and intercontinental data exchanges. After thirty years of fiber-optic SDC installation across the oceans, almost all coastal and island countries gained access to the only global fixed infrastructure network. Still, there is considerable inequality in the number of available SDC accesses, creating deficits in redundancy for less connected states. Previous research hypothesized multiple factors that influenced the build-up of internet infrastructures but failed to verify these assumptions through inferential statistics. This work highlights the national-level factors that made backbone access provision more – or less – attractive to SDC project decision-makers. Our regression analysis of global country-year data (n = 4916) found that socio-economic (population, GDP), political (state fragility, conflict), and geographic factors (seismic hazard, neighboring territories) significantly influenced the number of active and planned accesses. This work can serve as a foundation for further research leveraging quantitative statistics to unveil hidden structures in the construction of material internet infrastructures and support sustainability in the future allocation of international infrastructure development resources in general.}, urldate = {2025-03-03}, journal = {Technological Forecasting and Social Change (TFSC)}, author = {Franken, Jonas and Reinhold, Thomas and Dörnfeld, Timon and Reuter, Christian}, month = jun, year = {2025}, keywords = {Peace, A-Paper, AuswahlPeace, Security, Projekt-ATHENE-SecUrban, Selected}, pages = {124068}, }

Marc-André Kaufhold, Tilo Mentler, Simon Nestler, Christian Reuter (2025)
The Tension of Usable Safety, Security and Privacy
i-com – Journal of Interactive Media ;24(1). doi:10.1515/icom-2025-0009
[BibTeX] [Abstract] [Download PDF]

Local disasters such as the Ahr Valley flood in Germany, the international backdrop of the RussoUkrainian War, or the global impact of the COVID-19 pandemic place high demands on the people and organisations that are involved in these situations and contexts to save lives, mitigate damage, provide comfort, or organise reconstruction. Novel technologies are constantly making their way into everyday life, such as artificial intelligence, big data, decentralised networks, internet of things, or virtual reality. Their adaptation, acceptance, usability, usefulness, and legal framework conditions for safety-critical systems must be researched and tested thoroughly. In this special issue, we investigate the use of computer-based solutions in areas and situations of direct relevance to people’s lives and well-being (Usable Safety), as well as contributions to user-oriented resilience concepts of sociotechnical systems concerning potential attacks (Usable Security) and data protection mechanisms (Usable Privacy).

@article{kaufhold_tension_2025, title = {The {Tension} of {Usable} {Safety}, {Security} and {Privacy}}, volume = {24}, url = {https://www.degruyterbrill.com/document/doi/10.1515/icom-2025-0009/html}, doi = {10.1515/icom-2025-0009}, abstract = {Local disasters such as the Ahr Valley flood in Germany, the international backdrop of the RussoUkrainian War, or the global impact of the COVID-19 pandemic place high demands on the people and organisations that are involved in these situations and contexts to save lives, mitigate damage, provide comfort, or organise reconstruction. Novel technologies are constantly making their way into everyday life, such as artificial intelligence, big data, decentralised networks, internet of things, or virtual reality. Their adaptation, acceptance, usability, usefulness, and legal framework conditions for safety-critical systems must be researched and tested thoroughly. In this special issue, we investigate the use of computer-based solutions in areas and situations of direct relevance to people’s lives and well-being (Usable Safety), as well as contributions to user-oriented resilience concepts of sociotechnical systems concerning potential attacks (Usable Security) and data protection mechanisms (Usable Privacy).}, language = {en}, number = {1}, journal = {i-com - Journal of Interactive Media}, author = {Kaufhold, Marc-André and Mentler, Tilo and Nestler, Simon and Reuter, Christian}, year = {2025}, keywords = {HCI, Security, UsableSec, Projekt-ATHENE, Projekt-CROSSING}, }

Julian Bäumler, Louis Blöcher, Lars-Joel Frey, Xian Chen, Markus Bayer, Christian Reuter (2025)
A survey of machine learning models and datasets for the multi-label classification of textual hate speech in english
arXiv . doi:10.48550/arXiv.2504.08609
[BibTeX] [Abstract] [Download PDF]

The dissemination of online hate speech can have serious negative consequences for individuals, online communities, and entire societies. This and the large volume of hateful online content prompted both practitioners’, i.e., in content moderation or law enforcement, and researchers’ interest in machine learning models to automatically classify instances of hate speech. Whereas most scientific works address hate speech classification as a binary task, practice often requires a differentiation into sub-types, e.g., according to target, severity, or legality, which may overlap for individual content. Hence, researchers created datasets and machine learning models that approach hate speech classification in textual data as a multi-label problem. This work presents the first systematic and comprehensive survey of scientific literature on this emerging research landscape in English (N=46). We contribute with a concise overview of 28 datasets suited for training multi-label classification models that reveals significant heterogeneity regarding label-set, size, meta-concept, annotation process, and inter-annotator agreement. Our analysis of 24 publications proposing suitable classification models further establishes inconsistency in evaluation and a preference for architectures based on Bidirectional Encoder Representation from Transformers (BERT) and Recurrent Neural Networks (RNNs). We identify imbalanced training data, reliance on crowdsourcing platforms, small and sparse datasets, and missing methodological alignment as critical open issues and formulate ten recommendations for research.

@article{baumlerSurveyMachineLearningModels, title = {A survey of machine learning models and datasets for the multi-label classification of textual hate speech in english}, url = {https://arxiv.org/abs/2504.08609}, doi = {10.48550/arXiv.2504.08609}, abstract = {The dissemination of online hate speech can have serious negative consequences for individuals, online communities, and entire societies. This and the large volume of hateful online content prompted both practitioners', i.e., in content moderation or law enforcement, and researchers' interest in machine learning models to automatically classify instances of hate speech. Whereas most scientific works address hate speech classification as a binary task, practice often requires a differentiation into sub-types, e.g., according to target, severity, or legality, which may overlap for individual content. Hence, researchers created datasets and machine learning models that approach hate speech classification in textual data as a multi-label problem. This work presents the first systematic and comprehensive survey of scientific literature on this emerging research landscape in English (N=46). We contribute with a concise overview of 28 datasets suited for training multi-label classification models that reveals significant heterogeneity regarding label-set, size, meta-concept, annotation process, and inter-annotator agreement. Our analysis of 24 publications proposing suitable classification models further establishes inconsistency in evaluation and a preference for architectures based on Bidirectional Encoder Representation from Transformers (BERT) and Recurrent Neural Networks (RNNs). We identify imbalanced training data, reliance on crowdsourcing platforms, small and sparse datasets, and missing methodological alignment as critical open issues and formulate ten recommendations for research.}, journal = {arXiv}, author = {Bäumler, Julian and Blöcher, Louis and Frey, Lars-Joel and Chen, Xian and Bayer, Markus and Reuter, Christian}, year = {2025}, keywords = {Crisis, HCI, Projekt-ATHENE-CyAware, Student, Projekt-CYLENCE}, }

Markus Henkel, Steffen Haesler, Hiba Al-Najmi, Frank Hessel, Christian Reuter (2025)
Smart Homes als Ergänzung des Warnmittelmixes?
Fachkongress Forschung für den Bevölkerungsschutz 2025 .
[BibTeX] [Abstract] [Download PDF]

Deutschland nutzt einen breiten Mix aus verschiedenen Warnmitteln, um möglichst große Teile der Bevölkerung vor Gefahren zu warnen. Smart Homes können den Warnmittelmix ergänzen, da sie vor regionalen und lokalen Gefahren warnen und automatisch auf solche reagieren können. Unsere Studien zeigen, dass sich die Probandinnen und Probanden die zukünftige Nutzung von Smart Home Warnsystemen situationsangepasst vorstellen können.

@article{henkelSH, title = {Smart {Homes} als {Ergänzung} des {Warnmittelmixes}?}, url = {https://www.peasec.de/paper/2025/2025_HenkelHaeslerAlNajmiHesselReuter_SmartHomeErgaenzung_bbk.pdf}, abstract = {Deutschland nutzt einen breiten Mix aus verschiedenen Warnmitteln, um möglichst große Teile der Bevölkerung vor Gefahren zu warnen. Smart Homes können den Warnmittelmix ergänzen, da sie vor regionalen und lokalen Gefahren warnen und automatisch auf solche reagieren können. Unsere Studien zeigen, dass sich die Probandinnen und Probanden die zukünftige Nutzung von Smart Home Warnsystemen situationsangepasst vorstellen können.}, journal = {Fachkongress Forschung für den Bevölkerungsschutz 2025}, author = {Henkel, Markus and Haesler, Steffen and Al-Najmi, Hiba and Hessel, Frank and Reuter, Christian}, year = {2025}, keywords = {Crisis, HCI, Projekt-emergenCITY, Student, Projekt-ATHENE-SecUrban, emergenCITY\_INF, emergenCITY\_SG}, }

Miyerlandy Cabanzo Valencia, Laura Guntrum (2025)
Race, ethnicity, and technology-facilitated violence: The experience of activists in chocó, colombia
New Media and Society . doi:10.1177/14614448251344286
[BibTeX] [Abstract]

Racism extends into the digital realm, manifesting in various forms of technology-facilitated violence (TFV). Although much research centers on the Global North, it is es-sential to investigate this issue in other settings, such as Colombia, where activists are par-ticularly vulnerable to TFV. This study enriches the debate with a qualitative approach, conducting 18 interviews with activists from Chocó and Bogotá. The literature on race and TFV reveals that technology can exacerbate racism through social media, like anonymity, and introduce new forms of racist violence, including deepfakes and algorithmic bias. However, these forms were not prevalent in our interviews. For activists, structural racism, especially limited internet, and electricity access emerged as a primary factor in their ex-periences with racist TFV. Overt TFV escalates to offline threats, silencing dissenting voices. This research emphasizes the need to understand TFV within non-Western regions, advocating for nuanced approaches to addressing digital racism in diverse contexts.

@article{CabanzoValencia2025, title = {Race, ethnicity, and technology-facilitated violence: {The} experience of activists in chocó, colombia}, doi = {10.1177/14614448251344286}, abstract = {Racism extends into the digital realm, manifesting in various forms of technology-facilitated violence (TFV). Although much research centers on the Global North, it is es-sential to investigate this issue in other settings, such as Colombia, where activists are par-ticularly vulnerable to TFV. This study enriches the debate with a qualitative approach, conducting 18 interviews with activists from Chocó and Bogotá. The literature on race and TFV reveals that technology can exacerbate racism through social media, like anonymity, and introduce new forms of racist violence, including deepfakes and algorithmic bias. However, these forms were not prevalent in our interviews. For activists, structural racism, especially limited internet, and electricity access emerged as a primary factor in their ex-periences with racist TFV. Overt TFV escalates to offline threats, silencing dissenting voices. This research emphasizes the need to understand TFV within non-Western regions, advocating for nuanced approaches to addressing digital racism in diverse contexts.}, journal = {New Media and Society}, author = {Valencia, Miyerlandy Cabanzo and Guntrum, Laura}, year = {2025}, keywords = {Peace, Projekt-TraCe, A-Paper, Security, Ranking-ImpfactFactor}, }

Laura Guntrum, Verena Lasso Mena (2025)
Unmasking digital threats in the pursuit of human rights and environmental defense in La Guajira, North Colombia
Information, Communication & Society :1–22. doi:10.1080/1369118X.2025.2503444
[BibTeX] [Abstract] [Download PDF]

Those engaged in the defense of human and land rights, particularly in areas of resource extraction, are increasingly exposed to violence, including a growing number of digital threats. In Colombia, the legacy of decades of armed conflict has overshadowed concerns regarding digital rights, resulting in reports of digital surveillance and online harassment without the requisite judicial oversight. Due to the paucity of research on this topic, this study examines the experiences of 37 environmental and human rights defenders (EHRDs) in La Guajira, North Colombia, who are leveraging information and communication technologies (ICTs) to amplify their concerns in an extractivist region with a history of human rights abuses. The findings indicate a significant prevalence of technology-facilitated violence (TFV) against EHRDs, including death threats, hacking, and hate speech through various digital channels. The spectrum of threats is attributed to several sources, including armed groups, multinational companies, and individuals within the affected communities. The study emphasizes the necessity of adopting a comprehensive approach to violence, integrating TFV into a more expansive conceptualization of violence. Failing to acknowledge the prevalence of TFV may result in an incomplete understanding of the experiences of EHRDs and the consequences of such violence, including self-censorship and emotional harm. Given the increasing overlap between digital and physical violence, we present a framework to enhance the capture and understanding of TFV. Furthermore, this study demonstrates the shortcomings of current security protocols in addressing the multifaceted violence directed at EHRDs due to their opposition to extractive agendas.

@article{guntrum_unmasking_2025, title = {Unmasking digital threats in the pursuit of human rights and environmental defense in {La} {Guajira}, {North} {Colombia}}, issn = {1369-118X}, url = {https://www.peasec.de/paper/2025/2025_GuntrumLassoMenaReuter_UnmaskingDigitalThreats_InfoCommSoc.pdf}, doi = {10.1080/1369118X.2025.2503444}, abstract = {Those engaged in the defense of human and land rights, particularly in areas of resource extraction, are increasingly exposed to violence, including a growing number of digital threats. In Colombia, the legacy of decades of armed conflict has overshadowed concerns regarding digital rights, resulting in reports of digital surveillance and online harassment without the requisite judicial oversight. Due to the paucity of research on this topic, this study examines the experiences of 37 environmental and human rights defenders (EHRDs) in La Guajira, North Colombia, who are leveraging information and communication technologies (ICTs) to amplify their concerns in an extractivist region with a history of human rights abuses. The findings indicate a significant prevalence of technology-facilitated violence (TFV) against EHRDs, including death threats, hacking, and hate speech through various digital channels. The spectrum of threats is attributed to several sources, including armed groups, multinational companies, and individuals within the affected communities. The study emphasizes the necessity of adopting a comprehensive approach to violence, integrating TFV into a more expansive conceptualization of violence. Failing to acknowledge the prevalence of TFV may result in an incomplete understanding of the experiences of EHRDs and the consequences of such violence, including self-censorship and emotional harm. Given the increasing overlap between digital and physical violence, we present a framework to enhance the capture and understanding of TFV. Furthermore, this study demonstrates the shortcomings of current security protocols in addressing the multifaceted violence directed at EHRDs due to their opposition to extractive agendas.}, journal = {Information, Communication \& Society}, author = {Guntrum, Laura and Mena, Verena Lasso}, year = {2025}, note = {Publisher: Routledge}, keywords = {Peace, Projekt-TraCe, A-Paper}, pages = {1--22}, }

Franz Kuntke, Lars Baumgärtner, Jonas Franken, Christian Reuter (2025)
Crisis-communication between farms: Disruption-tolerant networking with commodity LoRaWAN hardware
Information Technology for Development .
[BibTeX] [Abstract]

The reliability of communication networks can be compromised by various factors, including natural disasters, which highlights the need for backup systems. In rural areas, where restoring public network infrastructure can take time, an alternative communication channel can be particularly valuable. This study explores the potential of repurposing Long Range Wide Area Networks (LoRaWAN) gateways as multi-hop network nodes to create a digital emergency communication system. Farmers, who are increasingly adopting Low Power Wide Area Networks (LPWANs) and are geographically spread, are identified as key stakeholders for such a system. Using OpenStreetMap data on farm locations, we found that connecting farm communities through LoRa communication is theoretically possible in many areas. Simulations using delay-tolerant network routing protocols confirm the feasibility of this approach under various scenarios. While the general feasability was first evaluated with data from Germany, we also conduct analyses for Uganda. A proof-of-concept implementation demonstrates that small messages can be transmitted successfully using real hardware, validating the concept of a decentralized communication infrastructure based on existing equipment. Additionally, we conducted experiments to measure energy consumption, bandwidth usage, and latency in actual hardware setups. This work contributes to various Sustainable Development Goals by supporting resilient communication infrastructure in underserved areas (SDG 9: Industry, Innovation and Infrastructure), strengthening rural communities that are often the last to recover after emergencies (SDG 10: Reduced Inequalities, SDG 11: Sustainable Cities and Communities), and ultimately helping safeguard food systems through improved agricultural coordination and communication (SDG 2: Zero Hunger).

@article{kuntke2025crisis, title = {Crisis-communication between farms: {Disruption}-tolerant networking with commodity {LoRaWAN} hardware}, abstract = {The reliability of communication networks can be compromised by various factors, including natural disasters, which highlights the need for backup systems. In rural areas, where restoring public network infrastructure can take time, an alternative communication channel can be particularly valuable. This study explores the potential of repurposing Long Range Wide Area Networks (LoRaWAN) gateways as multi-hop network nodes to create a digital emergency communication system. Farmers, who are increasingly adopting Low Power Wide Area Networks (LPWANs) and are geographically spread, are identified as key stakeholders for such a system. Using OpenStreetMap data on farm locations, we found that connecting farm communities through LoRa communication is theoretically possible in many areas. Simulations using delay-tolerant network routing protocols confirm the feasibility of this approach under various scenarios. While the general feasability was first evaluated with data from Germany, we also conduct analyses for Uganda. A proof-of-concept implementation demonstrates that small messages can be transmitted successfully using real hardware, validating the concept of a decentralized communication infrastructure based on existing equipment. Additionally, we conducted experiments to measure energy consumption, bandwidth usage, and latency in actual hardware setups. This work contributes to various Sustainable Development Goals by supporting resilient communication infrastructure in underserved areas (SDG 9: Industry, Innovation and Infrastructure), strengthening rural communities that are often the last to recover after emergencies (SDG 10: Reduced Inequalities, SDG 11: Sustainable Cities and Communities), and ultimately helping safeguard food systems through improved agricultural coordination and communication (SDG 2: Zero Hunger).}, journal = {Information Technology for Development}, author = {Kuntke, Franz and Baumgärtner, Lars and Franken, Jonas and Reuter, Christian}, year = {2025}, keywords = {Projekt-emergenCITY, A-Paper, Security, UsableSec, Projekt-AgriRegio, emergenCITY\_INF, emergenCITY\_SG}, }

Laura Guntrum, Christian Reuter (2025)
Activists’ strategies for coping with technology-facilitated violence in the global south
ACM Transactions on Computer-Human Interaction (TOCHI) ;32(6):1–38. doi:10.1145/3762811
[BibTeX] [Abstract] [Download PDF]

Activists’ use of ICTs in contexts affected by violence poses challenges like digital surveillance. Based on 92 interviews with activists from Bolivia, Cameroon, Costa Rica, Colombia, India, Myanmar, and Nicaragua, this study explores their protection and coping strategies against technology-facilitated violence. Findings show limited emphasis on digital security and privacy-enhancing technologies, primarily due to the usability and familiarity with popular applications, coupled with relative unfamiliarity with other features. Generally, some precautions, like avoiding real-time location sharing, are common. While many protection strategies are similar, some are shaped by local factors like internet shutdowns and different adversaries’ capabilities. The findings demonstrate that some tools and features, such as VPN, may offer protection but also pose risks, e.g., in the case of criminalization, highlighting the crucial role of local context. Designing secure and usable features that account for the varying levels of limitations, such as poor connectivity and risks activists face, is essential.

@article{Guntrum2025, title = {Activists' strategies for coping with technology-facilitated violence in the global south}, volume = {32}, issn = {1073-0516}, url = {https://doi.org/10.1145/3762811}, doi = {10.1145/3762811}, abstract = {Activists' use of ICTs in contexts affected by violence poses challenges like digital surveillance. Based on 92 interviews with activists from Bolivia, Cameroon, Costa Rica, Colombia, India, Myanmar, and Nicaragua, this study explores their protection and coping strategies against technology-facilitated violence. Findings show limited emphasis on digital security and privacy-enhancing technologies, primarily due to the usability and familiarity with popular applications, coupled with relative unfamiliarity with other features. Generally, some precautions, like avoiding real-time location sharing, are common. While many protection strategies are similar, some are shaped by local factors like internet shutdowns and different adversaries' capabilities. The findings demonstrate that some tools and features, such as VPN, may offer protection but also pose risks, e.g., in the case of criminalization, highlighting the crucial role of local context. Designing secure and usable features that account for the varying levels of limitations, such as poor connectivity and risks activists face, is essential.}, number = {6}, journal = {ACM Transactions on Computer-Human Interaction (TOCHI)}, author = {Guntrum, Laura and Reuter, Christian}, year = {2025}, keywords = {A-Paper, AuswahlPeace, Peace, Projekt-ATHENE-PriVis, Projekt-TraCe, Ranking-CORE-A*}, pages = {1--38}, }

Bücher und herausgegebene Zeitschriften / Books and Edited Special Issues in Journals

Christian Reuter, Amanda Lee Hughes, Cody Buntain (2025)
Special Issue on Combating Information Warfare: User-Centered Countermeasures against Fake News and Misinformation – Behaviour & Information Technology (BIT)
Taylor & Francis.
[BibTeX] [Abstract]

The rise of fake news and misinformation in the digital age poses serious risks for individuals and society, particularly during crises like the Israel-Hamas war, the Russian-Ukraine war, or the COVID-19 pandemic. Misinformation serves as a tool to manipulate public opinion and create discord. Vulnerability to manipulation increases in online spaces during crises, where authoritative information is scarce. Emergency management, public health, political and public administration, as well as media professionals and citizens express concern and seek solutions to enhance information quality during such critical times. This article highlights user-centred approaches to countering fake news and misinformation, tracing their historical evolution from ancient Greece to the present, focussing on their relevance during the COVID-19 crisis and in contemporary information warfare. It describes the vulnerability of audiences to misinformation and outlines prevailing trends in user-centred countermeasures. This article also introduces recent research on the effectiveness of media literacy interventions on truth discernment, a cross-cultural comparison of the perception of negative consequences and the injunctive norm, a comparison of video and text to promote lateral reading in adolescents, content-specific indicators on Twitter from a user perspective, a learning system for detecting misinformation as well as ethical and security considerations in automated detection.

@book{reuter_special_2025, title = {Special {Issue} on {Combating} {Information} {Warfare}: {User}-{Centered} {Countermeasures} against {Fake} {News} and {Misinformation} - {Behaviour} \& {Information} {Technology} ({BIT})}, abstract = {The rise of fake news and misinformation in the digital age poses serious risks for individuals and society, particularly during crises like the Israel-Hamas war, the Russian-Ukraine war, or the COVID-19 pandemic. Misinformation serves as a tool to manipulate public opinion and create discord. Vulnerability to manipulation increases in online spaces during crises, where authoritative information is scarce. Emergency management, public health, political and public administration, as well as media professionals and citizens express concern and seek solutions to enhance information quality during such critical times. This article highlights user-centred approaches to countering fake news and misinformation, tracing their historical evolution from ancient Greece to the present, focussing on their relevance during the COVID-19 crisis and in contemporary information warfare. It describes the vulnerability of audiences to misinformation and outlines prevailing trends in user-centred countermeasures. This article also introduces recent research on the effectiveness of media literacy interventions on truth discernment, a cross-cultural comparison of the perception of negative consequences and the injunctive norm, a comparison of video and text to promote lateral reading in adolescents, content-specific indicators on Twitter from a user perspective, a learning system for detecting misinformation as well as ethical and security considerations in automated detection.}, publisher = {Taylor \& Francis}, author = {Reuter, Christian and Hughes, Amanda Lee and Buntain, Cody}, year = {2025}, note = {Publication Title: Behaviour \& Information Technology (BIT)}, keywords = {Crisis, HCI, Peace, A-Paper, Ranking-CORE-A, Ranking-ImpactFactor, SocialMedia}, }

Stefka Schmid (2025)
Governing (In)Security: Socio-technical Interactions in International Relations
Darmstadt, Germany: Dissertation (Dr. phil.), Department of History and Social Sciences, Technische Universität Darmstadt. doi:10.26083/tuprints-00030095
[BibTeX] [Abstract] [Download PDF]

Information technology is used across the globe, permeating different spheres of life. In particular, advances of artificial intelligence (AI) and broad adoption of social media re-negotiate human interactions with the world. In the midst of geopolitical tensions and multiple crises, as indicated by the Russian invasion of Ukraine in 2022 or the COVID-19 pandemic, technology has become highly important to security governance. For example, the EU has formulated policies on the use of “high risk AI” while political actors use social media for (disinformation) campaigns or war reporting. Against the backdrop of multiple crises and political actors’ reliance on technological solutions, critical security studies (CSS) has been dedicated to deconstructing governmental security politics as stabilizers of the status quo, with insecurities persisting, enacted through technologically mediated practices. While attention has specifically been paid to the role of expertise in “critical” contexts, my work is interested in how socio-technical expert knowledge plays into the problematization of broader innovation policies. Further, although various practices and forms of labor have been studied, their collaborative character and informal actors’ productive self-governance have been investigated less prominently. Connecting to human-computer interaction (HCI) as a community of socio-technical practice, it becomes possible to identify user-centric design characteristics and “agnostic” framing of contexts of use being traded into both spheres of political and technological practice. I focus on socio-technical practices that are enacted in different fields: (1) AI innovation policies, (2) safety-critical scenarios, and (3) misinformation on social media. In these, security is negotiated and on high demand. AI innovation policies are formulated in the context of global competition and address both commercial and military applications. Safety-critical scenarios, in which uncertainty is high, are experienced by both formal and informal non-governmental actors. Misinformation on social media, especially in the context of rising authoritarianism, has been identified a threat and is aimed to be mitigated by technological solutions. Thus, the first part finds that Chinese, EU and US policies refer to design characteristics in the problematization of AI innovation. AI is presented as an opaque and abstract issue that is realized across multiple contexts of use. Risks and threats are posed by the “black box” character of AI and technology use by “others”. Future innovation is seen as a solution, with characteristics ranging from reliability to explainability being used as points of reference. The second part investigates computer-supported cooperative work (CSCW) of both formal and informal collectives in safety-critical scenarios. Self-governance in crises requires cooperative and collaborative work, comprising routines and teamwork. Actors’ perceptions of criticality are governed self-referentially, with emphasis put on situation awareness as a goal in formal settings. Successful coping with insecurities points out the productive side of self-governance by informal actors, building on both physically and virtually enacted care practices. The third part addresses (de)politicization in the context of technological measures aiming at mitigating the spread of misinformation on social media. Reflecting on user studies that resulted in prototyping of a learning-oriented approach, depoliticization is notable considering user-centered design on the grounds of responsibilization and technological solutionism. Yet, this also entails politicization of user interventions regarding their transparency. Situated in HCI and as an interdisciplinary endeavor, this work allows for a reflexive approach that both integrates and reflects on problem solving approaches that are co-constitutive to security governance.

@book{schmid_governing_2025, address = {Darmstadt, Germany}, title = {Governing ({In}){Security}: {Socio}-technical {Interactions} in {International} {Relations}}, url = {https://tuprints.ulb.tu-darmstadt.de/30095/}, abstract = {Information technology is used across the globe, permeating different spheres of life. In particular, advances of artificial intelligence (AI) and broad adoption of social media re-negotiate human interactions with the world. In the midst of geopolitical tensions and multiple crises, as indicated by the Russian invasion of Ukraine in 2022 or the COVID-19 pandemic, technology has become highly important to security governance. For example, the EU has formulated policies on the use of "high risk AI" while political actors use social media for (disinformation) campaigns or war reporting. Against the backdrop of multiple crises and political actors' reliance on technological solutions, critical security studies (CSS) has been dedicated to deconstructing governmental security politics as stabilizers of the status quo, with insecurities persisting, enacted through technologically mediated practices. While attention has specifically been paid to the role of expertise in "critical" contexts, my work is interested in how socio-technical expert knowledge plays into the problematization of broader innovation policies. Further, although various practices and forms of labor have been studied, their collaborative character and informal actors' productive self-governance have been investigated less prominently. Connecting to human-computer interaction (HCI) as a community of socio-technical practice, it becomes possible to identify user-centric design characteristics and "agnostic" framing of contexts of use being traded into both spheres of political and technological practice. I focus on socio-technical practices that are enacted in different fields: (1) AI innovation policies, (2) safety-critical scenarios, and (3) misinformation on social media. In these, security is negotiated and on high demand. AI innovation policies are formulated in the context of global competition and address both commercial and military applications. Safety-critical scenarios, in which uncertainty is high, are experienced by both formal and informal non-governmental actors. Misinformation on social media, especially in the context of rising authoritarianism, has been identified a threat and is aimed to be mitigated by technological solutions. Thus, the first part finds that Chinese, EU and US policies refer to design characteristics in the problematization of AI innovation. AI is presented as an opaque and abstract issue that is realized across multiple contexts of use. Risks and threats are posed by the "black box" character of AI and technology use by "others". Future innovation is seen as a solution, with characteristics ranging from reliability to explainability being used as points of reference. The second part investigates computer-supported cooperative work (CSCW) of both formal and informal collectives in safety-critical scenarios. Self-governance in crises requires cooperative and collaborative work, comprising routines and teamwork. Actors' perceptions of criticality are governed self-referentially, with emphasis put on situation awareness as a goal in formal settings. Successful coping with insecurities points out the productive side of self-governance by informal actors, building on both physically and virtually enacted care practices. The third part addresses (de)politicization in the context of technological measures aiming at mitigating the spread of misinformation on social media. Reflecting on user studies that resulted in prototyping of a learning-oriented approach, depoliticization is notable considering user-centered design on the grounds of responsibilization and technological solutionism. Yet, this also entails politicization of user interventions regarding their transparency. Situated in HCI and as an interdisciplinary endeavor, this work allows for a reflexive approach that both integrates and reflects on problem solving approaches that are co-constitutive to security governance.}, publisher = {Dissertation (Dr. phil.), Department of History and Social Sciences, Technische Universität Darmstadt}, author = {Schmid, Stefka}, year = {2025}, doi = {10.26083/tuprints-00030095}, keywords = {Crisis, Peace, Projekt-NEBULA, Projekt-TraCe, Dissertation}, }

Katrin Hartwig (2025)
Navigating Misinformation: User-Centered Design and Evaluation of Indicator-Based Digital Interventions
Wiesbaden, Germany: Springer Vieweg. doi:10.1007/978-3-658-47885-8
[BibTeX] [Abstract] [Download PDF]

Informed navigation of misinformation on social media constitutes a major challenge. The field of Human-Computer Interaction (HCI) suggests digital misinformation interventions as user-centered countermeasures. This book clusters (1) existing misinformation interventions within a taxonomy encompassing designs, interaction types, and timings. The book demonstrates that current research mostly addresses higher-educated participants, and targets Twitter/X and Facebook. It highlights trends toward comprehensible interventions in contrast to top-down approaches. The findings informed (2) the design, implementation, and evaluation of simulated apps for TikTok, voice messages, and Twitter/X as indicator-based interventions. Therefore, (3) the book identified misinformation indicators for various modalities that were perceived as comprehensible.The book empirically demonstrates that (4) indicator-based interventions are positively received due to their transparency. However, they also come with challenges, such as users’ blind trust and lack of realistic assessments of biases. This research outlines chances and implications for future research.

@book{hartwig_navigating_2025, address = {Wiesbaden, Germany}, title = {Navigating {Misinformation}: {User}-{Centered} {Design} and {Evaluation} of {Indicator}-{Based} {Digital} {Interventions}}, isbn = {978-3-658-47884-1}, url = {https://link.springer.com/book/10.1007/978-3-658-47885-8}, abstract = {Informed navigation of misinformation on social media constitutes a major challenge. The field of Human-Computer Interaction (HCI) suggests digital misinformation interventions as user-centered countermeasures. This book clusters (1) existing misinformation interventions within a taxonomy encompassing designs, interaction types, and timings. The book demonstrates that current research mostly addresses higher-educated participants, and targets Twitter/X and Facebook. It highlights trends toward comprehensible interventions in contrast to top-down approaches. The findings informed (2) the design, implementation, and evaluation of simulated apps for TikTok, voice messages, and Twitter/X as indicator-based interventions. Therefore, (3) the book identified misinformation indicators for various modalities that were perceived as comprehensible.The book empirically demonstrates that (4) indicator-based interventions are positively received due to their transparency. However, they also come with challenges, such as users' blind trust and lack of realistic assessments of biases. This research outlines chances and implications for future research.}, publisher = {Springer Vieweg}, author = {Hartwig, Katrin}, year = {2025}, doi = {10.1007/978-3-658-47885-8}, keywords = {Crisis, DissPublisher, HCI, Projekt-NEBULA, Projekt-ATHENE, Projekt-CROSSING, Projekt-CYLENCE}, }

Markus Bayer (2025)
Deep Learning in Textual Low-Data Regimes for Cybersecurity
Wiesbaden, Germany: Springer Vieweg. doi:10.1007/978-3-658-48778-2
[BibTeX] [Abstract] [Download PDF]

In today’s fast-paced cybersecurity landscape, professionals are increasingly challenged by the vast volumes of cyber threat data, making it difficult to identify and mitigate threats effectively. Traditional clustering methods help in broadly categorizing threats but fall short when it comes to the fine-grained analysis necessary for precise threat management. Supervised machine learning offers a potential solution, but the rapidly changing nature of cyber threats renders static models ineffective and the creation of new models too labor-intensive. This book addresses these challenges by introducing innovative low-data regime methods that enhance the machine learning process with minimal labeled data. The proposed approach spans four key stages: Data Acquisition: Leveraging active learning with advanced models like GPT-4 to optimize data labeling. Preprocessing: Utilizing GPT-2 and GPT-3 for data augmentation to enrich and diversify datasets. Model Selection: Developing a specialized cybersecurity language model and using multi-level transfer learning. Prediction: Introducing a novel adversarial example generation method, grounded in explainable AI, to improve model accuracy and resilience.

@book{bayer_deep_2025, address = {Wiesbaden, Germany}, title = {Deep {Learning} in {Textual} {Low}-{Data} {Regimes} for {Cybersecurity}}, isbn = {978-3-658-48777-5}, url = {https://link.springer.com/book/10.1007/978-3-658-48778-2}, abstract = {In today's fast-paced cybersecurity landscape, professionals are increasingly challenged by the vast volumes of cyber threat data, making it difficult to identify and mitigate threats effectively. Traditional clustering methods help in broadly categorizing threats but fall short when it comes to the fine-grained analysis necessary for precise threat management. Supervised machine learning offers a potential solution, but the rapidly changing nature of cyber threats renders static models ineffective and the creation of new models too labor-intensive. This book addresses these challenges by introducing innovative low-data regime methods that enhance the machine learning process with minimal labeled data. The proposed approach spans four key stages: Data Acquisition: Leveraging active learning with advanced models like GPT-4 to optimize data labeling. Preprocessing: Utilizing GPT-2 and GPT-3 for data augmentation to enrich and diversify datasets. Model Selection: Developing a specialized cybersecurity language model and using multi-level transfer learning. Prediction: Introducing a novel adversarial example generation method, grounded in explainable AI, to improve model accuracy and resilience.}, publisher = {Springer Vieweg}, author = {Bayer, Markus}, year = {2025}, doi = {10.1007/978-3-658-48778-2}, keywords = {DissPublisher, Projekt-ATHENE-CyAware, Security, Projekt-CYLENCE, Projekt-CYWARN}, }

Sebastian Linsner (2025)
Privacy Preserving Data Management – Assisting Users in Data Disclosure Scenarios
Wiesbaden, Germany: Springer Vieweg. doi:10.1007/978-3-658-47445-4
[BibTeX] [Abstract] [Download PDF]

Users face many situations in which they have to disclose their data to others. In many cases, they are not properly informed about the usage of their data or the consequences of data disclosure. This book investigates how users can be supported by researching three core aspects: Firstly, problems and risks that lead to (unintended) data disclosure or arise from it have to be identified. Secondly, measures are investigated that developers can apply to mitigate these risks and meet the needs of the users. Finally, the developed solutions have to be adopted into practice. Strategies to bring security- and privacy-enhancing technologies to use are essential because a tool that is not used cannot protect anyone. The investigated scenarios are twofold: Firstly, business-to-business (B2B) collaborations, especially highlighting the perspective of owners of small and medium enterprises (SMEs) who are forced to provide data for business processes. Secondly, scenarios of everyday usage for private users that require the disclosure of data are investigated.

@book{linsner_privacy_2025, address = {Wiesbaden, Germany}, title = {Privacy {Preserving} {Data} {Management} – {Assisting} {Users} in {Data} {Disclosure} {Scenarios}}, url = {https://link.springer.com/book/9783658474447}, abstract = {Users face many situations in which they have to disclose their data to others. In many cases, they are not properly informed about the usage of their data or the consequences of data disclosure. This book investigates how users can be supported by researching three core aspects: Firstly, problems and risks that lead to (unintended) data disclosure or arise from it have to be identified. Secondly, measures are investigated that developers can apply to mitigate these risks and meet the needs of the users. Finally, the developed solutions have to be adopted into practice. Strategies to bring security- and privacy-enhancing technologies to use are essential because a tool that is not used cannot protect anyone. The investigated scenarios are twofold: Firstly, business-to-business (B2B) collaborations, especially highlighting the perspective of owners of small and medium enterprises (SMEs) who are forced to provide data for business processes. Secondly, scenarios of everyday usage for private users that require the disclosure of data are investigated.}, publisher = {Springer Vieweg}, author = {Linsner, Sebastian}, year = {2025}, doi = {10.1007/978-3-658-47445-4}, keywords = {DissPublisher, Security, UsableSec, Projekt-ATHENE-PriVis, Projekt-CROSSING}, }

Jasmin Haunschild (2025)
Enhancing Citizens’ Role in Public Safety: Interaction, Perception and Design of Mobile Warning Apps
Wiesbaden, Germany: Springer Vieweg. doi:10.1007/978-3-658-46489-9
[BibTeX] [Abstract] [Download PDF]

The COVID-19 pandemic and the war in Ukraine emphasize the need for greater disaster resilience and preparedness. This book investigates how these apps can enhance crisis awareness and citizen involvement in disaster prevention and response. By examining user perspectives and the impact of crisis experiences, the book explores how to increase the adoption and effectiveness of warning apps. The research uses qualitative and quantitative methods, including surveys and design interventions, to reveal current usage, changes over time and desired features. It shows that while citizens find warning apps helpful, more safety-related features and two-way communication could increase their appeal. Additionally, the integration of preparedness features into these apps can increase their perceived usefulness, though challenges remain in addressing user expectations and design preferences across different crises and cultural contexts.

@book{haunschild_enhancing_2025, address = {Wiesbaden, Germany}, title = {Enhancing {Citizens}’ {Role} in {Public} {Safety}: {Interaction}, {Perception} and {Design} of {Mobile} {Warning} {Apps}}, isbn = {978-3-658-46488-2}, url = {https://link.springer.com/book/10.1007/978-3-658-46489-9}, abstract = {The COVID-19 pandemic and the war in Ukraine emphasize the need for greater disaster resilience and preparedness. This book investigates how these apps can enhance crisis awareness and citizen involvement in disaster prevention and response. By examining user perspectives and the impact of crisis experiences, the book explores how to increase the adoption and effectiveness of warning apps. The research uses qualitative and quantitative methods, including surveys and design interventions, to reveal current usage, changes over time and desired features. It shows that while citizens find warning apps helpful, more safety-related features and two-way communication could increase their appeal. Additionally, the integration of preparedness features into these apps can increase their perceived usefulness, though challenges remain in addressing user expectations and design preferences across different crises and cultural contexts.}, publisher = {Springer Vieweg}, author = {Haunschild, Jasmin}, year = {2025}, doi = {10.1007/978-3-658-46489-9}, keywords = {Crisis, DissPublisher, HCI, Projekt-emergenCITY, Projekt-ATHENE-SecUrban, emergenCITY\_INF, emergenCITY\_SG}, }

Jasmin Haunschild (2025)
Enhancing Citizens’ Role in Public Safety: Interaction, Perception and Design of Mobile Warning Apps
Darmstadt, Germany: Dissertation (Dr. rer. nat.), Department of Computer Science, Technische Universität Darmstadt.
[BibTeX]

@book{haunschild_enhancing_2025-1, address = {Darmstadt, Germany}, title = {Enhancing {Citizens}’ {Role} in {Public} {Safety}: {Interaction}, {Perception} and {Design} of {Mobile} {Warning} {Apps}}, publisher = {Dissertation (Dr. rer. nat.), Department of Computer Science, Technische Universität Darmstadt}, author = {Haunschild, Jasmin}, year = {2025}, keywords = {Crisis, HCI, Projekt-emergenCITY, Projekt-ATHENE-SecUrban, Dissertation, emergenCITY\_INF, emergenCITY\_SG}, }

Sebastian Linsner (2025)
Privacy Preserving Data Management – Assisting Users in Data Disclosure Scenarios
Darmstadt, Germany: Dissertation (Dr.-Ing.), Department of Computer Science, Technische Universität Darmstadt.
[BibTeX]

@book{linsner_privacy_2025-1, address = {Darmstadt, Germany}, title = {Privacy {Preserving} {Data} {Management} – {Assisting} {Users} in {Data} {Disclosure} {Scenarios}}, publisher = {Dissertation (Dr.-Ing.), Department of Computer Science, Technische Universität Darmstadt}, author = {Linsner, Sebastian}, year = {2025}, keywords = {Security, UsableSec, Projekt-ATHENE-PriVis, Projekt-CROSSING, Dissertation}, }

Katrin Hartwig (2025)
Navigating Misinformation: User-Centered Design and Evaluation of Indicator-Based Digital Interventions
Darmstadt, Germany: Dissertation (Dr.-Ing.), Department of Computer Science, Technische Universität Darmstadt.
[BibTeX] [Abstract] [Download PDF]

Informed navigation of misinformation on social media constitutes a major challenge. The field of Human-Computer Interaction (HCI) suggests digital misinformation interventions as user-centered countermeasures. This book clusters (1) existing misinformation interventions within a taxonomy encompassing designs, interaction types, and timings. The book demonstrates that current research mostly addresses higher-educated participants, and targets Twitter/X and Facebook. It highlights trends toward comprehensible interventions in contrast to top-down approaches. The findings informed (2) the design, implementation, and evaluation of simulated apps for TikTok, voice messages, and Twitter/X as indicator-based interventions. Therefore, (3) the book identified misinformation indicators for various modalities that were perceived as comprehensible.The book empirically demonstrates that (4) indicator-based interventions are positively received due to their transparency. However, they also come with challenges, such as users’ blind trust and lack of realistic assessments of biases. This research outlines chances and implications for future research.

@book{hartwig_navigating_2025-1, address = {Darmstadt, Germany}, title = {Navigating {Misinformation}: {User}-{Centered} {Design} and {Evaluation} of {Indicator}-{Based} {Digital} {Interventions}}, url = {https://tuprints.ulb.tu-darmstadt.de/id/eprint/28112}, abstract = {Informed navigation of misinformation on social media constitutes a major challenge. The field of Human-Computer Interaction (HCI) suggests digital misinformation interventions as user-centered countermeasures. This book clusters (1) existing misinformation interventions within a taxonomy encompassing designs, interaction types, and timings. The book demonstrates that current research mostly addresses higher-educated participants, and targets Twitter/X and Facebook. It highlights trends toward comprehensible interventions in contrast to top-down approaches. The findings informed (2) the design, implementation, and evaluation of simulated apps for TikTok, voice messages, and Twitter/X as indicator-based interventions. Therefore, (3) the book identified misinformation indicators for various modalities that were perceived as comprehensible.The book empirically demonstrates that (4) indicator-based interventions are positively received due to their transparency. However, they also come with challenges, such as users' blind trust and lack of realistic assessments of biases. This research outlines chances and implications for future research.}, publisher = {Dissertation (Dr.-Ing.), Department of Computer Science, Technische Universität Darmstadt}, author = {Hartwig, Katrin}, year = {2025}, note = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:tuda-tuprints-281126}, keywords = {Crisis, HCI, Projekt-NEBULA, Projekt-CROSSING, Dissertation}, }

Markus Bayer (2025)
Deep Learning in Textual Low-Data Regimes for Cybersecurity
Darmstadt, Germany: Dissertation (Dr. rer. nat.), Department of Computer Science, Technische Universität Darmstadt.
[BibTeX] [Abstract] [Download PDF]

In today’s fast-paced cybersecurity landscape, professionals are increasingly challenged by the vast volumes of cyber threat data, making it difficult to identify and mitigate threats effectively. Traditional clustering methods help in broadly categorizing threats but fall short when it comes to the fine-grained analysis necessary for precise threat management. Supervised machine learning offers a potential solution, but the rapidly changing nature of cyber threats renders static models ineffective and the creation of new models too labor-intensive. This book addresses these challenges by introducing innovative low-data regime methods that enhance the machine learning process with minimal labeled data. The proposed approach spans four key stages: Data Acquisition: Leveraging active learning with advanced models like GPT-4 to optimize data labeling. Preprocessing: Utilizing GPT-2 and GPT-3 for data augmentation to enrich and diversify datasets. Model Selection: Developing a specialized cybersecurity language model and using multi-level transfer learning. Prediction: Introducing a novel adversarial example generation method, grounded in explainable AI, to improve model accuracy and resilience.

@book{bayer_deep_2025-1, address = {Darmstadt, Germany}, title = {Deep {Learning} in {Textual} {Low}-{Data} {Regimes} for {Cybersecurity}}, url = {https://tuprints.ulb.tu-darmstadt.de/id/eprint/30046}, abstract = {In today's fast-paced cybersecurity landscape, professionals are increasingly challenged by the vast volumes of cyber threat data, making it difficult to identify and mitigate threats effectively. Traditional clustering methods help in broadly categorizing threats but fall short when it comes to the fine-grained analysis necessary for precise threat management. Supervised machine learning offers a potential solution, but the rapidly changing nature of cyber threats renders static models ineffective and the creation of new models too labor-intensive. This book addresses these challenges by introducing innovative low-data regime methods that enhance the machine learning process with minimal labeled data. The proposed approach spans four key stages: Data Acquisition: Leveraging active learning with advanced models like GPT-4 to optimize data labeling. Preprocessing: Utilizing GPT-2 and GPT-3 for data augmentation to enrich and diversify datasets. Model Selection: Developing a specialized cybersecurity language model and using multi-level transfer learning. Prediction: Introducing a novel adversarial example generation method, grounded in explainable AI, to improve model accuracy and resilience.}, publisher = {Dissertation (Dr. rer. nat.), Department of Computer Science, Technische Universität Darmstadt}, author = {Bayer, Markus}, year = {2025}, note = {urn:nbn:de:tuda-tuprints-300460}, keywords = {Projekt-ATHENE-CyAware, Security, Projekt-CYLENCE, Projekt-CYWARN, Dissertation}, }

Livani Charikleia, Franziska Schraut, Laura Guntrum, Julian Lawrence (2025)
Code of Courage: A Comic About Digital Security for Activists [Available in German, Russian, Spanish under “Download PDF”]
Darmstadt, Germany: Universitäts- und Landesbibliothek Darmstadt. doi:10.26083/tuprints-00029108
[BibTeX] [Abstract] [Download PDF]

Security is paramount – online and offline.Maria, Alex, Sarah, and Daniel are four friends deeply committed to human rights activism in a country grappling with increasing authoritarianism. Their efforts to organize and amplify their message on social media are met with relentless challenges: internet shutdowns, hacked accounts, direct threats, and constant surveillance – tactics aimed at silencing dissent and instilling fear. Daniel’s arrest for this involvement in the protests serves as a stark reminder of the dangers they all face.Follow Maria as she strives to learn more about digital safety and what is means for activists in four short comic stories.

@book{ComicCodeofCourage, address = {Darmstadt, Germany}, title = {Code of {Courage}: {A} {Comic} {About} {Digital} {Security} for {Activists} [{Available} in {German}, {Russian}, {Spanish} under "{Download} {PDF}"]}, url = {https://peasec.de/2025/comic/}, abstract = {Security is paramount - online and offline.Maria, Alex, Sarah, and Daniel are four friends deeply committed to human rights activism in a country grappling with increasing authoritarianism. Their efforts to organize and amplify their message on social media are met with relentless challenges: internet shutdowns, hacked accounts, direct threats, and constant surveillance - tactics aimed at silencing dissent and instilling fear. Daniel's arrest for this involvement in the protests serves as a stark reminder of the dangers they all face.Follow Maria as she strives to learn more about digital safety and what is means for activists in four short comic stories.}, publisher = {Universitäts- und Landesbibliothek Darmstadt}, author = {Charikleia, Livani and Schraut, Franziska and Guntrum, Laura and Lawrence, Julian}, year = {2025}, doi = {10.26083/tuprints-00029108}, keywords = {Peace, Projekt-TraCe}, }

Philipp Kuehn (2025)
Proactive Cyber Threat Intelligence: Automating the Intelligence Cycle based on Open Sources
Darmstadt, Germany: Dissertation (Dr.-Ing.), Department of Computer Science, Technische Universität Darmstadt.
[BibTeX] [Abstract] [Download PDF]

This book explores innovative methods to enhance cybersecurity by leveraging official and unofficial information sources on the web. While traditional approaches like Cyber Threat Intelligence (CTI) and Security Information and Event Management (SIEM) rely on past breaches, this work emphasizes a proactive stance, utilizing Open Source Intelligence (OSINT) to predict and prepare for emerging threats. Drawing from crisis informatics and data mining, the research introduces automated approaches for collecting, enriching, and analyzing cybersecurity information across diverse web sources, providing security teams with tools to identify emerging threats while reducing manual workload. For security professionals and researchers, this work demonstrates how automation can enhance human expertise in cybersecurity, paving the way for more robust and proactive threat detection.

@book{kuehn_proactive_2025, address = {Darmstadt, Germany}, title = {Proactive {Cyber} {Threat} {Intelligence}: {Automating} the {Intelligence} {Cycle} based on {Open} {Sources}}, url = {https://tuprints.ulb.tu-darmstadt.de/handle/tuda/14750}, abstract = {This book explores innovative methods to enhance cybersecurity by leveraging official and unofficial information sources on the web. While traditional approaches like Cyber Threat Intelligence (CTI) and Security Information and Event Management (SIEM) rely on past breaches, this work emphasizes a proactive stance, utilizing Open Source Intelligence (OSINT) to predict and prepare for emerging threats. Drawing from crisis informatics and data mining, the research introduces automated approaches for collecting, enriching, and analyzing cybersecurity information across diverse web sources, providing security teams with tools to identify emerging threats while reducing manual workload. For security professionals and researchers, this work demonstrates how automation can enhance human expertise in cybersecurity, paving the way for more robust and proactive threat detection.}, publisher = {Dissertation (Dr.-Ing.), Department of Computer Science, Technische Universität Darmstadt}, author = {Kuehn, Philipp}, year = {2025}, keywords = {Security, UsableSec, Projekt-ATHENE-SecUrban, Projekt-CYWARN, Dissertation}, }

Tom Biselli (2025)
Individual Information Sovereignty: User Perspectives and Digital Interventions for Navigating Privacy and Misinformation
Darmstadt, Germany: Dissertation (Dr. rer. nat.), Department of Computer Science, Technische Universität Darmstadt. doi:10.26083/tuprints-00030183
[BibTeX] [Abstract] [Download PDF]

In an ever more complex and opaque digital information landscape, individuals increasingly share sensitive data and rely on various digital sources for information. In doing so, they face increasing challenges in engaging with digital information flows. This dissertation explores two critical directions of digital information flows: (1) the disclosure of sensitive information related to privacy and (2) the consumption of information, with a particular focus on misinformation. To effectively address these challenges, individuals require support in regaining their information sovereignty, which this dissertation conceptualises as a form of autonomy, control, and competence in navigating digital information flows related to privacy and misinformation. Overall, this dissertation provides a user-centred perspective rooted in Human-Computer Interaction to explore conceptual and methodological insights, user perspectives, and design implications for digital interventions with the overarching aim of supporting Individual Information Sovereignty. To do this, this dissertation employs a range of qualitative and quantitative research methods, including representative surveys, interviews, focus groups, think-aloud studies, and online experiments. Findings on conceptual and methodological insights demonstrate how precise operationalisation and measurement of concepts such as privacy and corresponding behaviour are essential prerequisites for accurately determining user needs. Findings on user perspectives highlight diverse, context-dependent, and evolving perspectives and patterns in digital technology use as well as support needs. Users express a fundamental tension between the advantages of digital information availability and the risk of information overload, leading to challenges in maintaining control over digital information flows. In the context of emergencies, for example, the use of social media is especially hindered by perceived privacy implications and the risk of false rumours. In general, users desire greater transparency and comprehensibility when navigating privacy and misinformation, suggesting that interventions should prioritise empowering user autonomy through tailored, clear and well-structured information. Finally, findings on design implications for digital interventions to support navigating privacy and misinformation highlight the potential of transparent and personalised approaches. For instance, personalised cookie banners tailored to users’ privacy knowledge reduce the acceptance of browser cookies. Additionally, personalised nudges and transparent, indicator-based interventions support the identification of misleading information in text, videos, and charts. Overall, this dissertation demonstrates the heterogeneity of user perspectives and the potential of transparent and personalised interventions to support Individual Information Sovereignty. This approach aims to empower users to navigate digital information flows in a more informed and self-determined way.

@book{biselli_individual_2025, address = {Darmstadt, Germany}, title = {Individual {Information} {Sovereignty}: {User} {Perspectives} and {Digital} {Interventions} for {Navigating} {Privacy} and {Misinformation}}, url = {https://tuprints.ulb.tu-darmstadt.de/entities/publication/f5508aab-cf31-41c6-8e7d-f7a36dc265f5}, abstract = {In an ever more complex and opaque digital information landscape, individuals increasingly share sensitive data and rely on various digital sources for information. In doing so, they face increasing challenges in engaging with digital information flows. This dissertation explores two critical directions of digital information flows: (1) the disclosure of sensitive information related to privacy and (2) the consumption of information, with a particular focus on misinformation. To effectively address these challenges, individuals require support in regaining their information sovereignty, which this dissertation conceptualises as a form of autonomy, control, and competence in navigating digital information flows related to privacy and misinformation. Overall, this dissertation provides a user-centred perspective rooted in Human-Computer Interaction to explore conceptual and methodological insights, user perspectives, and design implications for digital interventions with the overarching aim of supporting Individual Information Sovereignty. To do this, this dissertation employs a range of qualitative and quantitative research methods, including representative surveys, interviews, focus groups, think-aloud studies, and online experiments. Findings on conceptual and methodological insights demonstrate how precise operationalisation and measurement of concepts such as privacy and corresponding behaviour are essential prerequisites for accurately determining user needs. Findings on user perspectives highlight diverse, context-dependent, and evolving perspectives and patterns in digital technology use as well as support needs. Users express a fundamental tension between the advantages of digital information availability and the risk of information overload, leading to challenges in maintaining control over digital information flows. In the context of emergencies, for example, the use of social media is especially hindered by perceived privacy implications and the risk of false rumours. In general, users desire greater transparency and comprehensibility when navigating privacy and misinformation, suggesting that interventions should prioritise empowering user autonomy through tailored, clear and well-structured information. Finally, findings on design implications for digital interventions to support navigating privacy and misinformation highlight the potential of transparent and personalised approaches. For instance, personalised cookie banners tailored to users' privacy knowledge reduce the acceptance of browser cookies. Additionally, personalised nudges and transparent, indicator-based interventions support the identification of misleading information in text, videos, and charts. Overall, this dissertation demonstrates the heterogeneity of user perspectives and the potential of transparent and personalised interventions to support Individual Information Sovereignty. This approach aims to empower users to navigate digital information flows in a more informed and self-determined way.}, publisher = {Dissertation (Dr. rer. nat.), Department of Computer Science, Technische Universität Darmstadt}, author = {Biselli, Tom}, year = {2025}, doi = {10.26083/tuprints-00030183}, keywords = {Crisis, HCI, Projekt-NEBULA, Projekt-ATHENE, Dissertation}, }

Philipp Kuehn (2025)
Proactive Cyber Threat Intelligence: Automating the Intelligence Cycle based on Open Sources
Wiesbaden, Germany: Springer Vieweg.
[BibTeX] [Abstract] [Download PDF]

This book explores innovative methods to enhance cybersecurity by leveraging official and unofficial information sources on the web. While traditional approaches like Cyber Threat Intelligence (CTI) and Security Information and Event Management (SIEM) rely on past breaches, this work emphasizes a proactive stance, utilizing Open Source Intelligence (OSINT) to predict and prepare for emerging threats. Drawing from crisis informatics and data mining, the research introduces automated approaches for collecting, enriching, and analyzing cybersecurity information across diverse web sources, providing security teams with tools to identify emerging threats while reducing manual workload. For security professionals and researchers, this work demonstrates how automation can enhance human expertise in cybersecurity, paving the way for more robust and proactive threat detection.

@book{kuehn_proactive_2025-1, address = {Wiesbaden, Germany}, title = {Proactive {Cyber} {Threat} {Intelligence}: {Automating} the {Intelligence} {Cycle} based on {Open} {Sources}}, isbn = {978-3-658-49240-3}, url = {https://link.springer.com/book/10.1007/978-3-658-49241-0}, abstract = {This book explores innovative methods to enhance cybersecurity by leveraging official and unofficial information sources on the web. While traditional approaches like Cyber Threat Intelligence (CTI) and Security Information and Event Management (SIEM) rely on past breaches, this work emphasizes a proactive stance, utilizing Open Source Intelligence (OSINT) to predict and prepare for emerging threats. Drawing from crisis informatics and data mining, the research introduces automated approaches for collecting, enriching, and analyzing cybersecurity information across diverse web sources, providing security teams with tools to identify emerging threats while reducing manual workload. For security professionals and researchers, this work demonstrates how automation can enhance human expertise in cybersecurity, paving the way for more robust and proactive threat detection.}, publisher = {Springer Vieweg}, author = {Kuehn, Philipp}, year = {2025}, keywords = {DissPublisher, Security, UsableSec, Projekt-ATHENE-SecUrban, Projekt-CYWARN}, }

Kapitel in Büchern

Stefka Schmid, Carlo Diehl, Christian Reuter (2025)
Navigating AI in a Geopolitical Innovation Race
In: Malte Göttsche, Kadri Reis, Christopher Daase: CNTR Monitor 2025: New Realities of AI in Global Security. CNTR Cluster for Natural and Technical Science Arms Control Research, , 22–25.
[BibTeX] [Abstract] [Download PDF]

China, the U.S., and the EU all frame AI as part of global competition, often described as an ‘AI arms race’. The metaphor casts AI as a zero-sum struggle for technological supremacy, with winners gaining economic, political, and strategic advantages over adversaries. We argue that the arms race framing is misleading because AI development can be positivesum and combines national innovation with transnational collaboration, serves economic and status as well as security goals, and involves both civilian and military applications. We propose instead the concept of a geopolitical innovation race: competition for technological leadership alongside collaboration, unfolding across networks of companies, states, and research institutions. Political actors may adopt the arms race framing to preserve leadership or highlight capability gaps, but this is more rhetoric than description. Such framing risks encouraging speed of action over safety and ethics. 2 Amidst rising geopolitical tensions and contestation of civil rights and democracy, AI policies should go beyond nationalistic visions of technological capabilities and reflect openness to cooperation as well as competition.

@incollection{schmid_CNTR_2025, title = {Navigating {AI} in a {Geopolitical} {Innovation} {Race}}, url = {https://www.cntrarmscontrol.org/fileadmin/Medien/Monitor/CNTR_Monitor_2025_EN.pdf}, abstract = {China, the U.S., and the EU all frame AI as part of global competition, often described as an ‘AI arms race’. The metaphor casts AI as a zero-sum struggle for technological supremacy, with winners gaining economic, political, and strategic advantages over adversaries. We argue that the arms race framing is misleading because AI development can be positivesum and combines national innovation with transnational collaboration, serves economic and status as well as security goals, and involves both civilian and military applications. We propose instead the concept of a geopolitical innovation race: competition for technological leadership alongside collaboration, unfolding across networks of companies, states, and research institutions. Political actors may adopt the arms race framing to preserve leadership or highlight capability gaps, but this is more rhetoric than description. Such framing risks encouraging speed of action over safety and ethics. 2 Amidst rising geopolitical tensions and contestation of civil rights and democracy, AI policies should go beyond nationalistic visions of technological capabilities and reflect openness to cooperation as well as competition.}, booktitle = {{CNTR} {Monitor} 2025: {New} {Realities} of {AI} in {Global} {Security}}, publisher = {CNTR Cluster for Natural and Technical Science Arms Control Research}, author = {Schmid, Stefka and Diehl, Carlo and Reuter, Christian}, editor = {Göttsche, Malte and Reis, Kadri and Daase, Christopher}, month = nov, year = {2025}, keywords = {Peace, Projekt-TraCe, Security, Projekt-CNTR}, pages = {22--25}, }

Publikationen in Konferenzbänden / Peer-reviewed Conference Papers

Marc-André Kaufhold, Julian Bäumler, Marius Bajorski, Christian Reuter (2025)
Cyber Threat Awareness, Protective Measures and Communication Preferences in Germany: Implications from Three Representative Surveys (2021-2024)
Proceedings of the Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems (CHI) Yokohama, Japan. doi:10.1145/3706598.3713795
[BibTeX] [Abstract] [Download PDF]

In light of the increasing vulnerability of citizens against cyberattacks, we conducted three representative surveys with German citizens in 2021 (N=1,093), 2023 (N=1,011), and 2024 (N=1,004) to examine their cyber threat awareness, use of protective security measures, and preferred information channels. While our findings attest large proportions of the German population a high level of cyber threat awareness, many citizens feel inadequately informed about coping with cyberattacks and show little confidence in German security authorities to protect citizens and infrastructures. While age correlated with citizens’ awareness and behavior, we only saw minor temporal differences between datasets. Finally, we provide design and policy implications for enhancing citizens’ awareness of cyber threats and implementing security measures.

@inproceedings{kaufhold_cyber_2025, address = {Yokohama, Japan}, series = {{CHI} '25}, title = {Cyber {Threat} {Awareness}, {Protective} {Measures} and {Communication} {Preferences} in {Germany}: {Implications} from {Three} {Representative} {Surveys} (2021-2024)}, url = {https://www.peasec.de/paper/2025/2025_KaufholdBäumlerBajorskiReuter_ComparativeCybersecuritySurvey_CHI.pdf}, doi = {10.1145/3706598.3713795}, abstract = {In light of the increasing vulnerability of citizens against cyberattacks, we conducted three representative surveys with German citizens in 2021 (N=1,093), 2023 (N=1,011), and 2024 (N=1,004) to examine their cyber threat awareness, use of protective security measures, and preferred information channels. While our findings attest large proportions of the German population a high level of cyber threat awareness, many citizens feel inadequately informed about coping with cyberattacks and show little confidence in German security authorities to protect citizens and infrastructures. While age correlated with citizens’ awareness and behavior, we only saw minor temporal differences between datasets. Finally, we provide design and policy implications for enhancing citizens’ awareness of cyber threats and implementing security measures.}, booktitle = {Proceedings of the {Conference} on {Human} {Factors} in {Computing} {Systems} ({CHI})}, publisher = {Association for Computing Machinery}, author = {Kaufhold, Marc-André and Bäumler, Julian and Bajorski, Marius and Reuter, Christian}, year = {2025}, keywords = {HCI, A-Paper, Projekt-ATHENE-CyAware, Security, UsableSec, Projekt-CYLENCE, Selected, AuswahlUsableSec, Ranking-CORE-A*}, }

Leon Janzen, Florentin Putz, Marc-André Kaufhold, Kolja Straub, Matthias Hollick (2025)
The User Perspective on Island-Ready 6G Communication: A Survey of Future Smartphone Usage in Crisis-Struck Areas with Local Cellular Connectivity
Proceedings of the Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems (CHI) (Honorable Mentions) Yokohama, Japan. doi:10.1145/3706598.3714324
[BibTeX] [Abstract] [Download PDF]

Using smartphone apps during crises is well-established, proving critical for efficient crisis response. However, such apps become futile without an Internet connection, which is a common issue during crises. The ongoing 6G standardization explores the capability to provide local cellular connectivity for areas cut off from the Internet in crises. This paper introduces to the HCI community the concept of cellular island connectivity in isolated areas, promising a seamless transition from normal operation to island operation with local-only cellular connectivity. It presents findings from a survey (N = 857) among adult smartphone users from major German cities regarding their smartphone usage preferences in this model. Results show a shift in app demand, with users favoring general-purpose apps over dedicated crisis apps in specific scenarios. We prioritize smartphone services based on their criticality, distinguishing between apps essential for crisis response and those supporting routines. Our findings provide operators, developers, and authorities insights into making user-centric design decisions for implementing island-ready 6G communication.

@inproceedings{janzen_user_2025, address = {Yokohama, Japan}, series = {{CHI} '25}, title = {The {User} {Perspective} on {Island}-{Ready} {6G} {Communication}: {A} {Survey} of {Future} {Smartphone} {Usage} in {Crisis}-{Struck} {Areas} with {Local} {Cellular} {Connectivity}}, url = {https://www.peasec.de/paper/2025/2025_JanzenPutzKaufholdStraubHollick_UserPerspective6GCommunication_CHI.pdf}, doi = {10.1145/3706598.3714324}, abstract = {Using smartphone apps during crises is well-established, proving critical for efficient crisis response. However, such apps become futile without an Internet connection, which is a common issue during crises. The ongoing 6G standardization explores the capability to provide local cellular connectivity for areas cut off from the Internet in crises. This paper introduces to the HCI community the concept of cellular island connectivity in isolated areas, promising a seamless transition from normal operation to island operation with local-only cellular connectivity. It presents findings from a survey (N = 857) among adult smartphone users from major German cities regarding their smartphone usage preferences in this model. Results show a shift in app demand, with users favoring general-purpose apps over dedicated crisis apps in specific scenarios. We prioritize smartphone services based on their criticality, distinguishing between apps essential for crisis response and those supporting routines. Our findings provide operators, developers, and authorities insights into making user-centric design decisions for implementing island-ready 6G communication.}, booktitle = {Proceedings of the {Conference} on {Human} {Factors} in {Computing} {Systems} ({CHI}) ({Honorable} {Mentions})}, publisher = {Association for Computing Machinery}, author = {Janzen, Leon and Putz, Florentin and Kaufhold, Marc-André and Straub, Kolja and Hollick, Matthias}, year = {2025}, keywords = {HCI, Projekt-emergenCITY, A-Paper, Security, UsableSec, Projekt-CYLENCE, AuswahlCrisis, Ranking-CORE-A*, emergenCITY\_INF, emergenCITY\_SG}, }

Julian Bäumler, Helen Bader, Marc-André Kaufhold, Christian Reuter (2025)
Towards Youth-Sensitive Hateful Content Reporting: An Inclusive Focus Group Study in Germany
Proceedings of the Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems (CHI) (Honorable Mentions) Yokohama, Japan. doi:10.1145/3706598.3713542
[BibTeX] [Abstract] [Download PDF]

Youth are particularly likely to encounter hateful internet content, which can severely impact their well-being. While most social media provide reporting mechanisms, in several countries, severe hateful content can alternatively be reported to law enforcement or dedicated reporting centers. However, in Germany, many youth never resort to reporting. While research in human-computer interaction has investigated adults’ views on platform-based reporting, youth perspectives and platform-independent alternatives have received little attention. By involving a diverse group of 47 German adolescents and young adults in eight focus group interviews, we investigate how youth-sensitive reporting systems for hateful content can be designed. We explore German youth’s reporting barriers, finding that on platforms, they feel particularly discouraged by deficient rule enforcement and feedback, while platform-independent alternatives are rather unknown and perceived as time-consuming and disruptive. We further elicit their requirements for platform-independent reporting tools and contribute with heuristics for designing youth-sensitive and inclusive reporting systems.

@inproceedings{baumlerYouthSensitiveHatefulContent2025, address = {Yokohama, Japan}, series = {{CHI} '25}, title = {Towards {Youth}-{Sensitive} {Hateful} {Content} {Reporting}: {An} {Inclusive} {Focus} {Group} {Study} in {Germany}}, url = {https://www.peasec.de/paper/2025/2025_BäumlerBaderKaufholdReuter_HatefulContentReporting_CHI.pdf}, doi = {10.1145/3706598.3713542}, abstract = {Youth are particularly likely to encounter hateful internet content, which can severely impact their well-being. While most social media provide reporting mechanisms, in several countries, severe hateful content can alternatively be reported to law enforcement or dedicated reporting centers. However, in Germany, many youth never resort to reporting. While research in human-computer interaction has investigated adults’ views on platform-based reporting, youth perspectives and platform-independent alternatives have received little attention. By involving a diverse group of 47 German adolescents and young adults in eight focus group interviews, we investigate how youth-sensitive reporting systems for hateful content can be designed. We explore German youth’s reporting barriers, finding that on platforms, they feel particularly discouraged by deficient rule enforcement and feedback, while platform-independent alternatives are rather unknown and perceived as time-consuming and disruptive. We further elicit their requirements for platform-independent reporting tools and contribute with heuristics for designing youth-sensitive and inclusive reporting systems.}, booktitle = {Proceedings of the {Conference} on {Human} {Factors} in {Computing} {Systems} ({CHI}) ({Honorable} {Mentions})}, publisher = {Association for Computing Machinery}, author = {Bäumler, Julian and Bader, Helen and Kaufhold, Marc-André and Reuter, Christian}, year = {2025}, keywords = {Crisis, HCI, A-Paper, Projekt-ATHENE-CyAware, Student, Projekt-CYLENCE, AuswahlCrisis, Selected, Ranking-CORE-A*}, }

Marc-André Kaufhold, Tilo Mentler, Simon Nestler, Katrin Hartwig, Christian Reuter (2025)
12. Workshop Mensch-Maschine-Interaktion in sicherheitskritischen Systemen
Mensch und Computer 2025 – Workshopband Chemnitz, Germany. doi:10.18420/muc2025-mci-ws-102
[BibTeX] [Abstract] [Download PDF]

Im Zentrum dieses Workshops steht die Interaktion von Mensch und Technik in sicherheitskritischen Kontexten. Hierzu zählen Bereiche, die bereits seit Jahrzehnten Gegenstand der Forschung sind (z.B. Prozessführung in Leitwarten), aber auch aktuelle Herausforderungen (z.B. Social Media im Katastrophenschutz). In diesen und vielen weiteren Bereichen gilt, dass sichere Systemzustände nur durch die ganzheitliche Betrachtung von Mensch, Technik und Organisation gewährleistet bzw. schnellstmöglich wieder erreicht werden können. In diesem Zusammenhang ist der Workshop auch der Nutzbarkeit und Akzeptanz von Sicherheitskonzepten sowie einer bewussteren Auseinandersetzung der Nutzenden mit diesem Thema gewidmet.

@inproceedings{kaufhold_12_2025, address = {Chemnitz, Germany}, title = {12. {Workshop} {Mensch}-{Maschine}-{Interaktion} in sicherheitskritischen {Systemen}}, url = {https://dl.gi.de/items/1deb68fe-4141-4475-8e2b-51188ef57566}, doi = {10.18420/muc2025-mci-ws-102}, abstract = {Im Zentrum dieses Workshops steht die Interaktion von Mensch und Technik in sicherheitskritischen Kontexten. Hierzu zählen Bereiche, die bereits seit Jahrzehnten Gegenstand der Forschung sind (z.B. Prozessführung in Leitwarten), aber auch aktuelle Herausforderungen (z.B. Social Media im Katastrophenschutz). In diesen und vielen weiteren Bereichen gilt, dass sichere Systemzustände nur durch die ganzheitliche Betrachtung von Mensch, Technik und Organisation gewährleistet bzw. schnellstmöglich wieder erreicht werden können. In diesem Zusammenhang ist der Workshop auch der Nutzbarkeit und Akzeptanz von Sicherheitskonzepten sowie einer bewussteren Auseinandersetzung der Nutzenden mit diesem Thema gewidmet.}, language = {de}, booktitle = {Mensch und {Computer} 2025 - {Workshopband}}, publisher = {Gesellschaft für Informatik e.V.}, author = {Kaufhold, Marc-André and Mentler, Tilo and Nestler, Simon and Hartwig, Katrin and Reuter, Christian}, year = {2025}, keywords = {HCI, Security, UsableSec, Projekt-ATHENE, Projekt-CYLENCE}, }

Marc-André Kaufhold, Julian Bäumler, Nicolai Koukal, Christian Reuter (2025)
AdvisoryHub: Design and Evaluation of a Cross-Platform Security Advisory System for Cyber Situational Awareness
Proceedings of the 20th International Conference on Availability, Reliability and Security (ARES 2025) Cham. doi:10.1007/978-3-032-00627-1_3
[BibTeX] [Abstract] [Download PDF]

Computer Emergency Response Teams provide advisory, preventive, and reactive cybersecurity services for authorities, citizens, and businesses. However, their responsibility of establishing cyber situational awareness by monitoring and analyzing security advisories and vulnerabilities has become challenging due to the growing volume of information disseminated through public channels. Thus, this paper presents the preliminary design of a system for automatically retrieving and extracting security advisory documents from Common Security Advisory Framework (CSAF), HTML, and RSS sources. The evaluation with various security advisory sources (N=53) shows that the developed system can retrieve 90\% of the published advisory documents, which is a significant improvement over systems only relying on the retrieval from RSS feeds (30\%).

@inproceedings{kaufhold_advisoryhub_2025, address = {Cham}, title = {{AdvisoryHub}: {Design} and {Evaluation} of a {Cross}-{Platform} {Security} {Advisory} {System} for {Cyber} {Situational} {Awareness}}, isbn = {978-3-032-00627-1}, url = {https://www.peasec.de/paper/2025/2025_KaufholdBäumlerKoukalReuter_SecurityAdvisoryExtractionSystem_ARES.pdf}, doi = {10.1007/978-3-032-00627-1_3}, abstract = {Computer Emergency Response Teams provide advisory, preventive, and reactive cybersecurity services for authorities, citizens, and businesses. However, their responsibility of establishing cyber situational awareness by monitoring and analyzing security advisories and vulnerabilities has become challenging due to the growing volume of information disseminated through public channels. Thus, this paper presents the preliminary design of a system for automatically retrieving and extracting security advisory documents from Common Security Advisory Framework (CSAF), HTML, and RSS sources. The evaluation with various security advisory sources (N=53) shows that the developed system can retrieve 90\% of the published advisory documents, which is a significant improvement over systems only relying on the retrieval from RSS feeds (30\%).}, language = {en}, booktitle = {Proceedings of the 20th {International} {Conference} on {Availability}, {Reliability} and {Security} ({ARES} 2025)}, publisher = {Springer Nature Switzerland}, author = {Kaufhold, Marc-André and Bäumler, Julian and Koukal, Nicolai and Reuter, Christian}, editor = {Dalla Preda, Mila and Schrittwieser, Sebastian and Naessens, Vincent and De Sutter, Bjorn}, year = {2025}, keywords = {HCI, Projekt-ATHENE-CyAware, UsableSec, Projekt-CYLENCE, Ranking-CORE-B}, pages = {47--68}, }

Tom Biselli, Katrin Hartwig, Niklas Kneissl, Louis Pouliot, Christian Reuter (2025)
ChartChecker: A User-Centred Approach to Support the Understanding of Misleading Charts
Proceedings of the ACM Designing Interactive Systems Conference (DIS) . doi:10.1145/3715336.3735784
[BibTeX] [Abstract] [Download PDF]

Misinformation through data visualisation is particularly dangerous because charts are often perceived as objective data representations. While past efforts to counter misinformation have focused on text and, to some extent, images and video, developing user-centred strategies to combat misleading charts remains an unresolved challenge. This study presents a conceptual approach through ChartChecker, a browser-plugin that aims to automatically extract line and bar chart data and detect potentially misleading features such as non-linear axis scales. A participatory design approach was used to develop a user-centred interface to provide transparent, comprehensible information about potentially misleading features in charts. Finally, a think-aloud study (N = 15) with ChartChecker revealed overall satisfaction with the tools’ user interface, comprehensibility, functionality, and usefulness. The results are discussed in terms of improving user engagement, increasing transparency and optimising tools designed to counter misleading information in charts, leading to overarching design implications for user-centred strategies for the visual domain.

@inproceedings{biselli_chartchecker_2025, series = {{DIS} '25}, title = {{ChartChecker}: {A} {User}-{Centred} {Approach} to {Support} the {Understanding} of {Misleading} {Charts}}, url = {https://www.peasec.de/paper/2025/2025_BiselliHartwigKneisslPouiliotReuter_ChartChecker_DIS.pdf}, doi = {10.1145/3715336.3735784}, abstract = {Misinformation through data visualisation is particularly dangerous because charts are often perceived as objective data representations. While past efforts to counter misinformation have focused on text and, to some extent, images and video, developing user-centred strategies to combat misleading charts remains an unresolved challenge. This study presents a conceptual approach through ChartChecker, a browser-plugin that aims to automatically extract line and bar chart data and detect potentially misleading features such as non-linear axis scales. A participatory design approach was used to develop a user-centred interface to provide transparent, comprehensible information about potentially misleading features in charts. Finally, a think-aloud study (N = 15) with ChartChecker revealed overall satisfaction with the tools' user interface, comprehensibility, functionality, and usefulness. The results are discussed in terms of improving user engagement, increasing transparency and optimising tools designed to counter misleading information in charts, leading to overarching design implications for user-centred strategies for the visual domain.}, booktitle = {Proceedings of the {ACM} {Designing} {Interactive} {Systems} {Conference} ({DIS})}, publisher = {Association for Computing Machinery}, author = {Biselli, Tom and Hartwig, Katrin and Kneissl, Niklas and Pouliot, Louis and Reuter, Christian}, year = {2025}, keywords = {Crisis, HCI, Projekt-NEBULA, A-Paper, Ranking-CORE-A, Student, Projekt-ATHENE-PriVis}, }

Julius von Willich, Frank Nelles, Wen-Jie Tseng, Jan Gugenheimer, Sebastian Günther, Max Mühlhäuser (2025)
A Qualitative Investigation of User Transitions and Frictions in Cross-Reality Applications
Proceedings of the Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems (CHI) New York, NY, USA. doi:10.1145/3706598.3713921
[BibTeX] [Abstract] [Download PDF]

Research in Augmented Reality (AR) and Virtual Reality (VR) has mostly viewed them in isolation. Yet, when used together in practical settings, AR and VR each offer unique strengths, necessitating multiple transitions to harness their advantages. This paper investigates potential challenges in Cross-Reality (CR) transitions to inform future application design. We implemented a CR system featuring a 3D modeling task that requires users to switch between PC, AR, and VR. Using a talk-aloud study (n=12) and thematic analysis, we revealed that frictions primarily arose when transitions conflicted with users’ Spatial Mental Model (SMM). Furthermore, we found five transition archetypes employed to enhance productivity once an SMM was established. Our findings uncover that transitions have to focus on establishing and upholding the SMM of users across realities, by communicating differences between them.

@inproceedings{10.1145/3706598.3713921, address = {New York, NY, USA}, series = {Chi '25}, title = {A {Qualitative} {Investigation} of {User} {Transitions} and {Frictions} in {Cross}-{Reality} {Applications}}, isbn = {979-8-4007-1394-1}, url = {https://www.peasec.de/paper/2025/2025_VonWillichNellesTsengGugenheimerGüntherMühlhäuser_FrictionsCrossReality_CHI.pdf}, doi = {10.1145/3706598.3713921}, abstract = {Research in Augmented Reality (AR) and Virtual Reality (VR) has mostly viewed them in isolation. Yet, when used together in practical settings, AR and VR each offer unique strengths, necessitating multiple transitions to harness their advantages. This paper investigates potential challenges in Cross-Reality (CR) transitions to inform future application design. We implemented a CR system featuring a 3D modeling task that requires users to switch between PC, AR, and VR. Using a talk-aloud study (n=12) and thematic analysis, we revealed that frictions primarily arose when transitions conflicted with users’ Spatial Mental Model (SMM). Furthermore, we found five transition archetypes employed to enhance productivity once an SMM was established. Our findings uncover that transitions have to focus on establishing and upholding the SMM of users across realities, by communicating differences between them.}, booktitle = {Proceedings of the {Conference} on {Human} {Factors} in {Computing} {Systems} ({CHI})}, publisher = {Association for Computing Machinery}, author = {von Willich, Julius and Nelles, Frank and Tseng, Wen-Jie and Gugenheimer, Jan and Günther, Sebastian and Mühlhäuser, Max}, year = {2025}, note = {Number of pages: 18 tex.articleno: 808}, keywords = {HCI, Projekt-emergenCITY, A-Paper, Projekt-ATHENE, Ranking-CORE-A*, emergenCITY\_INF, emergenCITY\_SG}, }

Steffen Haesler, Marc-André Kaufhold, Nadja Thiessen, Michaela Lestakova, Michele Knodt, Christian Reuter (2025)
How to stay Connected: Citizens’ Needs on Digital Self-Organization in Neighborhoods during a Crisis
Mensch und Computer 2025 – Workshopband . doi:10.18420/muc2025-mci-ws01-131
[BibTeX] [Abstract] [Download PDF]

Digital self-organization and collaboration in crisis are hindered not only by the absence of preparedness of citizens but also because of infrastructure disruptions. While citizens want to operate digitally, as they do outside a crisis event, they are often forced to fall back to analog actions. We conducted a survey with affected citizens (N=404) after the 2021 European floods, in which widespread infrastructure blackouts happened. With this survey, we conduct a contextual analysis of digital needs and actions. We investigate how far these were subject to infrastructure outages, how citizens were prepared, and to what degree they participated in informal neighborhood networks. Results show a massive disruption in all infrastructures, which led many citizens to fall back to analog actions. To cope with this, we suggest enhancing digital resilience by rethinking connectivity and understanding preparedness in a digital manner with the proposal of five requirements for digital self-organization in crisis to consider: (1) Digital collaboration should be preferred over analog workarounds; (2) support resilient communication technologies, including (3) being offline in the design; (4) crisis apps should be convenient and use internet-based communication when available; and (5) think of preparedness of citizens by integrating digital tools and actions.

@inproceedings{haesler_how_2025, title = {How to stay {Connected}: {Citizens}' {Needs} on {Digital} {Self}-{Organization} in {Neighborhoods} during a {Crisis}}, url = {https://dl.gi.de/items/f58b6f20-ded9-46c4-a709-9c37840d435f}, doi = {10.18420/muc2025-mci-ws01-131}, abstract = {Digital self-organization and collaboration in crisis are hindered not only by the absence of preparedness of citizens but also because of infrastructure disruptions. While citizens want to operate digitally, as they do outside a crisis event, they are often forced to fall back to analog actions. We conducted a survey with affected citizens (N=404) after the 2021 European floods, in which widespread infrastructure blackouts happened. With this survey, we conduct a contextual analysis of digital needs and actions. We investigate how far these were subject to infrastructure outages, how citizens were prepared, and to what degree they participated in informal neighborhood networks. Results show a massive disruption in all infrastructures, which led many citizens to fall back to analog actions. To cope with this, we suggest enhancing digital resilience by rethinking connectivity and understanding preparedness in a digital manner with the proposal of five requirements for digital self-organization in crisis to consider: (1) Digital collaboration should be preferred over analog workarounds; (2) support resilient communication technologies, including (3) being offline in the design; (4) crisis apps should be convenient and use internet-based communication when available; and (5) think of preparedness of citizens by integrating digital tools and actions.}, language = {en}, booktitle = {Mensch und {Computer} 2025 - {Workshopband}}, publisher = {Gesellschaft für Informatik e.V.}, author = {Haesler, Steffen and Kaufhold, Marc-André and Thiessen, Nadja and Lestakova, Michaela and Knodt, Michele and Reuter, Christian}, year = {2025}, keywords = {HCI, Projekt-emergenCITY, UsableSec, Projekt-ATHENE-SecUrban}, }

Philipp Kuehn, Markus Bayer, Tobias Frey, Moritz Kerk, Christian Reuter (2025)
Reducing Information Overload: Because Even Security Experts Need to Blink
Availability, Reliability and Security Cham. doi:10.1007/978-3-032-00633-2_9
[BibTeX] [Abstract] [Download PDF]

Computer Security Incident Response Teams (CSIRTs) face increasing challenges processing the growing volume of security-related information. Daily manual analysis of threat reports, security advisories, and vulnerability announcements leads to information overload, contributing to burnout and attrition among security professionals. Clustering such information to cope with the initial information volume and enables security professionals to grasp the current overview of the situation more easily and decide on actions. This work evaluates 196 combinations of clustering algorithms and embedding models across five security-related datasets to identify optimal approaches for automated information consolidation. We demonstrate that clustering can reduce information overload by over 90 \% while maintaining semantic coherence. Our evaluation indicates a minimal need of configuration to successfully cluster information within a reasonable timespan on consumer hardware. The findings suggest that clustering approaches can significantly enhance CSIRT operational efficiency while maintaining analytical integrity. However, complex threat reports require careful parameter tuning to achieve acceptable performance, indicating areas for future optimization (The code is made publicly available at the following URL: https://github.com/PEASEC/reducing-information-overload)

@inproceedings{kuehn_reducing_2025, address = {Cham}, title = {Reducing {Information} {Overload}: {Because} {Even} {Security} {Experts} {Need} to {Blink}}, isbn = {978-3-032-00633-2}, shorttitle = {Reducing {Information} {Overload}}, url = {https://link.springer.com/chapter/10.1007/978-3-032-00633-2_9}, doi = {10.1007/978-3-032-00633-2_9}, abstract = {Computer Security Incident Response Teams (CSIRTs) face increasing challenges processing the growing volume of security-related information. Daily manual analysis of threat reports, security advisories, and vulnerability announcements leads to information overload, contributing to burnout and attrition among security professionals. Clustering such information to cope with the initial information volume and enables security professionals to grasp the current overview of the situation more easily and decide on actions. This work evaluates 196 combinations of clustering algorithms and embedding models across five security-related datasets to identify optimal approaches for automated information consolidation. We demonstrate that clustering can reduce information overload by over 90 \% while maintaining semantic coherence. Our evaluation indicates a minimal need of configuration to successfully cluster information within a reasonable timespan on consumer hardware. The findings suggest that clustering approaches can significantly enhance CSIRT operational efficiency while maintaining analytical integrity. However, complex threat reports require careful parameter tuning to achieve acceptable performance, indicating areas for future optimization (The code is made publicly available at the following URL: https://github.com/PEASEC/reducing-information-overload)}, language = {en}, booktitle = {Availability, {Reliability} and {Security}}, publisher = {Springer Nature Switzerland}, author = {Kuehn, Philipp and Bayer, Markus and Frey, Tobias and Kerk, Moritz and Reuter, Christian}, editor = {Coppens, Bart and Volckaert, Bruno and Naessens, Vincent and De Sutter, Bjorn}, year = {2025}, keywords = {Projekt-ATHENE-CyAware, Student, Security, UsableSec, Projekt-CYWARN, Ranking-CORE-B}, pages = {139--155}, }

Anja-Liisa Gonsior (2025)
Is Soft Law the New Law? Exploring Discourses on Governance and Regulation of Emerging Disruptive Technologies in the Military Domain
Mensch und Computer 2025 – Workshopband . doi:10.18420/muc2025-mci-ws01-172
[BibTeX] [Abstract] [Download PDF]

In view of the increasing number of emerging disruptive technologies {\textbackslash}ac\{edts\} in military and warfare contexts, their regulation is becoming ever more urgent. {\textbackslash}ac\{edts\} encompass a very wide range of weapons technologies. In this article, I focus on technologies and applications in the fields of autonomy, artificial intelligence and cyber technologies. Dealing with the regulation of these technologies is particularly relevant as they are increasingly used in military contexts, yet at the same time there is no uniform international regulation approach to these {\textbackslash}ac\{edts\}. Moreover, this is a field in which different disciplines come into play. While social science research in this field focuses, for example, on the development of norms and political processes, aspects of human-machine interaction play an equally central role in this context, for example with regard to autonomous weapon systems. It becomes apparent that normative processes with regard to {\textbackslash}ac\{edts\} in the military sector take on a different dynamic and that soft law approaches are becoming increasingly important in view of unsuccessful regulatory and arms control efforts. In this paper, this focus of current research is considered in relation to the respective disciplines.

@inproceedings{gonsior_is_2025, title = {Is {Soft} {Law} the {New} {Law}? {Exploring} {Discourses} on {Governance} and {Regulation} of {Emerging} {Disruptive} {Technologies} in the {Military} {Domain}}, url = {https://dl.gi.de/items/342b1381-6cfd-456f-96bf-4e9b6caf49a4}, doi = {10.18420/muc2025-mci-ws01-172}, abstract = {In view of the increasing number of emerging disruptive technologies {\textbackslash}ac\{edts\} in military and warfare contexts, their regulation is becoming ever more urgent. {\textbackslash}ac\{edts\} encompass a very wide range of weapons technologies. In this article, I focus on technologies and applications in the fields of autonomy, artificial intelligence and cyber technologies. Dealing with the regulation of these technologies is particularly relevant as they are increasingly used in military contexts, yet at the same time there is no uniform international regulation approach to these {\textbackslash}ac\{edts\}. Moreover, this is a field in which different disciplines come into play. While social science research in this field focuses, for example, on the development of norms and political processes, aspects of human-machine interaction play an equally central role in this context, for example with regard to autonomous weapon systems. It becomes apparent that normative processes with regard to {\textbackslash}ac\{edts\} in the military sector take on a different dynamic and that soft law approaches are becoming increasingly important in view of unsuccessful regulatory and arms control efforts. In this paper, this focus of current research is considered in relation to the respective disciplines.}, language = {en}, booktitle = {Mensch und {Computer} 2025 - {Workshopband}}, publisher = {Gesellschaft für Informatik e.V.}, author = {Gonsior, Anja-Liisa}, year = {2025}, keywords = {Peace, Projekt-TraCe, Security}, }

Jonas Franken, Kasimir Romer, Timon Dörnfeld, Paula Meissner, Christian Reuter (2025)
Between the Lines: Leveraging LLMs for Information Extraction of Subsea Data Cable News
Proceedings of the MARESEC 2025 Rostock, Germany. doi:https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.17119935
[BibTeX] [Abstract]

This paper investigates the potential of Large Language Models (LLMs) in automating the extraction and analysis of Subsea Data Cables (SDCs)-related information from unstructured media sources. A comprehensive LLM-based information extraction module was developed and integrated into an existing SDC database. By systematically comparing different LLMs, including GPT-4o, Gemini 1.5 Flash, Claude 3.5 Sonnet, and Llama 3.1, this work identifies optimal model configurations for SDC news processing, considering accuracy, hallucination rate, and processing speed. The system implements Claude 3.5 Sonnet and GPT4-o as primary models, incorporating domain-specific prompt engineering and robust output validation mechanisms. Performance evaluation demonstrates substantial improvements over rule-based methods. While excelling at natural language understanding tasks, the system revealed limitations in extracting more specific technical details such as construction costs and capacity measurements. The implementation provides a modular, adaptable framework for automated information extraction in specialised technical domains. The results demonstrate that LLMs, when properly implemented with structured prompts and validation mechanisms, can significantly enhance the automated monitoring and analysis of SDC-related events.

@inproceedings{franken_between_2025, address = {Rostock, Germany}, title = {Between the {Lines}: {Leveraging} {LLMs} for {Information} {Extraction} of {Subsea} {Data} {Cable} {News}}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.17119935}, abstract = {This paper investigates the potential of Large Language Models (LLMs) in automating the extraction and analysis of Subsea Data Cables (SDCs)-related information from unstructured media sources. A comprehensive LLM-based information extraction module was developed and integrated into an existing SDC database. By systematically comparing different LLMs, including GPT-4o, Gemini 1.5 Flash, Claude 3.5 Sonnet, and Llama 3.1, this work identifies optimal model configurations for SDC news processing, considering accuracy, hallucination rate, and processing speed. The system implements Claude 3.5 Sonnet and GPT4-o as primary models, incorporating domain-specific prompt engineering and robust output validation mechanisms. Performance evaluation demonstrates substantial improvements over rule-based methods. While excelling at natural language understanding tasks, the system revealed limitations in extracting more specific technical details such as construction costs and capacity measurements. The implementation provides a modular, adaptable framework for automated information extraction in specialised technical domains. The results demonstrate that LLMs, when properly implemented with structured prompts and validation mechanisms, can significantly enhance the automated monitoring and analysis of SDC-related events.}, booktitle = {Proceedings of the {MARESEC} 2025}, author = {Franken, Jonas and Romer, Kasimir and Dörnfeld, Timon and Meissner, Paula and Reuter, Christian}, year = {2025}, keywords = {Projekt-emergenCITY, Student, Security, emergenCITY\_INF, emergenCITY\_SG, Projekt-ATHENE-SecFOCI}, }

Weitere Publikationen / Other Publications

Philipp Kuehn, Dilara Nadermahmoodi, Markus Bayer, Christian Reuter (2025)
Bandit on the Hunt: Dynamic Crawling for Cyber Threat Intelligence
arXiv: 2025.
[BibTeX] [Abstract] [Download PDF]

Public information contains valuable Cyber Threat Intelligence (CTI) that is used to prevent future attacks. While standards exist for sharing this information, much appears in non-standardized news articles or blogs. Monitoring online sources for threats is time-consuming and source selection is uncertain. Current research focuses on extracting Indicators of Compromise from known sources, rarely addressing new source identification. This paper proposes a CTI-focused crawler using multi-armed bandit (MAB) and various crawling strategies. It employs SBERT to identify relevant documents while dynamically adapting its crawling path. Our system ThreatCrawl achieves a harvest rate exceeding 25\% and expands its seed by over 300\% while maintaining topical focus. Additionally, the crawler identifies previously unknown but highly relevant overview pages, datasets, and domains.

@techreport{kuehn_bandit_2025, address = {arXiv}, title = {Bandit on the {Hunt}: {Dynamic} {Crawling} for {Cyber} {Threat} {Intelligence}}, shorttitle = {Bandit on the {Hunt}}, url = {http://arxiv.org/abs/2504.18375}, abstract = {Public information contains valuable Cyber Threat Intelligence (CTI) that is used to prevent future attacks. While standards exist for sharing this information, much appears in non-standardized news articles or blogs. Monitoring online sources for threats is time-consuming and source selection is uncertain. Current research focuses on extracting Indicators of Compromise from known sources, rarely addressing new source identification. This paper proposes a CTI-focused crawler using multi-armed bandit (MAB) and various crawling strategies. It employs SBERT to identify relevant documents while dynamically adapting its crawling path. Our system ThreatCrawl achieves a harvest rate exceeding 25\% and expands its seed by over 300\% while maintaining topical focus. Additionally, the crawler identifies previously unknown but highly relevant overview pages, datasets, and domains.}, number = {arXiv:2504.18375}, urldate = {2025-05-20}, institution = {arXiv}, author = {Kuehn, Philipp and Nadermahmoodi, Dilara and Bayer, Markus and Reuter, Christian}, month = apr, year = {2025}, note = {arXiv:2504.18375 [cs]}, keywords = {Student, Security, UsableSec, Projekt-ATHENE-SecUrban, Projekt-CYWARN}, }

Laura Guntrum, Christian Reuter (2025)
Digitale Gewalt gegen Aktivist:innen: Risiken und mögliche Handlungsmöglichkeiten
GI Radar: 2025.
[BibTeX] [Abstract] [Download PDF]

Seit den frühen 2010er Jahren, insbesondere während der Proteste in Ägypten und Tunesien, wurde die Rolle von Informations- und Kommunikationstechnologien (IKT) für aktivistische Tätigkeiten immer wichtiger. Dies zeigt sich beispielsweise an der Nutzung sozialer Medien durch Aktivist:innen in Myanmar, die nach dem Militärputsch 2021 internationale Aufmerksamkeit erlangen wollten. IKTs bieten zahlreiche Vorteile wie Kosteneinsparungen, Zugang zu alternativen Informationsquellen und die Demokratisierung politischer Beteiligung. Jedoch sind Aktivist:innen mit vielfältigen Herausforderungen und unterschiedlichen Formen von digitaler Gewalt konfrontiert, darunter Internetabschaltungen, Hassrede und Zensurmaßnahmen. Auch ist ein Anstieg digitaler Überwachung, Propaganda und der Manipulation von Informationen zu verzeichnen. Die zunehmende Verbreitung digitaler Gewalt stellt für Aktivist:innen und soziale Bewegungen ein signifikantes Problem dar, was dazu führt, dass sich immer mehr Aktivist:innen selbst zensieren und sich aus den Online-Räumen zurückziehen.

@techreport{Guntrum2025, address = {GI Radar}, title = {Digitale {Gewalt} gegen {Aktivist}:innen: {Risiken} und mögliche {Handlungsmöglichkeiten}}, url = {https://gi-radar.de/373-digitale-gewalt/}, abstract = {Seit den frühen 2010er Jahren, insbesondere während der Proteste in Ägypten und Tunesien, wurde die Rolle von Informations- und Kommunikationstechnologien (IKT) für aktivistische Tätigkeiten immer wichtiger. Dies zeigt sich beispielsweise an der Nutzung sozialer Medien durch Aktivist:innen in Myanmar, die nach dem Militärputsch 2021 internationale Aufmerksamkeit erlangen wollten. IKTs bieten zahlreiche Vorteile wie Kosteneinsparungen, Zugang zu alternativen Informationsquellen und die Demokratisierung politischer Beteiligung. Jedoch sind Aktivist:innen mit vielfältigen Herausforderungen und unterschiedlichen Formen von digitaler Gewalt konfrontiert, darunter Internetabschaltungen, Hassrede und Zensurmaßnahmen. Auch ist ein Anstieg digitaler Überwachung, Propaganda und der Manipulation von Informationen zu verzeichnen. Die zunehmende Verbreitung digitaler Gewalt stellt für Aktivist:innen und soziale Bewegungen ein signifikantes Problem dar, was dazu führt, dass sich immer mehr Aktivist:innen selbst zensieren und sich aus den Online-Räumen zurückziehen.}, institution = {Gesellschaft für Informatik}, author = {Guntrum, Laura and Reuter, Christian}, month = feb, year = {2025}, keywords = {Peace, Projekt-TraCe}, }

Jonas Franken (2025)
Cable diplomacy: Securing influence, data and global rules
Böll EU Brief: 2025.
[BibTeX] [Abstract] [Download PDF]

More than 600 subsea data cables connect nearly every coastal country of the world, amounting to a cumulative length of more than 1.5 million km. These fibre optic cables are responsible for over 99\% of intercontinental data traffic. They are the digital lifelines of our modern world. Yet, external factors frequently expose vulnerabilities in the network and its supporting infrastructure. While around 150 cable faults occur globally each year, a growing number of cable faults are suspected to be linked to hybrid or malicious activity. In this context, and following recent cable disruptions in the Baltic Sea, the European Union has put forth an EU Action Plan on Cable Security. Recognising that many states around the world face similar risks, this Action Plan proposes to establish “an advanced cable diplomacy” . But cable diplomacy is not a one-size-fits-all strategy. Technological sensitivities, dual-use military aspects and geopolitical considerations demand a tailored approach.This policy brief therefore addresses a key question: Where and how should the EU build effective cable diplomacy partnerships? To address this, the EU’s cable diplomacy should be structured around three geographic pillars, reflecting regional contexts and strategic opportunities. Alongside these regional priorities, the EU must also reinforce its role in shaping global governance for undersea infrastructure, working through multilateral institutions and international standard-setting bodies. By doing so, the European Union can strengthen global resilience of subsea infrastructure and position itself as a security enhancer in the field of critical infrastructure.

@techreport{franken_cable_2025, address = {Böll EU Brief}, title = {Cable diplomacy: {Securing} influence, data and global rules}, url = {https://www.peasec.de/paper/2025/2025_Franken_CableDiplomacy_BoellEU.pdf}, abstract = {More than 600 subsea data cables connect nearly every coastal country of the world, amounting to a cumulative length of more than 1.5 million km. These fibre optic cables are responsible for over 99\% of intercontinental data traffic. They are the digital lifelines of our modern world. Yet, external factors frequently expose vulnerabilities in the network and its supporting infrastructure. While around 150 cable faults occur globally each year, a growing number of cable faults are suspected to be linked to hybrid or malicious activity. In this context, and following recent cable disruptions in the Baltic Sea, the European Union has put forth an EU Action Plan on Cable Security. Recognising that many states around the world face similar risks, this Action Plan proposes to establish “an advanced cable diplomacy” . But cable diplomacy is not a one-size-fits-all strategy. Technological sensitivities, dual-use military aspects and geopolitical considerations demand a tailored approach.This policy brief therefore addresses a key question: Where and how should the EU build effective cable diplomacy partnerships? To address this, the EU’s cable diplomacy should be structured around three geographic pillars, reflecting regional contexts and strategic opportunities. Alongside these regional priorities, the EU must also reinforce its role in shaping global governance for undersea infrastructure, working through multilateral institutions and international standard-setting bodies. By doing so, the European Union can strengthen global resilience of subsea infrastructure and position itself as a security enhancer in the field of critical infrastructure.}, institution = {Böll EU Brief}, author = {Franken, Jonas}, year = {2025}, keywords = {Peace, Projekt-NetzGeschichte, Projekt-ATHENE-SecFOCI}, }

Camino Kavanagh, Jonas Franken, Wenting He (2025)
Achieving Depth: Subsea Telecommunications Cables as Critical Infrastructure
Geneva, Switzerland: 2025.
[BibTeX] [Abstract] [Download PDF]

Today, submarine fibre-optic telecommunications cable systems are the backbone of our data and communications infrastructure, essential to the general functioning and integrity of the internet and the broader information and communications technology (ICT) ecosystem. While satellites and the new constellations in low Earth orbit are breaking ground, especially in terms of lowering costs and accessibility, they are still no match to the high capacity and low latency that today’s subsea cable systems provide. As more countries are connected, the security and resilience of the infrastructure becomes ever more critical. In 2023, UNIDIR published its first report on subsea cables, entitled Wading Murky Waters: Subsea Communications Cables and Responsible State Behaviour. The initial scoping study sought to raise awareness of this essential transmission technology. Since then, a slew of new initiatives have been proposed, including at the international level, signalling both the strategic importance of the infrastructure and the need to strengthen security and resilience across all of its components.This follow-on study sets out to understand what it means in policy and practice when governments qualify or designate subsea telecommunications cables as critical infrastructure (CI). The report draws from the CI literature to frame government approaches to security and resilience, identifying how government policy and practice interact with core CI concepts such as absorptive, restorative and adaptive resilience capacities. While subsea cable systems are generally designed and deployed with these capacities in mind, effective government action on security and resilience can contribute to strengthening them.

@techreport{kavanagh_achieving_2025, address = {Geneva, Switzerland}, title = {Achieving {Depth}: {Subsea} {Telecommunications} {Cables} as {Critical} {Infrastructure}}, url = {https://unidir.org/publication/achieving-depth-subsea-telecommunications-cables-as-critical-infrastructure/}, abstract = {Today, submarine fibre-optic telecommunications cable systems are the backbone of our data and communications infrastructure, essential to the general functioning and integrity of the internet and the broader information and communications technology (ICT) ecosystem. While satellites and the new constellations in low Earth orbit are breaking ground, especially in terms of lowering costs and accessibility, they are still no match to the high capacity and low latency that today’s subsea cable systems provide. As more countries are connected, the security and resilience of the infrastructure becomes ever more critical. In 2023, UNIDIR published its first report on subsea cables, entitled Wading Murky Waters: Subsea Communications Cables and Responsible State Behaviour. The initial scoping study sought to raise awareness of this essential transmission technology. Since then, a slew of new initiatives have been proposed, including at the international level, signalling both the strategic importance of the infrastructure and the need to strengthen security and resilience across all of its components.This follow-on study sets out to understand what it means in policy and practice when governments qualify or designate subsea telecommunications cables as critical infrastructure (CI). The report draws from the CI literature to frame government approaches to security and resilience, identifying how government policy and practice interact with core CI concepts such as absorptive, restorative and adaptive resilience capacities. While subsea cable systems are generally designed and deployed with these capacities in mind, effective government action on security and resilience can contribute to strengthening them.}, institution = {United Nations Institute for Disarmament Research}, author = {Kavanagh, Camino and Franken, Jonas and He, Wenting}, year = {2025}, keywords = {Peace, Security, Projekt-ATHENE-SecFOCI}, }

Stefka Schmid, Julia Mahlberg (2025)
AI for border control – a `geopolitical innovation race’ at the EU’s external borders
Border Criminologies: 2025.
[BibTeX] [Abstract] [Download PDF]

The geopolitical innovation race is structured around four key dimensions: (1) pay-off structure, (2) actor networks, (3) motivation, and (4) social construction of technology that differentiate it from an `arms race’ and `innovation race’. The term `geopolitical innovation race’ tries to capture current dynamics of tech governance. Border control is neither the most prominent nor publicly discussed field of AI application, but we still find that related EU politics reflect notions of a `geopolitical innovation race’. From a technocratic, problem-solving perspective, border control represents just another `context of use’ of AI, neglecting that involved humans face impactful consequences of technology use. Characteristics of a geopolitical innovation race are notable in innovation projects for border control, illustrating a similar mode of politics across application contexts but with less ethical obligations to implement `trustworthy AI’ compared to commercial products.

@techreport{schmidAIBorderEU2025, address = {Border Criminologies}, title = {{AI} for border control – a `geopolitical innovation race' at the {EU}'s external borders}, url = {https://blogs.law.ox.ac.uk/border-criminologies-blog/blog-post/2025/07/ai-border-control-geopolitical-innovation-race-eus}, abstract = {The geopolitical innovation race is structured around four key dimensions: (1) pay-off structure, (2) actor networks, (3) motivation, and (4) social construction of technology that differentiate it from an `arms race' and `innovation race'. The term `geopolitical innovation race' tries to capture current dynamics of tech governance. Border control is neither the most prominent nor publicly discussed field of AI application, but we still find that related EU politics reflect notions of a `geopolitical innovation race'. From a technocratic, problem-solving perspective, border control represents just another `context of use' of AI, neglecting that involved humans face impactful consequences of technology use. Characteristics of a geopolitical innovation race are notable in innovation projects for border control, illustrating a similar mode of politics across application contexts but with less ethical obligations to implement `trustworthy AI' compared to commercial products.}, author = {Schmid, Stefka and Mahlberg, Julia}, year = {2025}, keywords = {Peace, Projekt-TraCe, Student, Projekt-CNTR}, }

Stefka Schmid, Diehl Carlo, Christian Reuter (2025)
Das gefährliche Bild des „KI-Wettrüstens“: Wie Metaphern die globale KI-Politik prägen
FIfF-Kommunikation: 2025.
[BibTeX] [Abstract]

Künstliche Intelligenz ist zu einem zentralen Feld des globalen Wettbewerbs geworden, das von China, den USA und der EU häufig als Teil eines „KI-Wettrüstens“ verstanden wird. Wir argumentieren jedoch, dass diese Metapher die Dynamiken der KI-Entwicklung verzerrt. Stattdessen schlagen wir den Begriff eines „geopolitischen Innovationswettlaufs“ um technologische Vorherrschaft in einer vernetzten globalen Wirtschaft vor. Auf Basis einer Analyse von Strategiepapieren zeigen wir, dass die Akteure (1) zwischen Nullsummen- und Positivsummenlogiken schwanken, (2) ihre Netzwerke entsprechend nationaler Innovationskulturen unterschiedlich organisieren, (3) neben Sicherheitsinteressen auch wirtschaftliche und statusbezogene Ziele verfolgen und (4) die Bedeutung von KI bewusst offenhalten. Übergreifend trägt die „Wettlauf“-Metapher dazu bei, die „Geopolitisierung“ von Innovation zu verfestigen und Sicherheit eng mit wirtschaftlichen Interessen zu verknüpfen. Vor diesem Hintergrund identifizieren wir folgende zentrale Punkte: 1. Die Metapher des „Wettrüstens“ sollte vermieden werden. Sie vereinfacht die KI-Entwicklung zu stark und birgt Eskalationsrisiken. Ein geopolitischer Innovationswettlauf basiert dagegen sowohl auf Wettbewerb als auch auf Zusammenarbeit. 2. Rhetorik zählt. Kommunikation, die auf einer nationalistischen Redeweise von „Wettrüsten“ aufbaut, fördert nur eine „Rückkehr zur Geopolitik“. Es ist zwar wichtig, Probleme transparent zu machen, sie sollten aber auf differenzierte Weise kommuniziert werden. 3. Kooperative Rahmenordnungen sollten gestärkt werden. Internationale Standards und Regulierung können Rivalitäten abmildern und, je nach ihrem Aufbau, Raum für verantwortungsvollere und diversere Innovation schaffen.

@techreport{schmid_gefahrliche_2025, address = {FIfF-Kommunikation}, title = {Das gefährliche {Bild} des „{KI}-{Wettrüstens}“: {Wie} {Metaphern} die globale {KI}-{Politik} prägen}, abstract = {Künstliche Intelligenz ist zu einem zentralen Feld des globalen Wettbewerbs geworden, das von China, den USA und der EU häufig als Teil eines „KI-Wettrüstens“ verstanden wird. Wir argumentieren jedoch, dass diese Metapher die Dynamiken der KI-Entwicklung verzerrt. Stattdessen schlagen wir den Begriff eines „geopolitischen Innovationswettlaufs“ um technologische Vorherrschaft in einer vernetzten globalen Wirtschaft vor. Auf Basis einer Analyse von Strategiepapieren zeigen wir, dass die Akteure (1) zwischen Nullsummen- und Positivsummenlogiken schwanken, (2) ihre Netzwerke entsprechend nationaler Innovationskulturen unterschiedlich organisieren, (3) neben Sicherheitsinteressen auch wirtschaftliche und statusbezogene Ziele verfolgen und (4) die Bedeutung von KI bewusst offenhalten. Übergreifend trägt die „Wettlauf“-Metapher dazu bei, die „Geopolitisierung“ von Innovation zu verfestigen und Sicherheit eng mit wirtschaftlichen Interessen zu verknüpfen. Vor diesem Hintergrund identifizieren wir folgende zentrale Punkte: 1. Die Metapher des „Wettrüstens“ sollte vermieden werden. Sie vereinfacht die KI-Entwicklung zu stark und birgt Eskalationsrisiken. Ein geopolitischer Innovationswettlauf basiert dagegen sowohl auf Wettbewerb als auch auf Zusammenarbeit. 2. Rhetorik zählt. Kommunikation, die auf einer nationalistischen Redeweise von „Wettrüsten“ aufbaut, fördert nur eine „Rückkehr zur Geopolitik“. Es ist zwar wichtig, Probleme transparent zu machen, sie sollten aber auf differenzierte Weise kommuniziert werden. 3. Kooperative Rahmenordnungen sollten gestärkt werden. Internationale Standards und Regulierung können Rivalitäten abmildern und, je nach ihrem Aufbau, Raum für verantwortungsvollere und diversere Innovation schaffen.}, author = {Schmid, Stefka and Carlo, Diehl and Reuter, Christian}, year = {2025}, keywords = {Peace, Projekt-TraCe, Security, Projekt-CNTR}, }

Tina Comes, Verónica Bolón-Canedo, Joachim Denzler, Nick Jennings, Thomas Kox, Markus Reichstein, Christian Reuter, Andrej Zwitter (2025)
Artificial intelligence in emergency and crisis management: Rapid evidence review report.
Munich: 2025.
[BibTeX] [Download PDF]

@techreport{comes_artificial_2025, address = {Munich}, title = {Artificial intelligence in emergency and crisis management: {Rapid} evidence review report.}, url = {https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.17737962}, institution = {SAPEA}, author = {Comes, Tina and Bolón-Canedo, Verónica and Denzler, Joachim and Jennings, Nick and Kox, Thomas and Reichstein, Markus and Reuter, Christian and Zwitter, Andrej}, year = {2025}, }

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