How does electrical current move through water? Unless it's really pure water, current is mainly carried by ions like Na⁺ and Cl⁺. Pure water is a much worse conductor. But it can still conduct a bit of electricity thanks to the mechanism shown here!

In this animated gif made by Mark Petersen, a positively charged proton gets passed from one molecule to another. This is called the 'Grotthuss mechanism' because Theodor Grotthuss proposed this theory in his paper “Theory of decomposition of liquids by electrical currents” back in 1806. It was quite revolutionary at the time, since ions were not well understood.

Something like this theory is true. But in fact all the pictures I've shown so far are oversimplified! A hydronium ion is too powerfully positive to remain a lone H₃O⁺. It usually attracts a bunch of other water molecules and creates a larger structure!

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133) I watched the #Oscar nominated “20 Days in Mariupol” last night. It is not for the faint of heart.

It depicts the horror of the #RussiaUkraineWar and its devastating impact on civilian populations

Should be required viewing for #GOP types withholding their support for #Ukraine and think geopolitical stability is to be sacrificed on the altar of #Trump’s slavish fanboy love of #Putin

https://youtu.be/gvAyykRvPBo?si=2flYASDckj-t3BWo