Probability in the Pleistocene: Origins and Antiquity of Native American Dice, Games of Chance, and Gambling

"These results suggest that ancient Native Americans possessed a basic working knowledge of chance, randomness, and probability and consequently were early movers in humanity’s emerging understanding and practical application of these concepts."

Madden, R.J. (2026) ‘Probability in the Pleistocene: Origins and Antiquity of Native American Dice, Games of Chance, and Gambling’, American Antiquity, pp. 1–35. doi: https://doi.org/10.1017/aaq.2025.10158.

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