>Computer suddenly powers off
>Hhhhhuuuh-
>Won't turn back on
>Unplug and replug a few times
>tiny capacitor on motherboard explodes and sends sparks everywhere

>Machine boots up as normal

I don't actually know what that smd cap does

Or well, did

@CursedSilicon Usually they're for power filtering. You'd be amazed how many of those you can remove and still have a working computer.

@t3rminus Weirdly it's near the CPU_FAN connector which

I don't use? I've got the water cooling pump hooked up but that's located elsewhere

@CursedSilicon I'd wager it's for the little chip right next to them. Might be a bios eeprom, or a PWM for the fan header. Either way, the chip will still be powered despite not using the header.
@t3rminus I wish I could find a schematic for the board so I could find out what it did

@CursedSilicon If it exploded and the computer is still working, it was a power filtering cap.

If you can get markings on the nearby chip, we could figure out what the chip is and what it's for...

@t3rminus @CursedSilicon In with concurrence. 4-pin fan header is PWM and the proximity of the 8pin package hints strong of being the PWM controller. The proximity of the cap to that 8-pin package points to "decoupling capacitor" and the symptoms you experienced align. Cap failed short, pulled on the the rail too hard causing power to cut. "Bumping" it got enough current to flow that it cause rapid deconstruction and cleared / vaporized the short.
Getting the number of the IC would confirm.