Bruce MacDonald"Apple breeding takes time and patience. From the initial cross to release date, it takes on average 20-30 years for a new apple variety to hit the market."
https://mnhardy.umn.edu/apples
Apple breeding at the University of Minnesota | Minnesota Hardy
The University of Minnesota is recognized as one of the top apple breeding and genetics research programs in the country. The apple breeding program began in the late 1800s with the goal of developing cold hardy apples that are both high quality and high yielding.
