The original Olympics were distinctly men-only. Women weren't even allowed to cross the river Alpheios during the Games. The penalty was death if they dared.

Kallipateira was a widow, and her son was boxing in the Olympics. She wanted to support him, so disguised herself as his trainer.

Her son won, and Kallipateira was STOKED. To celebrate, she jumped over a fence to congratulate him. And in what was probably a hilariously slapstick pratfall, her clothes fell off, exposing her as a woman.

Remember, the penalty for a woman being anywhere near the Olympics was death.

Luckily, the story had a happy ending. Everyone was so stoked for the son and they respected her deceased husband, so they let Kallipateira live.

But to ensure it never, never happened again and the Olympics remained free from girl cooties, a new rule was introduced: like competitors, trainers had to attend the Games naked.

All three men were living as women when they competed in the Olympics, but later changed their names and pronouns. Koubek and Weston had genital reconstruction surgery, and Ratjen said he'd known he was a boy since he was a child.

It's likely that all three athletes were intersex.

By the 1950s, it was decided that women competing in sport should submit to sex verification. In the 50s, this took the form of what was known colloquially as "nude parades". It did what it said on the tin. Women stood before someone who inspected their naked bodies.

These tests were mandatory. If you wanted to compete, you had to show your naked body to strangers.

This practice of mandatory chromosome testing at the Olympics continued until the late 1990s, with one single, solitary woman exempted: Princess Anne.

It was deemed "inappropriate" for the Princess Royal, daughter of the Queen, a descendant of Odin, to have to undergo sex verification, when every other woman athlete had to submit to the process in order to compete.

The consequences for "failing" a sex verification test have been dire. Women were banned from competing, shamed and humiliated and subjected to endless speculation about their bodies. Intimate medical details of women were leaked to the media, and for some athletes, even long after their careers were completed, details of their genitals would be published, taken from autopsy reports.

This is, presumably, why it was decided it would be very inappropriate to subject a princess to such treatment.

In 1996, the last blanket testing Olympics, 1 in 429 women athletes were found to have complete androgen insensitivity syndrome, where you have a Y chromosome but develop with a vagina, vulva and breasts as your body doesn't react to testosterone.

In the general, non-athlete population, incidence of CAIS is more like 1 in 20,000 people. So is testosterone really even that much of a performance enhancer if women who don't respond to it are overrepresented in sport? That's unclear.

In the 1960s, suspicions about women and leaking of private information focused disproportionately on women from Eastern Europe.

In the present day, there remains a discrepancy, but focus has shifted to scrutiny and speculation on women from the Global South.