We propose a portable framework to infer shareholders' preferences, their influence on firms' prosocial decisions, and the resulting economic consequences for firms and marginalized shareholders. Using quasi-experimental variations tied to media coverage of firms' annual general meetings, we find that shareholders support costly prosocial actions, such as covid-related donations and private sanctions on Russia, when these generate image gains. In contrast, shareholders that the public associates less to a specific firm, such as financial corporations with large portfolios, oppose such actions. These prosocial expenditures crowd out investments at exposed firms, reducing productivity and profits by 1 to 3%. Pursuing the values of some shareholders thus comes at a cost to others, which shareholders' monitoring motivated by heterogeneous preferences could mitigate. By highlighting the interplay between shareholder influence and firms' objectives, this study contributes to the broader debate on activism, showing how unobservable internal conflicts drive corporate responses to societal pressures.
We investigate the response of shareholders to Environmental, Social, and Governance-related reputational risk (ESG-risk), focusing exclusively on the impact of social media. Using a dataset of 114 million tweets about firms listed on the S&P100 index between 2016 and 2022, we extract conversations discussing ESG matters. In an event study design, we define events as unusual spikes in message posting activity linked to ESG-risk, and we then examine the corresponding changes in the returns of related assets. By focusing on social media, we gain insight into public opinion and investor sentiment, an aspect not captured through ESG controversies news alone. To the best of our knowledge, our approach is the first to distinctly separate the reputational impact on social media from the physical costs associated with negative ESG controversy news. Our results show that the occurrence of an ESG-risk event leads to a statistically significant average reduction of 0.29% in abnormal returns. Furthermore, our study suggests this effect is predominantly driven by Social and Governance categories, along with the "Environmental Opportunities" subcategory. Our research highlights the considerable impact of social media on financial markets, particularly in shaping shareholders' perception of ESG reputation. We formulate several policy implications based on our findings.
This note investigates the causes of the quality anomaly, which is one of the strongest and most scalable anomalies in equity markets. We explore two potential explanations. The "risk view", whereby investing in high quality firms is somehow riskier, so that the higher returns of a quality portfolio are a compensation for risk exposure. This view is consistent with the Efficient Market Hypothesis. The other view is the "behavioral view", which states that some investors persistently underestimate the true value of high quality firms. We find no evidence in favor of the "risk view": The returns from investing in quality firms are abnormally high on a risk-adjusted basis, and are not prone to crashes. We provide novel evidence in favor of the "behavioral view": In their forecasts of future prices, and while being overall overoptimistic, analysts systematically underestimate the future return of high quality firms, compared to low quality firms.