That affirmative action in university admissions & other domains existed as long as it did is remarkable, considering the formidable opposition it encountered. From Reconstruction to affirmative action, every major effort to promote the progress of Black Americans & rectifying the impact of racial subordination has consistently faced charges of "reverse discrimination" & unfair "preference."
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While progress has been made in dismantling long-held prejudices and outdated customs, the underlying roots of institutionalized racism in America remain deeply embedded, indicating that there is still a substantial journey ahead of us.
Resources to Understand Affirmative Action
https://www.smithsonianmag.com/history/learn-origins-term-affirmative-action-180959531/
https://www.aaaed.org/aaaed/History_of_Affirmative_Action.asp
https://www.nytimes.com/2023/06/07/opinion/resistance-black-advancement-affirmative-action.html
https://clintonwhitehouse3.archives.gov/WH/EOP/OP/html/aa/aa02.html
https://www.history.com/topics/us-government-and-politics/affirmative-action
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More Resources
https://newsone.com/4624577/history-of-affirmative-action-in-america/
https://penntoday.upenn.edu/news/look-history-affirmative-action-mary-frances-berry
Books
Jerome Karabel, The Chosen, Harper, 2006
For Discrimination: Race, Affirmative Action, and the Law, Randall Kennedy, Pantheon , 2013
When Affirmative Action Was White: An Untold History of Racial Inequality in Twentieth-Century America, Ira Katznelson, Liveright, 2023
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One of the aspects of this issue that I rarely hear about is the underlining injustice of the university system itself.
For hundreds of years, universities have been instruments of alumni nepotism, with people in positions of power promoting and hiring from elite schools, which perpetuates race and class bias.
The actual academic education that one obtains is not much different, it's the credentialism that gives graduates an advantage. This needs to change.
Dr. D. Elisabeth Glassco
Pat
Wolleysegap