@Felthry As you're an electrical engineer, so I'll assume you know binary math.
An IPv4 address is a 32-bit number. Under classful routing, you can only divide networks by size on 8 bit boundaries: 8-bit, 16-bit, 24-bit. Most networks are 256 addresses, even if they only need 3 hosts.
With CIDR, you can divide networks on any bit you like.